LESSON 1- HEALTH PROMOTION.pdf

HEALTH PROMOTION KNUR 402 INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH Delphina Abbey-Awadzi (Mrs) DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH  Health is defined in varying ways by different scholars. AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA AB...

HEALTH PROMOTION KNUR 402 INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH Delphina Abbey-Awadzi (Mrs) DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH  Health is defined in varying ways by different scholars. AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY-  Webster dictionary define health as “the condition of being sound in body, mind or spirit, especially freedom from physical disease or pain”.  WHO define health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. 2 HEALTH ▪ Health is relative and not absolute -This means people are not simply well or sick, but have levels of wellness or illness which may be plotted along AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- a continuum, ranging from optimum health at one end, to complete disability or death at the other end. ▪ The relative nature of health is made clear by the fact that health is multi-dimensional, having physical, psychological, social and spiritual components. Physical Mental Social 3 dimension dimension dimension HEALTH VIEWS ▪ People’s ideas of “health” and “being healthy” vary widely. AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- ▪ These are shaped by their experiences, knowledge, value and expectations as well as their view of what they are expected to do in their everyday lives, and the fitness they need to fulfil that role. ▪ Some views of people concerning health are “a situation of no illness” ▪ Others are of the view that “building up strength and having resistance to infection” is 4 health. HEALTH VIEWS ▪ Still others think being in “good form” which is associated with moods and feelings, and a sense of balance and equilibrium is health. AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- ▪ Some are of the view, having a smaller family size and having the capability to cope and function as expected is health. ▪ Still others believe the absence of disease in the individual is health. 5 HEALTH VIEWS ▪ Another school of thought has it that health is a concept of “adequate reserve” AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- ▪ Implying that the individual is in a state of health as long as he is able to adapt to changes in the environment in such a manner that structure, function and reserve capacity are preserved. ▪ Thus, one characteristic of a healthy individual is his capacity to adapt to a constantly changing environment through appropriate adjustment behaviour. 6  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- AWADZI (MRS) 7 DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH 1. PHYSICAL DIMENSION  This is most obvious dimensions of health. It implies “perfect functioning” of the body. AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY-  It conceptualizes health biologically as a state in which every cell and every organ is functioning at optimum capacity and in perfect harmony with the rest of the body.  The individual is seen as energetic, has good posture, has a normal BMI, has all body organs functioning normally, has bright eyes, has good textured and shining hair, gets sound adequate sleep or rest, has a good appetite, maintain good oral hygiene. 8  2. MENTAL DIMENSION  Mental health is related to the mind and not a mere absence of mental illness.  A mentally healthy person is one who: AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- ✓ is free from internal conflicts and tensions ✓ Has control over his emotions ✓ Has the ability to think clearly and coherently. ✓ Sensitive to the needs of others ✓ Confidence in his own abilities  Good mental health is the ability to respond to the many varied experience of life with flexibility and sense of purpose (that is; relax and be free from any worries) 9  3. SOCIAL DIMENSION  Social well-being implies harmony and integration within the individual, between each individual and other members of the society and between individuals and the world in which we live. AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY-  A person is socially healthy if he or she: Has pleasant manners Fulfills responsibility towards others, helps others, gets along well with people around Can move in the society confidently with others. Develops and maintains relationships with others Behaves appropriately Access and use support system (sees oneself as a member of a larger society) Contributes to the community 10 NON MEDICAL DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH These include: AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY-  Spiritual  Emotional  Vocational 11 ❖ SPIRITUAL DIMENSION  It refers to the belief in the super natural aspects of the universe which helps individuals to seek meaning and purpose in life, to resolve internal as well as external conflicts. AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY-  This is connected to religious beliefs and practices, principles of behaviour and ways of achieving peace of mind  It also deals with personal creeds, principles of behaviour and ways of achieving peace of mind and being at peace with oneself.  A person is said to be spiritually healthy when he possesses “sound mind in a sound body”  It is important for the attainment of an overall sense of health, well-being and quality of life.  Illness and hospitalization can precipitate spiritual 12 distress. ❖ EMOTIONAL DIMENSION  The aspect of health that deals with the ability to express emotions appropriately; cope with conflict, stress and change in a healthy way and AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- enjoy life. ( Usually deals with the feelings of an individual).  An emotionally healthy person: ✓ has a positive attitude and is capable of coping and adjusting to self. ✓ Has the ability to express feelings freely in a constructive way. ✓ Does not loose temper or does not develop tension and should have self control. 13 ❖ VOCATIONAL DIMENSION  The aspect of health that deals with preparing for and engaging in work that provides personal satisfaction and enrichment. AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY-  The choice of profession, career ambitions and personal performance are all important components of this dimension.  Vocational dimension of health can be assessed by: ✓ Capable of earning sufficiently to lead the life successfully. ✓ assessing the satisfaction level at job ✓ behaviour of management as well as colleagues at work 14  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- AWADZI (MRS) 15 SPECTRUM OF HEALTH SPECTRUM CONCEPT OF HEALTH  Emphasizes that the health of an individual is not static. AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY-  It is a dynamic phenomenon and a process of continuous change.  This means it keeps changing all the time as the individual strives continually to maintain relative equilibrium in the internal environment, in order to survive in a constantly changing internal and external environment  Transition is often gradual, and where one state ends and the other begins is a matter of 16 judgment. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH  Various factors interact with each other to determine the health status of an individual, family and community.  