Lecture 1: Anatomical Terminology & Muscular System PDF

Lecture 1 Anatomical Terminology & Muscular System By Dr/Maram Mofreh Mahrous Lecturer of Anatomy & Embryology Faculty of Medicine Tanta University Rules  ILOs * Recognize anatomical planes * Mention different anatomical t...

Lecture 1 Anatomical Terminology & Muscular System By Dr/Maram Mofreh Mahrous Lecturer of Anatomy & Embryology Faculty of Medicine Tanta University Rules  ILOs * Recognize anatomical planes * Mention different anatomical terms * Mention types of muscles *Describe difference between cardiac, smooth & skeletal muscles. * Summerize types of skeletal muscles.  Anatomical position Standing erect position, the eyes looking forward, the arms by the sides of the trunk with palms of the hand facing forward and the feet close together.  Planes * Vertical planes 1- Sagittal plane: -Midsagittal plane: vertical antero-post. Plane divides the body into right and left equal halves. -Parasagittal plane: Any vertical plane parallel to medain plane on either side of the body. 2- Coronal plane :vertical, side to side plane , divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. *Transverse or horizontal plane: cross section of the body divides it into upper and lower segments  Terms of direction - Ventral (anterior) / Dorsal (posterior) - Superior (upper, cranial, cephalic) / Inferior (lower, caudal) - Medial / Lateral ( in upper: radial, ulnar & in lower: tibial, fibular) - Superficial /Deep - Ipsilateral / Contralateral - Supine position / prone position - Proximal / Distal - Palmar , plantar / Dorsum  Terms of movement Flexion: Movement of bending, occurs when the anterior surface of distal segment moves towards that of proximal one. Extension: Opposite of flexion with straightening of the joint. Abduction: to draw a limb away from the median plane of the body. Adduction: reverse of abduction with bringing the limb back towards the median plane Rotation: Movement of a part around its long axis. If anterior surface turns laterally, it is lateral rotation. If turns medially, it is medial rotation. ** Circumduction: Movement by the succession of the above movements. Pronation& supination: Turning the palm of the hand backwards and forwards respectively when forearm is by side of body or downwards and upwards respectively when forearm is horizontal. Eversion & inversion: special movement of turning sole of foot outward and inward respectively. Protraction & retraction: moving forwards and backwards as in lower jaw  Muscular system * Formed of contractile cells which concerned with production of movement both of the body as a whole and of the internal organs. 3 types of muscles: Smooth, Cardiac & Skeletal muscles  Smooth (visceral muscles) -Formed of long spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei. They appear unstriated. -Found in walls of visceral organs and blood vessels. -It forms inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer in tubes of the body and responsible for peristaltic movement. -Controlled by involuntary parts of nervous system  Cardiac muscle -The myocardium forming the middle layer of the heart. -Composed of finely striated branching cells with central nuclei. -It has property of spontaneous rhythmic contraction that by impulses arising from SA node (the pacemaker of the heart). -Controlled by involuntary parts of the nervous system.  Skeletal muscle - 40% of total body mass. - Large striated cells with peripheral nuclei. -They are attached to their origins and insertions by white fibrous tissue forming rounded tendon or flat aponeurosis. -The end which remain fixed during contraction is origin while the end which moves is the insertion. -It produces movements of the skeleton, maintain body position & generate the body heat. -Controlled by voluntary part of nervous system  Forms of skeletal muscles * Muscles with fibers parallel to the line of pull: - “Strap or ribbon-like“ Give wide range of movement As: sartorius & rectus abdominis. * Muscles with fibers oblique to line of pull 1-Triangular (Fan-shaped): converge from origin to insertion as: Temporalis 2-Spiral muscle: there is a twist between muscle fibers as pectoralis major.  3-Pennate muscles: Unipennate Bipennate Multipennate tendon forms along the tendon forms one margin of the centrally and the flat circumpennate muscle and the fibers slope into 2 series of sloping fibers of a fibers slope into 1 sides of the central bipennate muscle converge from side of the tendon tendon like a feather muscles all sides to central (1/2 feather) as: as: rectus femoris alonside tendon as tibialis flexor pollicis longus each other anterior. as middle fibers of deltoid.  Action of skeletal muscle Prime mover: muscle concerned with initiation of the particular movement. (biceps) Antagonist: muscle oppose and control the action of prime mover. (Triceps) Fixator : muscle contracts isometrically to allow the prime mover act efficiently. (shoulder fixators) Synergic: muscle acts to steady and eliminate unwanted movement in proximal joints while distal joints are in action (muscle on wrist when writing ). Summary Anatomical position Vartical & horizontal planes Terms of direction & Movement Types of muscles Forms & actions of skeletal muscles  Refrences Snell, R.S. (2012): Snell Clinical anatomy by region. 9th edition. Chapter1: Introduction