Structure and Function I 2020-2021 PDF

Structure and Function I Dr. Omar Abdullah Bamaga Ass. Prof. of medical parasitology 2020-2021  ‫‪Types of cell‬‬ ‫أنواع الخلية‬ ‫‪ B) Eukaryotic‬‬ ‫‪ A) Prokaryotic‬‬ ‫بدائية النواة‬ ‫حقيقية النواة‬ Eukaryote...

Structure and Function I Dr. Omar Abdullah Bamaga Ass. Prof. of medical parasitology 2020-2021  ‫‪Types of cell‬‬ ‫أنواع الخلية‬ ‫‪ B) Eukaryotic‬‬ ‫‪ A) Prokaryotic‬‬ ‫بدائية النواة‬ ‫حقيقية النواة‬ Eukaryote cell (animal cell) )‫حقيقية النواة (خلية حيوانية‬ Eukaryote cell (Plant Cell) )‫حقيقية النواة (خلية نباتية‬  Characteristics of cell ‫خصائص الخلية‬ Genetic material Contained in one or more chromosomes and located in a non membrane bound nucleoid region in prokaryotes and a membrane bound nucleus in eukaryotes Plasma membrane Phospholipid encloses the cell contents: Bilayer phospholipid Regulates the entrance and exit of molecules Membrane proteins  Visualizing cells ‫تصوير الخاليا‬ By using microscope. There many types of microscopes Resolution- the ability of the microscope to distinguish two near points as two separate points not as a single point 1) Compound microscopes magnify in stages using multiple lenses 2) Transmission electron microscope (TEM) transmits electrons through the specimen, the whole image is formed at once 3) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) electrons beamed onto surface of the specimen, provides detailed three-dimensional view, used to obtain information about the surface topography and composition  Cytoplasm ‫السيتوبالزم‬ Is the fluid that fills a cell the cytoplasm have two part: – Organelles (exclude nucleus), Cytosol (liquid medium of a cell’s cytoplasm, and – various particles and granules called cytoplasmic inclusions. Function: to support and suspend organelles and cellular molecules.  Organelles ‫النواة‬ Organelles: are tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Surrounded by membranes Dr. Omar Bamaga  Nucleus ‫النواة‬ Structure: bound by two phospholipid bilayer membranes, containing nuclear membrane, Nuclear pores (protein gatekeepers), genetic material, chromosomes and nucleolus. Function: Regulating all activities in cell: such as cellular metabolism, growth, and storing and maintaining the cell’s DNA for transcription and replication. Nucleolus - a round body located inside the nucleus. Makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and rRNA. Dr. Omar Bamaga  Nucleus Dr. Omar Bamaga  Nuclear Envelope ‫الغالف النووي‬ Separates nucleus from rest of cell Structure: Two lipid bilayer: inner nuclear membrane, and an outer nuclear membrane (Has pores regulating transport in/out) Dr. Omar Bamaga  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ( ‫لحمض النووي الريبوزي منقوص األكسجين‬DNA) It is the carrier of genetic material used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of micro- organism The main constituent of chromosomes Dr. Omar Bamaga  Chromosomes ‫الكروموسومات‬ Carrying genetic information in the form of genes, found in nuclei. Is DNA molecule Dr. Omar Bamaga  Endoplasmic reticulum ‫الشبكة اإلندوبالزمية‬ Anetwork of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a cell, continuous with nuclear membrane. Largest internal membrane Composed of Lipid bilayer Serves as system of channels from the nucleus Function: manufacturing and storage system, produce protein, lipid, and detoxify toxins from the body, liver and kidney. Dr. Omar Bamaga  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ‫الشبكة اإلندوبالزمية‬ Rough ER is “rough” because of associated ribosomes (function: produce proteins in the cell and ribosomes are attached to their surface). Smooth ER - lack associated ribosomes (function: produce lipid, Detoxify toxin in the cell) Dr. Omar Bamaga  Golgi apparatus ‫جهاز جولجي‬ Is a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of a cell. Function: involved in secretion of protein and intracellular transport of lipids around the cell Dr. Omar Bamaga  Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum Phagocytosis Food Golgi vesicle apparatus Lysosomes Transport vesicle Old or damaged Plasma Digestion of organelle membrane phagocytized food particles Breakdown or cells of old Extracellular organelle fluid Dr. Omar Bamaga  Lysosomes ‫اللبيسوسومات‬ Contain degradative enzymes Functions: involved in digestion and waste removal Dr. Omar Bamaga  Vacuoles ‫الفجوات‬ It is a space or vesicle within cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by membrane and containing: Water, food and wastes Dr. Omar Bamaga  Mitochondria ‫الميتوكندريا‬ Function : to perform cellular respiration. This means it takes in nutrients from the cell, breaks it down, and turns it into energy ATP Dr. Omar Bamaga  Ribosomes ‫الريبوسومات‬ Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes composed of two subunits: - Small subunit, which read the RNA, and - Large subunit, which join amino acids to form a polypeptide chain Function : site of protein synthesis. Dr. Omar Bamaga  Different kinds of animal cells white blood cell ‫خلية دم بيضاء‬ Amoeba ‫األميبا‬ red blood cell ‫خلية دم حمراء‬ muscle cell Sperm ‫خلية عضلية‬ ‫الحيوانات المنوية‬ cheek cells ‫خاليا الخد‬ nerve cell Paramecium Dr. Omar Bamaga ‫خلية عصبية‬ ‫البراميسيوم‬ The End