Lecture 6 Qualitative reserach- final PDF

Date: 10/1/2017 Tuesday Time: 9am- 11am Ms. Winnie Philip Lecturer CAMS-F Qualitative research Qualitative analysis is about understanding meanings, processes, people and their thoughts and actions, through the interpretation of people’s words. Goal of Qualitative Research Development of concepts w...

Date: 10/1/2017 Tuesday Time: 9am- 11am Ms. Winnie Philip Lecturer CAMS-F Qualitative research Qualitative analysis is about understanding meanings, processes, people and their thoughts and actions, through the interpretation of people’s words. Goal of Qualitative Research Development of concepts which help to understand social phenomena in natural (rather than experimental) settings, giving due emphasis to the meanings, experiences, and views of all the participants ‫تطوير املفاهيم التي تساعد على فهم االجتماعية‬ (‫الظواهر الطبيعية )وليست التجريبية‬ ،‫ مع التركيز على املعاني‬،‫اإلعدادات‬ ‫تجارب وآراء جميع املشاركني‬ (Pope & Mays, 1995, p. 44) Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 4 Qualitative Research Methodology Defined  Include individuals’ experiences and actions in the contexts of their social environments (Polgar & Thomas, 2000)  People’s experiences, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions  Everyday settings  Participants explain and describe experience to provide the framework for what is important in context (Seers, 2005, p. 134) Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 5 Qualitative Research Design (Patton, 2002, p. 254)  Research question determines methodology  Primary purpose (Patton, 2002, p. 224-225)  Basic, applied, evaluation, action  Focus of study (Patton, 2002, p. 227-228)  Breadth, depth  Units of analysis (Patton, 2002, p. 228-231)  Individuals, groups, program, critical incidents, life history. Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 6 Qualitative Research Design (Patton, 2002, p. 254)  Sampling strategy  Type of data collected  Time  Ethics  Resources Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 7 Ethnography Phenomenology Grounded Theory Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 8 Research Question & FOCUS ETHNOGRAPHY What is the culture of this group? ‫من متى بدأ األمر‬ ‫أو املشكلة؟‬ COLLECTION Interview Observation Artifacts (a ANALYSIS FORMAT of FINDINGS Description Content analysis Interpretation Description of cultural behavior of individual or group Statements Meanings Meaning themes Description of the essence of the experience Open coding Axial coding Selective coding Theory Theoretical model handmade object, as a tool, or the remains of one, as a belonging to an earlier time or cultural stage) PHENOMENOLOGY ( is the philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness.) GROUNDED THEORY What is the essence of lived experience of this phenomenon? Prolonged interview Up to about 10 people What theory emerges from analysis grounded in fieldwork / data? Interviews with 20-30 individuals to saturate categories and detail a theory 9 Grounded theory  Open coding - Process of breaking down, examining, comparing, and categorizing data  Data reduction  Axial Coding - Data assembled in new ways after open coding, by making connections between categories  Selective coding - The process of selecting the core category. The central category around which your final analysis will be based & then relating it to other categories. Sampling for data rich informants Interview and semi-structured interview guides Observation Document and archival review Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 11 Overview of Qualitative Data Collection (Patton, 2002, p. 40)  Qualitative data  Detailed, thick descriptions; in-depth  Personal experience & engagement  Direct contact with informants; personal experiences & insights important to study Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 12 Types of Qualitative Data Collection (Patton, 2002, p. 4) Interview 1. A. Individuals B. Groups (focus group) Observation 2. 3. A. As participant B. As observer Document Review Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 13 1. Data Collection: Interview (Patton, 2002, chapter 7)  Who are the Informants? (a person who gives information to another.)  Individuals, groups, focus groups  Data will be in verbatim transcriptions* as written text  * Verbatim transcription is the art of converting spoken word into text such that a message is captured exactly the way it has been spoken Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 14 Data Collection: Interview (Patton, 2002, chapter 7)  Quality of data depends on skill of interviewer  Types of interviews (Patton, 2002, esp. p. 349)  Informal conversational  Semi-structured using interview guide * (next slide)  Standardized open-ended  Closed, fixed-response interview Example: What is the experience of obese adolescents who access adult weight management services?’ Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 15 Example of Semi-Structured Interview Guide (OHH Focus Group Study)  KEY QUESTIONS  What supports will be in place for your reentry?  What barriers will be in place for your reentry?  When will you need these supports to be in place? For how long?  What will be the most difficult barrier to overcome?  What will you need to overcome it? Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 16 2. Data Collection: Observation (Patton, 2002, pp. 261-279;) Describe the setting, activities, participants, and meanings Type of Observation (see p. 277) – Participant and non-participant observation – The participant observation means watching the events or situation or activities from inside by taking part in the group to be observed. He freely interacts with the other group members, participates in various activities of the group, acquires the way of life of the observed group or his own, and studies their behavior or other activities not as an outsider but by becoming a member of that group. – When the observer observes the group passively from a distance without participating in the group activities, it is known as non-participant observation Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 17 Observation method Data in the form of Format – live / video – Field notes = detailed descriptions of