Lec1a 2_merged.pdf

(3b) Dog Reproduction  ‫الحيوانات بتمر بمرحلة تزاوج بصير عندها بعض تغييرات بعدة‬ ‫‪Reproduction:‬‬ ‫مراحل‬ ‫‪Proestrus – 9 days before estrus when female is attractive to‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﯾﺴﺘﺮس...

(3b) Dog Reproduction  ‫الحيوانات بتمر بمرحلة تزاوج بصير عندها بعض تغييرات بعدة‬ ‫‪Reproduction:‬‬ ‫مراحل‬ ‫‪Proestrus – 9 days before estrus when female is attractive to‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﯾﺴﺘﺮس ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻜﻮن ﻗﺒﻞ ب‪ ٩‬اﯾﺎم ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﻠﺶ اﻻﻧﺜﻰ ﺗﻨﺠﺬب ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺮ ‪the male‬‬ ‫‪ Estrus – heat (9 days), occurs b/6-12 months of age. (larger‬‬ ‫) ‪dogs up to 2 years of age‬‬ ‫‪ Intervals of seven months‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻻﯾﺴﺘﺮس ) اﻟﺸﺒﻖ ‪ ،‬اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﻨﺴﯿﺔ( اﻟﯿﻮم اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺪث ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﮭﺮ اﻟﺴﺎدس اﻟﻰ ‪ ١٢‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﺐ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼب ذات اﻻﺣﺠﺎم اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة ﺑﺘﺼﯿﺮ ع ﻋﻤﺮ ﺳﻨﺘﯿﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻈﻤﮭﻢ ﺑﺘﺼﯿﺮ ع ﻣﺮ ‪ ٧‬ﺷﮭﻮر‬ ‫‪ Ovulation occurs in the rst 48 hours of estrus‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻻﺑﺎﺿﺔ ﺑﺘﺼﯿﺮ ﺑﺎول ‪ ٤٨‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﯾﺴﺘﺮس‬ ‫ﻣﺶ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﮭﺮﻣﻮﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﺼﯿﺮ اﻛﺘﻔﻮا ﺑﮭﺎي اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ‪:Pregnancy‬‬ ‫‪ Gestation – avg. 60 - 63 days‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪة اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺪھﺎ ‪ ٦٠‬ﯾﻮم‬ ‫‪ Signs of pregnancy:‬‬ ‫) ﺷﮭﺮﯾﻦ ( ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻋﺮاﺿﮭﺎ ﺑﺘﺰﯾﺪ ﺷﮭﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻم ‪ ،‬وﺑﺰﯾﺪ وزﻧﮭﺎ و اﻟﺜﺪي ﺑﻜﺒﺮ ‪ Increase in appetite, weight and breast size‬‬ ‫اذا ﺑﺘﻘﺪر ﺗﺤﻂ اﻻم ﺑﺒﻮﻛﺲ ﻋﺸﺎن ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﯿﮫ ﺑﻜﻮن اﺣﺴﻦ ‪A whelping box will be helpful‬‬ ‫‪ As whelping approaches, her temperature will be slightly below‬‬ ‫اﻻم ﺑﺲ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﺘﻨﺰل وﺑﺘﺼﯿﺮ اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ ) اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ ‪ ١٠٠.٤‬ﻓﮭﺮﻧﮭﺎﯾﺖ( )‪normal (100.4*F‬‬ ‫‪ Temp. should be around 96.8* F about 24 hours before whelping‬‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺎول ﻧﺘﺎﻛﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ ٢٤‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻻدة اﻧﮫ ﺣﺮارﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺰل ﻋﻦ ‪ ٩٦‬وﺗﻀﻞ ﺑﮭﺎد اﻟﺮﯾﻨﺞ‬ ‫;‪ Each puppy is contained in a separate placental membrane‬‬ ‫‪mother will remove this‬‬ ‫ﺻﺔ ﻓﯿﮫ وﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ) اﻟﺒﻮﺑﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ع ﺧﯿﺮ وﺳﻼﻣﺔ ‪،‬ﻛﻞ ﺟﺮو ﺑﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﺎط ﺑﻤﺸﯿﻤﺔ ﺧﺎ ّ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﻛﻠﮭﻢ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻜﯿﺲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺪا ﺑﻜﯿﺲ ﻟﺤﺎل ﯾﻌﻨﻲ(واﻻم ﺑﺘﻨﻀﻔﮭﻢ وﺑﺘﺸﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪fi‬‬  Mother dogs : ‫اﺷﯿﺎء ﺑﺘﻌﻤﻠﮭﺎ اﻻم‬ Each puppy will be contained in its own placental membrane which must be