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SP-ANA211:Anatomy and Physiology for Speech and Language Pathology Learning Objectives Introduction to Speech Describe the general processes involved in speech production System: Integrated...

SP-ANA211:Anatomy and Physiology for Speech and Language Pathology Learning Objectives Introduction to Speech Describe the general processes involved in speech production System: Integrated Identify the anatomical structures involved in respiration Explain the physiology of speech production and respiration Approach and Look Anatomy and Physiology of Speech and Respiration KERWYN JIM C. CHAN, RSLP, MSc CARMELA MARIE A. CARANDANG, MRS-SP, RSLP Adapted from the presentation slides of A cademics. DR. MARK JAY PAGADUAN (2023) T ouches heart. E ducates mind. A rticulates vision. M odels excellence. TERMINOLOGIES SPEECH SYSTEM VOICE LANGUAGE Speech requires the integrated action of all the systems, and the level of coordination involved in this task is complicated. Subsystems of speech production: respiration, phonation, resonance, SPEECH COMMUNICATION articulation SPEECH SYSTEMS - ZEMLIN POWER VIBRATING SUPPLY ELEMENTS FILTERING SYSTEM DEVICE OF VALVES 1. RESPIRATION / BREATHING 2. PHONATION provide the power behind POWER provides the sound SUPPLY source for voicing our speech signal. laryngeal structures control over our breath stream influences pitch, largely cartilaginous loudness, and timing of framework of the larynx along with the hyoid our speech. bone and the muscles and connecting VIBRATING structures VOICE BOX ELEMENTS 3. RESONATION 4. ARTICULATION SYSTEM OF Portion of the vocal tract through Act of moving various VALVES which the acoustical product of parts of the vocal tract to vocal fold vibration resonates (usually the oral, pharyngeal, produce different sounds nasal cavities - nasopharynx and of speech. soft palate). Structures involved in shaping Voice is modified when some the oral cavity (e.g., the frequency components are FILTERING dampened, and others are DEVICE tongue, lips, teeth, soft enhanced. palate). RESONANCE & ARTICULATORY SYSTEM Anatomic structures within the vocal tract that transform these sounds into speech are collectively as one unit. Linked and related with swallowing FILTERING SYSTEM DEVICE OF VALVES  INTEGRATED APPROACH - ZEMLIN Model recognizes both temporal overlap Temporal overlap and the mutual influence the structures of Mutual the speech mechanism may have over one influence another. Breathing mechanism CONTINUUM MODEL CONTINUUM MODEL TWO ABSOLUTE SOURCE OF ENERGY SOURCE OF ENERGY REQUIREMENT FRICATIVE NOISE constricting the vocal tract somewhere along its length, the air stream may become turbulent SOUND SOUND PRODUCTION PRODUCTION VIBRATING ELEMENT VIBRATING ELEMENT PLOSIVE SOUND sudden release of the pressurized air may produce a mild explosion CONTINUUM MODEL FRICATIVE NOISE SOURCE OF ENERGY SPEECH SOUND SOUND PRODUCTION VIBRATING ELEMENT NEURAL PLOSIVE SOUND CONTROL  SP-ANA211:Anatomy and Physiology for Speech and Language Pathology Speech System: Breathing and Respiration (Anatomy and Physiology of Speech and Voice Production Module 2) 1st Semester AY 2023-2024 MARK JAY O PAGADUAN MD PTRP A cademics. T ouches heart. Faculty-in-Charge E ducates mind. Basic Medical Sciences Unit A rticulates vision. College of Rehabilitation Sciences M odels excellence. RESPIRATION provide the exchange of gases necessary for cell metabolism, a RESPIRATION IN SPEECH SYSTEM process essential for life itself. Speech production seems to require a PHYSICAL CHEMICAL primarily "nonrespiratory" function of the breathing apparatus. Biological Metabolism The speech mechanism requires gas under Speech and Energy pressure, and mechanical process by Production which air is brought into the lungs and forced out again. VERTEBRAL COLUMN The vertebral column is composed of vertebral segments that combine to form a strong but flexible column. Vertebrae are identified based on their level: C1 to C7 (cervical), T1 to T12 (thoracic), L1 to L5 (lumbar), S1 to S5 (sacral). The fused coccygeal vertebrae are referred to as the coccyx.  BONY THORAX BONY THORAX The rib cage is composed of 12 ribs (7 true ribs, 3 false ribs, and 2 floating ribs). The cartilaginous attachment of the ribs to the sternum permits the ribs to rotate slightly during respiration, allowing the rib cage to elevate. The construction of the rib provides the characteristic curved barrel shape of the rib cage. At rest, the ribs slope downward, but they elevate during inspiration. VISCERAL ORGAN – SOFT TISSUES The lungs produce the necessary energy in form of a stream of air. ❑ Anatomy of the Respiratory System RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CLOSER LOOK AT IT.  QUICK FACTS: The lungs are covered with pleural linings, which, in conjunction with the thoracic wall, provide the mechanism for air movement through muscular action. When the diaphragm contracts, the lungs are pulled down because of the association between the pleurae and the diaphragm. Diaphragmatic contraction expands the lungs, drawing air into them through the bronchial passageway. Origins and insertions are based on the function of the muscle as used for speech, and this may result in reversal of these functional descriptions with those found in classical anatomy. MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION DIAPHRAGM central tendon: large aponeurosis making up the central portion of the diaphragm BREATHING SYSTEM MECHANICS OF BREATHING The lungs produce the necessary energy in form of a stream of air. ❑ Anatomy of the Respiratory System (Framework) ❑ Basic Mechanics and Physiology ❑ Influence to Speech System Pressures of the Respiratory System Pressures of the Respiratory System Volumes and pressures vary as a direct function of the References forces acting on the respiratory system. With the vocal folds open, oral pressure, subglottal David H. McFarland. (2015). Netter’s Atlas of Anatomy for Speech, pressure, and alveolar pressure are roughly equivalent. Swallowing, and Hearing. Mosby. Intrapleural pressure is always negative, increasing in Seikel, A., Hudock, D., and Drumright, D. (2021). Anatomy & negativity during inspiration. Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing, Sixth Edition. San Diego, CA : Plural Publishing, Inc. These pressures are all measured relative to atmospheric Zemlin, W. R. (1968). Speech and Hearing Science, Anatomy and pressure. Physiology. During inspiration, expansion of the thorax decreases the already negative intrapleural pressure, and the increased lung volume results in a negative alveolar pressure.