people, contexts, actions, etc. observed 3. Data Collection: Document Review Sources include document and artifact review. Sources (Wilmott, Home Page : http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/close/hr22/hcwhome) (Artifact- An object produced or shaped by human craft, especially a tool, weapon, or ornament of archaeological or historical interest.) – Provide differing perspectives – Personal (e.g. diaries) v. Official (e.g. press releases) Data form = excerpts (a passage or segment taken from a document, or a film) from documents; quotes Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 19 Contrasting Sampling Strategies QUANTITATIVE – RANDOM PROBABILITY SAMPLING QUALITATIVE – PURPOSIVE SAMPLING Breadth Depth Random Purposive Information –rich cases Statistical probability theory – – Confident empirical generalization those from whom you can learn the most from sample to population and – control of selectivity errors Sample size Simple and stratified samples Empirical insights and in-depth understanding of study – Rules Learn most about issue of interest from Sample size – No rules – Continue to collect data to point of saturation Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 20 Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 21 Puzzle Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 22 Data Codes (Bradley et al, 2007)  Coding is done to  Organize the data  Find links within and between data  May be done by single researcher who collected data or by an interdisciplinary team. Coding must be rich – if over simplified or dissociated from context, analysis will lack insights Completed collection and analysis when you reach “data saturation” Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 23 Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 24 Computer Software  Atlas-ti: large datasets, unstructured coding.  NUDIST: large datasets, structured coding.  NVivo: less data, unstructured coding, find patterns/relationships in codes.  Folio Views: huge datasets, focused coding, search & sort. Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 26 Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 27 Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 28 Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 29 Presenting findings Data displays of purposive sample Data displays of findings Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 30 Presentation of Description and Quotation (Hamilton, in press) Starr lived in Smalltown, Oklahoma in the south central United States, “just north of Texas.” An only child, her early life was unremarkable until her mother died of lung cancer when Starr was a 6-year-old first grader. Her father, although married once before, did not remarry. Acknowledging the effects of her mother’s death, Starr said, And you know I really don’t remember a lot about my childhood because once my mom died, everything just went to a big blur for me. …And even during the funeral I still didn’t understand, I mean I knew that momma was gone but it just didn’t completely 100% hit me that she was never coming back…and it didn’t until like I was in the 1st, 1st grade, and it really hit me hard in the 2nd grade and that’s the reason I was having so many problems. Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 31 Demographic information: (N=5) (Yaroslawitz, 2012) P Sex Age Marital Status Employment Education Housing Income Religion Race 1 M 57 M Self Employed 11th grade Owned free and clear $150K+ Jewish White 2 F 61 M Homemaker High school diploma Owned free and clear $30K$39K Jewish White 3 F 34 D Employed for wages High school diploma Rented $20K$29K Jewish White 4 F 54 M Employed for wages 12th grade; no diploma Owned with mortgage $80K$89K Jewish White 5 F 30 M Homemaker High school diploma Owned with mortgage $50K$59K Jewish White Toby B Hamilton - QR Overview for E-BP OZ Presentation Slides 32 Example for qualitative study in nutrition Food safety practice observations were conducted with foodservice production employees in commercial restaurants. The research protocol involved 20-minute observations and 10-minute rest periods over three hours during a breakfast, lunch, or dinner shift. This schedule allowed for six total observation periods. Depending on the production system of the operation, observers could observe as many as four employees in one observation period. However, in the majority of operations, only three employees were able to be observed at one time by each observer. A total of 242 employees, representing 33 different foodservice operations, participated in the study. In this study, managers were called to recruit potential participants (Roberts et al., 2008). Results of this study showed that training can improve behavior, but does not ensure behaviors will change. Conducting actual observations was a key element in this study, rather than relying on self-reported data. References American Medical Association (2000). A users’ guide to qualitative research in health care. Journal of the American Medical Association 284 (4), 478-482. Bradley, E. H., Schlesinger, M., Webster, T. R., Baker, D., & Inouye, S. K. (2004). Translating Research into Clinical Practice: Making Change Happen. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(11), 1875-1882. Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. References cont… Denzin, N. K. (1978). Sociological methods. New York: McGraw-Hill. Forman, J., Creswell, J., Damschroder, L., Kowalski, C., & Krein, S. (2008). Qualitative research methods: key features and insights gained from use in infection prevention research. American Journal of Infection Control. , 36( 10), 764-771. Jack, S. (2006). Utility of qualitative research findings in evidence-based public health practice. Public Health Nursing. , 23(3), 277-283. References cont… Tomlin, G. & Borgetto, B. (2011). Research pyramid: A new evidence-based practice model for occupational therapy. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65, (2), 189-196. Tripp-Reimer, T., & Doebbeling, B. (2004). Qualitative Perspectives in Translational Research. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing (3rd quarter supplement), S65-S72. White, M. & Epston, D. (1990). Narrative means to therapeutic ends. New York: Norton. THANK YOU