removed before the puppy can breath. : ‫ وﺗﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺤﺒﻞ اﻟﺴﺮي ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ھﯿﻚ اﻋﻤﻞ‬، ‫اذا اﻧﺖ ﺣﺎﺑﺐ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻜﻠﺒﺔ‬ To cut the umbilical cord, tie a piece of cotton thread around the cord about three fourths to one inch away from the puppy’s body. Then cut the thread on the cord. The rst milk produced by the mother is called colostrom. It is very important that each puppy receives it. Helps ght infectious diseases ‫ اﺳﻤﮫ اﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﺳﺘﺮم ) ﺣﻠﯿﺐ اﻟﻠﺒﺎ ( ھﺎد اﻟﺤﻠﯿﺐ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﮭﻢ ﻟﻠﺠﺮو‬، ‫اول ﺣﻠﯿﺐ ﯾﻨﻔﺮز ﻣﻦ اﻷم ﺑﺎول ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻮﻻدة‬ ‫اﻧﮫ ﯾﺸﺮب ﻣﻨﮫ ﺑﺴﺎﻋﺪه ﯾﺤﺎرب اﻻﻣﺮاض اﻟﻤﻌﺪﯾﺔ وﺑﺮﻓﻌﻠﮫ ﻣﻨﺎﻋﺘﮫ‬ Caring for Puppies: ‫ﻛﯿﻒ ﻧﻌﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮاء ؟‬ ·Puppies should be handled as little as possible for the rst 14 to 21 days. ‫ ﯾﻮم‬٢١ - ١٤ ‫ﻧﺤﺎول ﻗﺪر اﻻﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﺎ ﻧﺤﻤﻠﮭﻢ وﻧﻨﻘﻠﮭﻢ ﻣﻦ اﯾﺪ ﻻﯾﺪ ﺧﻼل اول‬ ·For the rst few days, they need a temperature of about 85degrees Fahrenheit. ‫ ﻓﮭﺮﻧﮭﺎﯾﺖ‬٨٥ ‫اول ﻛﻢ ﯾﻮم ﺑﺪھﻢ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﺑﺤﺪود‬ ·Newborn puppies can neither see nor hear very well for 10 to 15 days following birth. ‫ ﯾﻮم ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﮭﻢ‬١٥ ‫ ل‬١٠ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﺑﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻮدﯾﻦ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﻘﺪروش ﯾﺸﻮﻓﻮا وﻻ ﯾﺴﻤﻌﻮ اﺷﻲ اول‬ Their ears and eyelids are sealed. 😭 ‫اذاﻧﮭﻢ و ﻋﯿﻮﻧﮭﻢ ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﻣﺴﻜﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ fi ·Puppies begin walking at about 2 weeks of age when their ears and eyes open.‫ﺑﺒﻠﺸﻮا ﯾﻘﺪروا ﯾﻤﺸﻮا ع اﻟﺨﻔﯿﻒ ﺑﺲ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ ﻋﻤﺮھﻢ اﺳﺒﻮﻋﯿﻦ واذاﻧﮭﻢ‬ ‫وﻋﯿﻮﻧﮭﻢ ﺑﺘﺒﻠﺶ ﺗﻔﺘﺢ‬ fi ·Puppies begin to wag their tails and bark at about three weeks of age. ‫ اﺳﺎﺑﯿﻊ‬٣ ‫ﺑﺒﻠﺸﻮا ﯾﺤﺮﻛﻮا ذﯾﻮﻟﮭﻢ و ﯾﻨﺒﺤﻮا ع ﺣﺪود ال‬ fi fi  When they are young, they need warmth, their mothers milk, and plenty of sleep. ‫ وﺣﻠﯿﺐ اﻣﮭﻢ وﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻧﻮم ﻛﻮﯾﺴﺔ‬، ‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﯾﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﺻﻐﺎر ﻛﺘﯿﺮ ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﻣﺤﺘﺎﺟﯿﻦ دفء‬ ·Puppies need foods higher in protein than adult dogs. ‫واﻟﺒﻮﺑﯿﺰ ﺑﺪھﻢ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت ﺑﺎﻛﻠﮭﻢ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻼب اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬ 🤏 🥹 ‫ﺷﻮﻓﻮ ﻣﺼﻐﺮھﻢ‬ Weaning: ‫الفطام‬ Is withdrawing the need or opportunity for a puppy to nurse. ·Puppies can be weaned at the age of three to six weeks, depending on the species. ·The mother will nurse puppies for several weeks, and sometimes longer than necessary. ‫ اﺳﺎﺑﯿﻊ ) ﺷﮭﺮ‬٦‫ وﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﯾﻨﻔﻄﻤﻮا ع ﻋﻤﺮ ال‬، ‫اﻟﻔﻄﺎم ھﻮ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ او اﻟﻀﺮورة ﻟﻠﺠﺮو اﻧﮫ ﯾﺮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ اﻻم ﺑﺘﻀﻠﮭﺎ ﺗﺮﺿﻌﮭﻢ ﻻﺳﺎﺑﯿﻊ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ وﻣﺮات ﻓﺘﺮات اطﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼزم‬، ‫واﺳﺒﻮﻋﯿﻦ (ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮع‬ Puppies should be introduced to foods suitable to them. · In some cases, the puppies may need to be kept