Determinants of health refer to those factors that have a significant influence, whether positive or negative, on health. AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY-  They can be classified as: 1. RISK FACTORS or PROTECTIVE FACTORS.  Risk Factors: Determinants which are detrimental to health eg. Smoking  Protective Factors: Determinants which promote or enhance health eg. Exercising 2. INTRINSIC FACTORS OR EXTRINSIC FACTORS o Intrinsic Factors: Factors that determine one’s health which are inward or within the individual. (genetic) o Extrinsic Factors: Factors that determine one’s health which are external or within the environment. (environmental factors) o Any disturbance either in the internal or external environment disturbs the individual. 17  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- AWADZI (MRS) 18 WHY DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH? DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH They are categorized as:  Biological AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY-  Social  Socio-economic  Behavioural / lifestyle 19 ❖ BIOLOGICAL  It is one of the intrinsic determinants of health. It includes: AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- ❑ Genetic inheritance ❑ Age ❑ Race ❑ Self concept 20  ❖ BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANT  Genetic inheritance: The genetic makeup is present at the moment of conception. It influences physical characteristics and intellectual potentials of an AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- individual. It is unique in the sense that it cannot be altered.  Age: Age influences one’s susceptibility to illness. Infants and the elderly are vulnerable and more susceptible to infections.  Racial factors: Racial factors affect health because of different cultural values and attitudes eg. Sickle cell anaemia is more common among Africans  Self concept: This implies individual self perception of his or her physical, intellectual and social abilities. 21  ❖ SOCIAL DETERMINANT  WHO defined Social determinants of health as “conditions in the environment in which people are born, AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks.”  These conditions are in turn shaped by wider forces: the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels.  These factors cause health inequities- the unfair and unavoidable differences in health status. 22  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- AWADZI (MRS) 23 ❖ SOCIAL DETERMINANT  ❖ SOCIAL DETERMINANTS Examples of social determinants include:  Availability of resources to meet daily needs (e.g., safe housing and local food markets)  Access to educational, economic, and job opportunities AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY-  Access to health care services  Quality of education and job training  Availability of community-based resources in support of community living and opportunities for recreational and leisure-time activities  Transportation options  Public safety  Social support networks – greater support from families, friends and communities is linked to better health. 24 EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL DETERMINANTS CT’D  Social norms and attitudes (e.g., discrimination, racism, and distrust of government)  Exposure to crime, violence, and social disorder (e.g., AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- presence of trash and lack of cooperation in a community)  Socioeconomic conditions (e.g., concentrated poverty and the stressful conditions that accompany it)  Residential segregation  Language/Literacy  Access to mass media and emerging technologies (e.g., cell phones, the Internet, and social media)  Culture - customs and traditions, and the beliefs of the family and community all affect health. 25 ❖ SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANT  The health of a person is primarily dependent on the level of socio-economic development AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 26 LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- AWADZI (MRS) 27 ❖ SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS o People of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to die prematurely than people of higher socioeconomic status, even when the behavior is held as constant as possible. AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- o Elevated death rates for the poor are evident in almost all of the major causes of death including infectious, nutritional, cardiovascular, injury, metabolic diseases and cancers. 28 ❖ SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS o Socioeconomic status affects: ✓ Income (money spent on food)- higher income and AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- social status are linked to better health. The greater the gap between the richest and poorest people, the greater the differences in health. ✓ Education (knowledge about healthy food)- low education levels are linked with poor health, more stress and lower self-confidence. ✓ Time (food selection and time of preparation) ✓ Availability (access to stores with food choices) 29 LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- AWADZI (MRS) 30  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- AWADZI (MRS) 31 TO THINK ABOUT? ❖ BEHAVIOURAL/LIFESTYLE DETERMINANT  This refers to the choices people make in life that affects their health.  Our lifestyle (the way in which we conduct ourselves) can significantly affect our overall fitness and health.  It can be acquired through formal and informal education- AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- learnt by observations of parents, teachers, peers, mass media, etc.  It is developed through process of socialization and social interaction  Nearly 60 percent of all early death is due to unhealthy lifestyles. Habits started in childhood and youth affect health and wellness throughout life.  These can mostly be modified (eg. Smoking, diet, exercise, etc.) though some people find it difficult to make healthy choices because of their personal circumstances. 32  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- AWADZI (MRS) 33 ❖ BEHAVIOURAL DETERMINANT  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- AWADZI (MRS) 34 ❖ BEHAVIOURAL DETERMINANT  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- AWADZI (MRS) 35 ❖ BEHAVIOURAL DETERMINANT HEALTH SERVICES  Access and use of services that prevent and treat diseases influence health AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 36 OTHER DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH 1. Aging process 2. Type of Occupation AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 3. Level of Education/ Literacy 4. Housing System 5. Climatic Changes 6. State of Nutrition 7. National Economy 8. Poverty 9. Family Income and Budgeting 10. Roads and Communication System 11. Cultural Beliefs and Customs 37 OTHER DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH  12. Personal Cleanliness  13. Environmental Sanitation AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY-  14. Family Size/Family Spacing  15. The Level of Education  16. Life Style  17. Health System  18. Availability of Health Facilities 38 LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- AWADZI (MRS) 39 LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- AWADZI (MRS) 40