أساسيات مورفولوجيا النبات وعلم التشريح (علم النبات 07101) PDF

Summary

This document discusses the basics of plant morphology and anatomy. It details different types of leaf venation and their characteristics, such as parallel, reticulate, and branched venation, in various plant species. It also explains the arrangement of leaves on the stem (phyllotaxy) and modifications of leaves.

Full Transcript

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻢﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ )ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ‪(07101‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﺩ‪.‬ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﻣﺒﺮﻭﻙ ﺟﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻭﻕﺷﺒﻜﻴﺔ‪:‬ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺉﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉﻭﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ...

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻢﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ )ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ‪(07101‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﺩ‪.‬ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﻣﺒﺮﻭﻙ ﺟﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻭﻕﺷﺒﻜﻴﺔ‪:‬ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺉﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉﻭﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺮﻭﻕ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺇﻧﻪﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺓﺳﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺛﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔﺍﻟﻔﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺑﻨﺎء ًﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺿﻼﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥﻓﺮﻋﻴﺎﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫)ﺃﻧﺎ(ﺭﻳﺸﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ﺷﺒﻜﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔﻟﻬﺎﻭﺭﻳﺪ ﺭﺉﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻠﻊ ﻭﺳﻄﻲﺗﻤﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﻨﺘﺞﺃﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺩﺓﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺿﻼﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﻲ (‪:)ii‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺉﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ ﺃﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻖﻭﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻭﺗﺆﺩﻱﺇﻟﻰ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻬﺎﺷﻜﻼﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ‪:‬ﺗﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ‪:‬ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺶ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪:‬ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺉﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔﺗﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺔﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻭﺷﺒﻜﻴﺔﻥ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﻏﺎﺉﺒﺔ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺳﻤﺔ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ )ﺭﻳﺸﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ (‪:i‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺉﺢ ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺓﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺔﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺇﻧﻪﻳﻌﻄﻲﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱﻧﺤﻮ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ)ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯ(‪.‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﺃ‪.‬ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯ؛‬ ‫ ﺏ‪.‬ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺰﺭﺍﻥ؛‬ ‫ ﺝ‪.‬ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺿﻼﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺨﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺣﺔ‬ ‫ )ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻒ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺿﻼﻉ (‪ii‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺉﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺿﻼﻉ ﻟﻪ ﺷﻜﻼﻥ‬ ‫ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ‪:‬ﺗﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺰﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ‪:‬ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻨﺎﺉﻲﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻉﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔﻻ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﻕﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ ﻫﻲﺷﺎﺉﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺧﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻦﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺢﻧﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ )ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻮﺗﺎﻛﺴﻲ(‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻮء ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻷﺩﺍء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺉﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺱ‪:‬ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﻫﻮ…… )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻖ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﺕ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻹﺯﻫﺎﺭ )‪ (4‬ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫‪.1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ ﻓﻘﻂﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﺪﺓﻭﺗﻘﻊ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻓﻲﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﻱ‪،‬ﺍﻻﻭﺭﺍﻕﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﺎﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺒﺪﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻛﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﻔﻮﻓﺎً ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫‪.orthostichous‬‬ ‫ ﻓﻲﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻦﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﺧﻴﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً )ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤُﺴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ(‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺸﻜﻞﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍً ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴُﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻥﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫ ﺗﻮﺟﺪﻭﺭﻗﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺕﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕﻣﺘﺮﺍﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚﺻﻔﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻂﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ‬ ‫ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‪:‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺪﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺉﻤﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺻﻔﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﻗﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻢﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺉﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ً‬ ‫ﻣﻊﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲﻣﺜﻞﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪,.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﺴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺴﻢﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕﻻ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰﻓﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻭﻩﻑ ﻻﻣﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﻬﺎﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻓﻲﺩﺑﻮﺱﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻖﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺶ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪.‬ﻓﻲ ﺭﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕﻣﺘﻌﺮﻗﺔ )ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺿﻼﻉ(‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺶ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻗﺪﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺎﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍءﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ )ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ( ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺬﻉ )ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ( ﺃﻭ ﺑﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﻪﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺇﺑﻄﻲﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻮءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔﻭﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺭﻳﺸﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﻘﺎﺕﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺜﻞﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻛﻴﻼﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺷﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻫﻲﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻳﺸﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶﺹ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮ‬ ‫)ﺃﻧﺎ(ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ‪:‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔﺭﻳﺸﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺤﻤﻞﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫⚪ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺒﻴﻨﻴﺖ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻲﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫⚪ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔﺹ ﻓﻄﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻲﻋﺪﺩ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻊﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪:‬ﺭﻳﺸﻴﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ (‪ ii‬ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﺭﻳﺸﻴﺎً‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢﻭﺭﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺭﻳﺸﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞﻭﺭﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺴُﻤﻰﻭﺭﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻳﺸﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺴُﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻳﺸﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫)ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ( ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺭﻳﺸﻴﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕﺃﻭﺭﻳﺸﺎﺕﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰﻣﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪:‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﻚ (‪)iv‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻫﻲﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺕﺭﻳﺸﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻔﺮﻉﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻭﻉﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻓﻲﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻠﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺎًﻭﺃﺧﻀﺮﺍً ﻷﺩﺍء ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺉﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻛﻔﻴﺔ‪:‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﻄﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻖ‪،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺭﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﻘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍًﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ‪:‬ﺗﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻖ ﻣﺜﻞ )ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ(‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺛﻨﺎﺉﻴﺎﺕﺃﻭ ﺛﻨﺎﺉﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‪:‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻭﺭﻗﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‪:‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻭﺭﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻖ‬ ‫ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‪:‬ﺗﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻭﺭﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕﻫـ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻗﻤﻨﺔ‪:‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺱ‪:‬ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﻫﻲ…… )‪ (1‬ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ )‪ (2‬ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ )‪ (3‬ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ )‪ (4‬ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺛﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‪:‬ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍءﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺕﻫـ ﻧﺪﺭﻳﻠﺰ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺯﻧﺒﺮﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻴﻌﺔﻭﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﻣﻠﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻣﺠﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻗﻪ ﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺃﺷﻮﺍﻙ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞﻣﺪﺑﺒﺔ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﻮﺍﻙ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻫﻢﻳﺤﻤﻲﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻋﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺃﻭﺑﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻟـ‪ (1)............‬ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ )‪ (4‬ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭ ‪spp‬‬ ‫‪-3‬ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻮﺩﻳﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻖﻣﻦ ﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻛﻴﺲﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞﻭﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ‪.‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻨﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻴﻴﻠﻮﺩﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻛﻤﺎﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺢﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻐﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺇﺑﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲﺑﻌﺾﺁﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺑﺮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺴُﺘﺨﺪﻡﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺑﺎﺭﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ)ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺑﺮﻳﻖ( ﻭﻫﻀﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻓﻲﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺑﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﻏﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻮﻥﻟﺠﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺭﻗﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻖﻣﻠﺘﻮﻳﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺣﻴﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪﻣﻤﻠﻮءﺓ ﺑﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻫﻀﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺝ ﻫـ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﺱ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮ‪:‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕﻗﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞﺍﻟﺒﺼﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﻡ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔﺍﻷﻫﻢ ﻟﻸﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻫﻲﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺉﻲ ﻷﻥﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺧﻀﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻭﻓﻴﻞﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁ ﺿﻮء ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺜﻐﻮﺭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺉﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻔﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻳﺴﻤﻰﺍﻟﻨﺘﺢ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺢ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟـﺻﻌﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻎﻭﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ًﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔﺕ ﺍﻝﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﺇﺑﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺴﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﻖﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮ ﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺒﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺃﺷﻮﺍﻙﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺢﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻢﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺦ ﻟـﺍﺻﻄﻴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻀﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕﻣﻦﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻮﻓﻴﻠﻮﻡﻭﺑﻴﺠﻮﻧﻴﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ‪spp.‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻋﻢﻫﻮﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﻣﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﺄﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﺿﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻊﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻋﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻋﻢ‬ ‫ ﺗﺴﻤﻰﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻐﻄﺎﺓ ﺑﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻴﺔﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻄﺎﺓﺃﻭ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﻭﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺴﻤﻰﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺸﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﻋﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎًﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﻣﻐﻄﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﻴﺔﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ —‬ ‫)‪(1‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﻗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ‪:‬ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭﺍً ﺃﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﺯﻫﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢﻣﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭﺍً‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‪ :‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻸﺻﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪:‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﺮﻭﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺮﻭﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‪:‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ‪:‬ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻭﺭﻗﻲﺃﻭ ﻟﻴﻔﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ ﻣﺘﻄﺮﻑ‪:‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻃﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﺓ‬ ‫ ﻛﻮﻟﻴﻦ‪:‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﻭﻓﺮﻭﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺒﺮﻙ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻖ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻉ‪،‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻴﺦ( ﻭﻛﺮﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢﺍﻷﺷﻮﺍﻙ‪:‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﻹﺑﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺷﻮﺍﻙ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﺑﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲﺗﺤﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺢ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻀﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻼﺕﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺭﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻴﻼﺕ‪:‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻤﺘﻠﺉﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍء ﻭﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﺇﺑﻄﻴﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺒﻖ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺟﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﻱ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻞ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺭﻣﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ (‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺭﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻘﻮﺩﻋﻨﻘﻮﺩ ‪-‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺰﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻲﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺎً ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻛﺮﻭﺑﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ‪.‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻉﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪.1‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮﺩﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.4‬ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻲ ﻧﺸﻄﺎً ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.5‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻭﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺳﻴﻤﻮﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺰﻫﺮﺓ‪.‬ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﺳﻨﺎً‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻉﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻱ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.4‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﺑﻄﻲﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫‪.5‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉﺍﻹﺑﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺮﺍًﻟﻚ‬

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