in a separate place from their mother. This will encourage weaning. ‫ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﺣﯿﺎن ﻻزم ﻧﺨﻠﻲ‬، ‫ﻟﻮا ﻋﺸﺎن ﺗﻘﻞ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﮭﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﯿﺐ‬،‫ﻻزم ﻧﺒﻠﺶ ﻧﺤﻂ اﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﺒﻮﺑﯿﺰ وﯾﺤﺎوﻟﻮا ﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﺑﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺑﻌﯿﺪة ﺷﻮي ﻋﻦ اﻻم ھﺬا ﺑﺸﺠﻊ ع ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﻄﺎﻣﮭﻢ‬  Health Care : ‫الرعاية الصحية‬ Begins with sanitation and general condition of the environment in which a dog is kept. ‫ ﺷﯿّﻚ ع اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﯾﺶ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻛﻠﺒﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺔ وﺗﻌﻘﯿﻢ‬، ‫ﻋﺸﺎن ﺗﺒﻠﺶ رﻋﺎﯾﺔ ﺻﺢ‬ Dirty, cluttered pens and houses harbor disease. ‫اذا اﻟﺒﯿﺖ ﻣﻠﯿﺎن اوﺳﺎخ واﺷﯿﺎء ﺣﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻟﻠﻌﺪوى و اﻻﻣﺮاض‬ To keep your animal in good health they need to get all the correct vaccinations. ‫واھﻢ اﺷﻲ اذا ﺑﺪك ﻛﻠﺒﻚ ﯾﻀﻞ ﺑﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﺤﯿﺔ ﻻزم ﯾﺎﺧﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﻋﯿﻤﮫ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ They are given medication to prevent the following diseases: VIP: rabies and pentadog vaccines Canine Distemper ‫طﺎﻋﻮن اﻟﻜﻼب‬ Infectious hepatitis ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺪ اﻟﻮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ Leptospirosis ( ‫ﻟﯿﺒﺘﻮﺳﺒﺎﯾﺮوﺳﯿﺰ ) ﺑﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺎ ﺑﺘﻀﺮب اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬ Coronaviris ( ‫ﻛﻮروﻧﺎ ) اﻣﺮاض رﺋﻮﯾﺔ وﺗﻨﻔﺴﯿﺔ‬ Rabies ‫ﺳﻌﺎر‬ Canine in uenza ( kennel cough) ‫اﻧﻔﻠﻮﻧﺰا اﻟﻜﻼب‬ Dogs should have routine visits to the vet. ‫اﻟﻜﻠﺐ ﻻزم ﯾﺰور اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺐ ﻋﺸﺎن ﯾﻌﻤﻠﮫ‬ The external parasites of dogs include: ‫ﻓﺤﺺ ﻟﻠﻄﻔﯿﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ زي‬ Lice ‫اﻟﻘﻤﻞ‬ Tick ‫اﻟﻘﺮاد‬ Ringworm(‫ﻓﻄﺮﯾﺎت ﺣﻠﻘﯿﺔ ) ﻓﻄﺮﯾﺎت ع ﺷﻜﻞ دواﺋﺮ‬ Some diseases dogs can transmit to humans. They include: Skin diseases Rabies Roundworm Although the chances of this happening are very slim ‫ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﯾﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬zoonotic ‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﻣﺮاض اﺣﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﻤﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ اﻟﺪﯾﺪان اﻻﺳﻄﻮاﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻧﮫ‬، ‫ اﻟﺴﻌﺎر‬، ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻣﺮاض اﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬، ‫ﻟﻼﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺗﺒﻌﺖ اﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ اﻻ اﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﯾﻌﻨﻲ‬ fl Shelter: ‫املأوى‬ They need a house that is warm in winter and cool in the summer. ‫ﺑﺪھﻢ ﺑﯿﺖ ﯾﻜﻮن داﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺘﺎ و ﺑﺎرد ﺑﺎﻟﺼﯿﻒ‬ At all times, it should be draft free, dry, easy to clean, and with and area for exercise. ‫وداﯾﻤﺎ ﺑﯿﺘﮭﻢ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﯾﺎت و ﺟﺎف وﺳﮭﻞ ﯾﺘﻨﻈﻒ وﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﮭﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺪرﺑﻮا ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ Look after a dog’s well-being. Sometimes, people fail to realize that what they do may not