Medical Terminology: The Muscular System PDF

Medical terminology The Muscular system The muscular system includes all of the muscles in our bodies: skeletal such as the biceps and hamstrings muscles, cardiac muscles of the heart and smooth such as the muscles in the stomach and bladder. The muscles...

Medical terminology The Muscular system The muscular system includes all of the muscles in our bodies: skeletal such as the biceps and hamstrings muscles, cardiac muscles of the heart and smooth such as the muscles in the stomach and bladder. The muscles are made up of fibers that are enclosed in a fibrous sheath called fascia, they are attached to the bones by tendons, the ligaments connect bone to bone and offer support to muscles. The main functions of the muscles are to help maintain posture, produce heat and help us move. There are three times as many muscles as there are bones in the human body. Types of Muscle tissue: Muscles can be characterized by their location, control action and cell appearance. ‫ الهيكلية مثل‬:‫يشمل اجلهاز العضلي جميع العضالت ف أجسامنا‬ ‫ وعضالت القلب ناعمة‬,‫عضالت العضلة ذات الرأسي وأوتار الركبة‬.‫مثل عضالت املعدة واملثانة‬ ‫ الهيكلية مثل‬:‫يشمل الجهاز العضلي جميع العضالت في أجسامنا‬ ‫ وعضالت القلب ناعمة‬،‫عضالت العضلة ذات الرأسني وأوتار الركبة‬.‫مثل عضالت املعدة واملثانة‬ ‫ و إنتاج الحرارة‬،‫الوظائف الرئيسية للعضالت هي املساعدة في الحفاظ على املوقف‬ ‫ عدد العضالت ثالثة أضعاف عدد العظام‬.‫ومساعدتنا على التحرك‬.‫جسم اإلنسان‬ :‫أنواع األنسجة العضلية‬ ‫يمكن تمييز العضالت من خالل موقعها وعملها املتحكم فيه وخليةها‬ ‫مظهر‬ 1 Muscle Movement: The skeletal muscles are stimulated by the nervous system and perform in groups or antagonistic pairs to accomplish movement. Each skeletal muscle can be classified as: Prime mover: the muscle that has the principal responsibility for a given movement, it contracts and produces movement. Antagonist: works in opposition to produce opposite movement. Movement Definition Example Moving the arms abduction Movement away from midline outward from the body Return of the lifted adduction Movement toward midline arms to sides Turning the sole of the eversion Turning outward foot outwards Turning the sole of the inversion Turning inward foot inward extension Opening the angle of a joint Straightening of the 2  knee flextion Closing the angle of a joint Bending the knee Turning the palm of pronation Turning downward the hand downward Turning the palm of supination Turning upward the hand upward Pointing the toes dorsiflextion Bending backward backward Pointing the toes Planter flextion Bending the sole of the foot downward Turning a body part on its own Turning the head rotation axis Practice and Practitioners: The medical specialists who treat disorders of the muscular system include: neurologists and orthopedic surgeons. A neurologist : is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of both the muscular system and the nervous system. Orthopedic physicians treat patients suffering from conditions involve joints as well as muscles. Occupational therapist (OT) and Physical therapist (PT) both provide therapy to assist patients to regain functions to perform everyday activity. they restore, maintain and promote overall fitness and health. Disorders affecting the Muscular system: Muscular dystrophy (dys= ill, bad, difficult ; trophy= nutrition or growth) is a group of inherited muscle disorders that cause muscle weakness without affecting the nervous system. 3 Myasthenia gravis (MG) (my=muscle, asthen=weakness, ia=condition; gravis= serious or heavy) is an immunological disorder characterized by weakness especially of the facial and external eye muscles. Fibromyalgia: is a chronic disorder characterized by aching and stiffness of muscles and soft tissues. Amyotrophic Lateral sclerosis (ALS): progressive degeneration of the nerve tracts of the nerve tracts of the spinal cord causing muscular atrophy. Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTD): are injuries often caused by repetitive work related motions that damage muscles, tendons, joints or nerves. It include examples such as A-Carpal Tunnel syndrome: which is a disorder that involves the carpal bones and the muscles of the wrist. B-Rotator Cuff injury: which is an injury involving the shoulder and seen in people who perform repeated activities such as swimming. C-Plantar fasciitis: is an inflammation of the planter fascia (connective tissue of the foot) which can cause pain on walking. D-Sports injuries: most common is: Hamstring injury: is a strain or tear in one of the hamstring muscles, this injury is common among baseball or football players. Treatment consists of rest , ice , compression and elevation (RICE). Paralysis: is the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movement due to injury or disease. Kinds of paralysis: Hemiparesis: slight paralysis of one side of the body (hemi=half , paresis=partial or incomplete) Myoparesis: weakness or partial paralysis of a muscle Paraplegia: paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body (para= alongside , plegia= paralysis) Quadriplegia: paralysis of all four extremities. 4 Hemiplegia: total paralysis of one side of the body.  There are some devices used to diagnose muscular diseases such as: Electromyography (EMG) = it is a device that is used to record the strength of muscle contractions by means of electrical stimulation. Pharmacology: Anti-inflammatory agents are prescribed to treat the major symptoms of skeletal muscle disorders, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used. Analgesics are used to relieve pain, in addition skeletal muscle relaxants are used to reduce muscle spasm. Term Meaning My/myo muscle Stria (single) – striae (plural) Line -lines Para Beside, beyond or near Paresis Partial or incomplete paralysis Plegia paralysis Hemi half Quadri four Something opposing or resisting the action of Antagonist the other Atrophy Wasting of the muscles Neuro nerve Myodynia/myalgia Pain in a muscle Myositis inflammation of a muscle Myospasm contraction of a muscle Tenalgia pain in a tendon Tendonitis inflammation of a tendon Myology study of muscles 5