Citation & Referencing PDF

Professional scientific writing–Bio 881 T- PNU 8th lec. Dr. Felwa Bin Thagfan -Dr. Rania Al-Hadi Content Quotation (Direct – Indirect) Citation Software for citation Mendeley & Endnote 2 Introduction The aim of a citation is to provide enough bibliographic information for the reader to be able...

Professional scientific writing–Bio 881 T- PNU 8th lec. Dr. Felwa Bin Thagfan -Dr. Rania Al-Hadi Content Quotation (Direct – Indirect) Citation Software for citation Mendeley & Endnote 2 Introduction The aim of a citation is to provide enough bibliographic information for the reader to be able to identify and, if necessary, obtain the original resource. Complete, correct and consistent citations are therefore very important. You may reference a wide variety of resources in your assignment, including books, e-journal articles, and websites. By using citations and references, you acknowledge the work of others and show how their ideas have contributed to your own work. It is also a way of demonstrating that you have read 3 and understood key texts relating to the area you are writing about. Quotation � 4 A quotation is the repetition of a sentence, phrase, or passage from speech or text that someone has said or written. Direct quote A direct quote (or direct quotation) is the exact words taken from an original source. Are quotation marks used? YES � Is an in-text citation used? YES For example: Original, from the 1858 version of the Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx: The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Direct quote: As Karl Marx wrote, “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.” 5 Direct Quotations rules There are two main rules for quotations, whichever system you use: � ›If you are quoting something that is less than three lines long you can only put it between quotes � If you are quoting something that is up to three lines in length then you can generally incorporate this directly into the body of your text; anything longer should be indented in its own paragraph. � › If you need to include any words of your own to help, make sense of the quotation, make sure they appear in square brackets to make it clear that these are not part of the quote itself. For example: “That [moving] line established the efficiency of the method, and we now use it everywhere.” SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 7, 20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 7 When to use direct quotation � 1. To retain the meaning and authenticity of the original source � 2. To lend support to a literary analysis � 3. To capture exactly the language that supports your point because it is unusual, well-crafted, striking, shocking, or memorable Indirect quote An indirect quote (or indirect quotation) is the idea or fact taken from an outside source and used in a second piece of writing. The student uses his own words, but the idea or facts comes from the original source. �Are quotation marks used? NO �Is an in-text citation used? YES For example: Original, from the 1858 version of the Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx: The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Indirect quote: As Marx made clear in his 1848 book, all human history can be explained as a conflict between the rich and the poor. 8 Both direct and indirect quotes use the information from the original; The direct quote also uses the exact words, while the indirect quote does not. Both direct and indirect quotes need to be cited in the text and listed in the Works Cited / References page. 9 When to use Indirect quotation 10 � 1. To summarize information: give a condensed version of the info � 2. To paraphrase information: rephrasing the information in your own words � 3. To communicate facts or statistics What is a paraphrase? � 11 A paraphrase and an indirect quotation are the same thing. They contain the information or idea of another author, expressed in your own words. You must cite a paraphrase / an indirect quotation. How to paraphrase? How to summarize? SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 7, 20XX Citation � SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 14 � A citation tells the readers where the information came from. In your writing, you cite or refer to the source of information. A reference gives the readers details about the source so that they have a good understanding of what kind of source it is and could find the source themselves if necessary. The references are typically listed at the end of research. �In 1895 Otlet and La Fontaine established the International Institute of Bibliography and announced plans to create a Universal Bibliographic Repertory 15 Citation systems The name-and-year system: Citations: When you cite the source of information in the report, you give the names of the authors and the date of publication. Jenkins and Busher (1979) report that beavers eat several kinds of herbaceous plants as well as the leaves, twigs, and bark of most species of woody plants that grow near water. Beavers have been shown to be discriminate eaters of hardwoods (Crawford, Hooper, and Harlow 1976). 16 References: The sources are listed at the end of the report in alphabetical order according to the last name of the first author, as in the following book and article. Crawford, H.S., R.G. Hooper, and R.F Harlow. 1976. Woody Plants Selected by Beavers in the Appalachian and Valley Province. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Jenkins, S.H., and P.E. Busher. 1979. Castor canadensis. Mammalian Species. 120:1-8. SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 7, 20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 17 Citation systems The alphabet-number system. Citations: When you cite the source of information in the report, you give a number in parentheses that corresponds to the number of the source in the alphabetical listing in the "References." Jenkins and Busher report that beavers eat several kinds of herbaceous plants as well as the leaves, twigs, and bark of most species of woody plants that grow near water (4). Beavers have been shown to be discriminate eaters of hardwoods (3). References: The sources are listed in alphabetical order and numbered accordingly, as in the following book and article. 3. Crawford, H.S., R.G. Hooper, and R.F Harlow. 1976. Woody Plants Selected by Beavers in the Appalachian and Valley Province. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 4. Jenkins, S.H., and P.E. Busher. 1979. Castor canadensis. Mammalian Species. 120:1-8. Citation method When you quote from, or refer to, another source of information in your assignment, you must provide a citation to it, which then leads to a reference giving the full details of the resource. You will end up with: › a citation within the text 18 › a reference in the bibliography or reference list at or near the end of the assignment. � https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6130672/ � Thaipitakwong, T., Numhom, S., & Aramwit, P. (2018). Mulberry leaves and their potential effects against cardiometabolic risks: a review of chemical compositions, biological properties and clinical efficacy. Pharmaceutical biology, 56(1), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2018.1424210 software Endnote https://endnote.com/downloads/ Mendeley https://www.mendeley.com/downloaddesktop/ References 1https://www.managers.org.uk/~/media/Files/PDF/Study%20Support/Referen ces-and-Citations.pdf 2Quotations and Paraphrasing | The American University of Iraq Sulaimani https://auis.edu.krd/quotations-and-paraphrasing Accessed: 2021-10-23 https://auis.edu.krd/quotations-and-paraphrasing 3https://www.rollontigers.org/cms/lib/MT01000571/Centricity/Domain/55/Rese arch%20Notes%20Part%203.pdf 4NC state university . 2004. Citations and References https://labwrite.ncsu.edu/res/res-citsandrefs.html 25 Any question Thank You SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 7, 20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 26 SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 7, 20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 27 wikipedia � https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A% D9%87