be in the best interest of an animal. ‫ ﻣﺶ ھﺎي اﻻﺷﯿﺎء‬، ‫ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺑﻔﺸﻠﻮا ﺑﺈدراك اﻧﮫ اﯾﺶ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﻤﻠﻮا ﻣﻦ اﺷﯿﺎء‬، ‫ﻻزم ﺗﺮﻋﻰ ﻛﻠﺒﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﯿﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻲ ﻻزم ﺗﻨﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﺐ او اﻧﮫ ﻣﮭﺘﻢ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ Here are a few examples to overcome potential injury to a dog : Never leave a dog in a hot car in the summer. ‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﺮك ﻛﻠﺒﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﯿﺎرة واﻟﺠﻮ ﻧﺎر‬ Always leave water available for a dog. ‫داﯾﻤﺎ ﺧﻠﯿﻠﮫ ﻣﻲ ﯾﺸﺮب ﻣﻨﮭﺎ وﯾﻘﺪر ﯾﻮﺻﻠﻠﮭﺎ‬ Provide secure facilities that offer protection from a harsh environment. ‫ﺣﺎول ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻟﮫ اﺷﯿﺎء ﺗﻌﻤﻠﮫ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ واﻟﻘﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ Never tie a dog in the hot sun, cold, or rain. ‫وﻣﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﺐ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻤﺲ اﻟﺤﺎرﻗﺔ او اﻟﺒﺮد او اﻟﻤﻄﺮ‬ What do "spay" and "neuter" really mean? ‫شو الفرق بني التعقيم والخصي ؟‬ Female dogs are spayed by removing their reproductive organs. ( ‫ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﯾﺾ‬، ‫اﻻﻧﺎث ﺑﻨﻌﻤﻠﻠﮭﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﻘﯿﻢ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ازاﻟﺔ ) اﻟﺮﺣﻢ‬ Male dogs are neutered by removing their testicles. ‫اﻟﺬﻛﻮر ﺑﻨﻌﻤﻠﻠﮭﻢ ﺧﺼﻲ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ازاﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺼﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬ Operation is performed while the pet is under anesthesia. ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﺘﻢ واﻟﺤﯿﻮان ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺨﺪﯾﺮ‬ Depending on your pet's age, size, and health, he or she will stay at your vet's of ce for a few hours or a few days. ‫ وﺣﺠﻤﮫ وﺻﺤﺘﮫ رح ﯾﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺐ ﻟﻤﺪة ﺳﺎﻋﺎت او اﯾﺎم ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬، ‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﻚ‬ Depending upon the procedure, your pet may need stitches removed after a few days. Your veterinarian can fully explain spay and neuter procedures to you and discuss with you the best age at which to sterilize your pet. ‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺐ اﻟﺒﯿﻄﺮي ﺑﺸﺮﺣﻠﻚ‬، ‫ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﻚ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﯾﻀﻄﺮ اﻧﻚ ﺗﺸﯿﻠﮫ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺗﺒﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻢ ﯾﻮم‬، ‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ واﯾﺶ راح ﯾﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ واﻧﺖ ﺑﺘﺘﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﻣﻌﮫ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﺳﺒﻚ ﻣﺘﻰ‬، ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺼﯿﺮ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺪك ﺗﻌﻘﻢ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﻚ‬ Increases pet’s chance for a long, healthy life. Reduces risk of health problems such as: a) uterine cancer in females b) ovarian cancer in females c) testicular cancer in males ‫ ﺑﺘﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ‬، ‫ ﺑﻌﯿﺶ ﺣﯿﺎة ﺻﺤﯿﺔ‬،‫ ﺑﺘﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻤﺮ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬، ‫ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻘﯿﻢ‬ : ‫ﺧﻄﺮ اﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ ب‬ ‫ﺳﺮطﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺎث‬ ‫ﺳﺮطﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺒﺎﯾﺾ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺎث‬ ‫ﺳﺮطﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺨﺼﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﻮر‬ fi  ‫)‪Altered pet makes better pet for family (less aggressive‬‬ ‫‪ Prevents unwanted pregnancies‬‬ ‫)‪ Female won’t go into heat (cleaner home‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺿﮫ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺪل ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺤﯿﻮان ﺑﺼﯿﺮ اﻗﻞ ﻋﺪواﻧﯿﺔ ‪،‬و ﺑﻨﺨﻔﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺣﻤﺎل ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ) زي‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﻄﻠﻊ ﺑﺴﺘﻚ ع اﻟﺸﺎرع وﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺪرزﯾﻨﺔ 😭( و اﻻﻧﺎث ﻣﺶ راح ﯾﺪﺧﻠﻮا ﺑﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺮس او‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻖ ف ﺣﯿﻀﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺖ ﻧﻈﯿﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻓﺮازات‬ ‫‪Help prevent overpopulation‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻘﯿﻢ ﺑﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﺮﺿﮫ ﺑﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ اﻋﺪا اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت وزﯾﺎدﺗﮭﻢ ) ﻗﺼﺪھﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺎرع (‬ ‫‪animal shelters are burdened with ‘unwanted’ animals‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺟﺊ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻋﺐء ﺑﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﺗﺨﻠﻮا ﻋﻨﮭﺎ اﺻﺤﺎﺑﮭﺎ وﺻﺎرت ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ 🥹‬ ‫‪ communities can spend millions of dollars trying to control pet‬‬ ‫‪overpopulation‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺗﺼﺮف ﻣﻼﯾﯿﻦ ع ﻗﺼﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻦ ال ‪ Overpopulation‬اﻟﻠﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺗﺼﯿﺮ‬ ‫‪ millions of unwanted animals are euthanized each year in‬‬ ‫‪animal shelters across the country‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﯾﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺗﻤﻮت ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻘﺘﻞ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺐء‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻼﺟﺊ 🥲‬ ‫💜 ‪Good Luck‬‬  ‫جلنة اطل ّب وارجلاةح ابلطيرةي‬ ‫)‪(2b‬‬ ‫‪Dogs (History‬‬ ‫)‪& breeds‬‬  Seven Major Dog groups : 1 Sporting group 2 Hound group 3 Terrier group 4 Working group 5 Herding group 6 Toy group 7 Non-sporting group 8 Miscellaneous ‫مجموعة زيادة‬ 1- Sporting group Types: Spaniels / Retrievers / Weimaraners / Pointers High instinct in water and woods ‫ﻏﺮﯾﺰة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت‬ Great companions, work with Developed ‫ ﺑﺸﺘﻐﻠﻮا ﻣﻊ اﻟﺼﯿﺎدﯾﻦ‬، ‫رﻓﻘﺎء راﺋﻌﻮن‬ to assist hunters in pursuit of game ‫ﻣﺨﻠﺺ وﺣﺴﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺔ‬ Loyal and good-natured ‫طﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ High energy ‫ﺳﻼﻟﺔ‬٢٤ ‫ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺗﻤﺎرﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﺸﯿﻂ و ﻋﺮﻓﻮا ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ‬ 24 breeds recognized. Some require invigorating exercise 2-Hounds group Types :Afgan / Basset / Beagle / Dachshund Originally used for hunting various game 2 types Some breeds known for acute sense of smell (scent hunters) Some breeds known for sight and speed and stamina (sight hunters) ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﯿﺪ واﻟﻌﺎب ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ : ‫ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ‬ (‫ ﻛﻠﺐ اﻟﺼﯿﺪ‬:‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺴﻼﻻت اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺤﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻢ اﻟﺤﺎدة )ﻣﺜﻞ‬ (greyhound :‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺴﻼﻻت اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ وﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ واﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ )ﻣﺜﻞ‬  3-Terrier group Types :Miniature Schnauzer, West Highland White terrier, Fox terrier , bull terrier Originally bred to hunt and kill vermin to guard their families home or barn Most terriers have wiry coats Known as feisty ‫ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﺲ‬, high energy dogs ‫ طﺎﻗﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔﺗﻢ ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻﻞ ﻟﻤﻄﺎردة اﻟﺤﺸﺮات اﻟﻀﺎرة وﻗﺘﻠﮭﺎ‬، ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻜﻼب اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺮاﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎزل ﻋﺎﺋﻼﺗﮭﻢ أو اﻟﺤﻈﯿﺮة ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻜﻼب ھﺬه اﻟﺴﻼﻟﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺧﺸﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ‬ 2 types : Long legged , large breeds Short legged , small breed 4-Working group Types :Doberman Pinscher, Boxer, Alaskan Malamute, Shetland Sheepdog. Used to assist man: guarding, pulling sled water rescue ، ‫ اﻟﺤﺮاﺳﺔ‬:‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﺻﺎﺣﺒﮭﺎ‬ Protective, strong and alert ‫وﺳﺤﺐ اﻹﻧﻘﺎذ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﻤﺰﻟﻘﺔ‬ Intelligent and quick learners ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮة وﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺪرﯾﺐ‬ Not for rst time dog owner ‫وﻗﺎﺋﯿﺔ وﻗﻮﯾﺔ وﺗﻨﺒﯿﮫ‬ Need to be well-socialized from birth with ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻤﯿﻦ أذﻛﯿﺎء وﺳﺮﯾﻌﯿﻦ‬ people and other dogs ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﺟﯿ ًﺪا ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﻮﻻدة ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﺎس‬ Developed for labor ‫واﻟﻜﻼب اﻷﺧﺮى‬ Serve as guard dogs, sled dogs, police dogs, rescue dogs and messenger dogs fi  5-Herding group Types :German shepherd, welsh corgi Have ability to control movement of other livestock animals Recognized as being the most intelligent breeds ‫ﻋﻨﺪھﻢ ﻗﺪرات ﻟﻠﺴﯿﻄﺮة‬ Easily trainable ‫ورﻋﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺷﯿﺔ وﻛﺜﯿﺮ‬ Often need a “job” or can become destructive ‫اذﻛﯿﺎء وﺳﮭﻠﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺐ‬ 6-Toy group Chihuahua, Pug, Yorkshire terrier, Pekingese Make ideal “apartment” dogs ( house pets ) Small but sturdy and tough ( grouped due to size) Small breeds may be found in every Group, not just the Toy Group Also its a companion dogs ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺟﻌﻠﮫ ﻛﻠﺐ ﻟﻠﺸﻘﻖ واﻟﺒﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮ ﻟﻜﻨﮫ ﻗﻮي وﺻﻌﺐ‬ ‫وھﻲ ﻛﻼب ﺗﺤﺐ اﻟﺮﻓﻘﺔ‬، ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻻت ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ 7-Non-sporting group Types :Boston Terrier / Dalmation / Lhasa Apso , poodle Most diverse group ( wide variety of sizes ) Great differences in size, coat type, personality They are housedogs and a good watch dogs Originally a guard dog, lap dogs, athletic and good companion ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻨﻮ ًﻋﺎ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ وﻧﻮع اﻟﺸﻌﺮ واﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﻢ ﻛﻼب ﻣﻨﺰﻟﯿﺔ وﻛﻼب ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ رﯾﺎﺿﻲ وﺑﺤﺒﻮا رﻓﻘﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬، ‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻﻞ ﻛﻠﺐ ﺣﺮاﺳﺔ‬  8-Miscellaneous (Other groups) : Types : Jack Russell / Havanese / Spinone Italiano.,, -Five breeds in this class. -May compete in obedience trials, but not for championship points ‫ﺑﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻠﻲ ﺻﺎرت ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ ) ﻣﺶ ﻛﻠﮭﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ( وﻟﻜﻦ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮھﻢ ﻟﺮﻓﻘﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن اﻧﮫ ﯾﺮﺑﯿﮭﻢ‬ *Modern breeds selected for intelligence (poodle, German Shepherd) have increased brain size compared with primitive dogs (Swiss Neolithic Lake dwellings). Choosing a dog ? Why do I want a dog?‫ليش بدك كلب‬ – Companion – Lap warmer – Protection – Breeding – Sport What type of dog do you want?‫شو نوع الكلب اللي بدك اياه‬ Purebreds or mixed breeds “mutt” ‫ﻛﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻼﻟﺔ ﻧﻘﯿﺔ وﻻ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط‬ Think about: aggressiveness / tolerance / excitability.. etc Indoor? Outdoor? ‫برا وال جوا البيت‬ Consider: – Size Train as indoor dog rst in case it – Excitability needs to move inside. Ex. bad – Coat length weather (better training and fewer – Climate behavior problems. fi – Allergies  ‫في حال ربيت كمان حيوانات?‪What about other pets‬‬ ‫عرفهم ع بعض بالتدريج ‪،‬‬ ‫‪.Introduce newcomers gradually‬‬ ‫خليهم يتخالطوا سوا ‪ ،‬وكون‬ ‫‪. Socialize with others‬‬ ‫ع دراية انه يمكن يكون مافي‬ ‫بينهم توافق وغيرة‬ ‫‪.Be aware of jealous or incompatibilitiesjhtre‬‬ ‫هل انت اصال مربي مسؤول?‪Are you a responsible pet owner‬‬ ‫‪Need: – Time – Attention – Training – Money – $500/year.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﺗﺤﺘﺎج وﻗﺖ واﻧﺘﺒﺎه و ﺗﺪرﯾﺐ وﻟﻌﺐ وﺗﺼﺮف ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻓﻠﻮس ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺎرب اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ $٥٠٠‬ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫💜 ‪Good Luck‬‬  (3a) Dog Nutrition ‫ﺑﮭﺎي اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة راح ﻧﺤﻜﻲ اﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻼب وﺷﻮ اﻓﻀﻞ اﻻطﻌﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﮭﻢ 🫡‬ ‫النظام الغذائي لكلبك ‪Your Dog's Diet :‬‬ ‫‪Several Options:‬‬ ‫‪-Commercial dry food‬‬ ‫‪-Canned/ Moist food‬‬ ‫‪-Dry + canned food‬‬ ‫)‪-Home-prepared diets (BARF, Bones and Raw Food Diet‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪاﻣﻨﺎ ﻋﺪة ﺧﯿﺎرات ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬طﻌﺎم ﺗﺠﺎري ﺟﺎف‬ ‫‪ -‬طﻌﺎم ﻣﻌﻠّﺐ ) اﻛﻞ رطﺐ(‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻛﻞ ﺟﺎف و ﻣﻌﻠﺐ‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻛﻞ ﻣﺼﻨﻮع ﻣﻨﺰﻟﯿًﺎ ) ﻋﻈﺎم و ﻟﺤﻢ ﻧﻲ (‬ ‫‪Large number of varieties based on age, size, avor, activeness,‬‬ ‫‪weight loss, etc.‬‬ ‫طﻌﺎﻣﮭﻢ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﻮع ﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﻤﺮ وﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﺐ ﺑﻨﺨﺘﺎر ﻧﻮع اﻻﻛﻞ‪ ،‬وﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻄﻌﻢ اﯾﻀﺎ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺪاﯾﺖ اذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻜﻼب ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ وزن زاﺋﺪ وأﻧﻮاع اﻟﻜﻼب ﯾﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﺸﯿﻄﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻤﺪه ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮح‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪fl‬‬  ‫ﻛﯿﻒ ﻧﺤﺪد وزن اﻟﻜﻠﺐ ﺗﺒﻌﻨﺎ اذا طﺒﯿﻌﻲ او ﻻ ?‬ ‫ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻻﺿﻼع )‪ (Ribs‬اذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ واﺿﺤﺔ وظﺎھﺮة او ﻻ‪ ،‬وﻛﻤﺎن ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻄﻦ اذا واﺿﺤﺔ او ﻻ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ورك اﻟﺤﯿﻮان ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮق اذا ﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﻮرك ﺑﺎرزة ھﯿﻚ وﺿﻌﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎم )اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻠﻲ ع اﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺷﻮﻓﻮا ﻛﯿﻒ اﻻﻧﺜﻨﺎءة (‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان ﯾﻠﻲ ﺑﻜﻮن ﺳﻤﯿﻦ ﺑﻜﻮن ھﯿﻚ )اﻟﺼﻮرة ع اﻟﯿﻤﯿﻦ(‪:‬‬ ‫طﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺪھﻮن ﺳﻤﯿﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻻﺿﻼع ﻣﺎ ﺑﻨﻘﺪر ﻧﺸﻮﻓﮭﺎ ﻛﻮﯾﺲ‪ ،‬وﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﻄﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺪورة‪،‬واﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﺎ اﻟﮫ ﺑﺮوز‬ ‫‪When selecting a commercial food for your‬‬ ‫ملا نختار طعام تجاري لكلبنا شو نختار؟ ‪animal companion:‬‬ ‫"‪1-Look for a named meat or meal ("lamb" or "chicken meal,‬‬ ‫‪for example, instead of the generic term "meat") as the rst‬‬ ‫‪ingredient.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺸﻮف اﺳﻢ اﻟﻠﺤﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮع ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ) اذا دﺟﺎج او ﻟﺤﻢ ﺿﺄن 🥩 ‪ ،‬ﻻزم ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻜﺘﻮب ﻧﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺤﻢ ﺑﺪل ﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻜﺘﻮب ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺤﻢ (‬ ‫‪2-Avoid foods that rely on by-products as the sole source of‬‬ ‫‪animal protein.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺠﻨﺐ اﻻطﻌﻤﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ‪ ،‬ﻻﻧﮭﺎ ﻓﻘﯿﺮة ﺟﺪا ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ وﺳﻌﺮھﺎ‬ ‫رﺧﯿﺺ ﻧﺴﺒﯿًﺎ 🤓‬ ‫‪By-products consist of organs and parts either not desired,‬‬ ‫‪or condemned, for human consumption.‬‬ ‫‪ These rendered products are the most inexpensive sources‬‬ ‫‪of animal protein.‬‬ ‫‪ The contents and quality of these meals can vary‬‬ ‫‪tremendously from batch to batch, and are not a reliable‬‬ ‫‪source of nutrition for your animal‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺤﯿﻮان ھﻲ اﺻﻼ اﺟﺰاء واﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺬﺑﺢ ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ وﻣﺎ ﺑﺒﺘﺎﻛﻞ و ﻻ ﯾﺼﻠﺢ اﻧﮫ ﯾﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﮭﻼﻛﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن ‪،‬‬ ‫زي رﯾﺶ اﻟﻄﯿﻮر زواﺋﺪ ﻟﺤﻤﺔ وھﯿﻚ ف ﺑﺪل ﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﺒﻮھﺎ ﺑﺼﻨﻌﻮا ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻛﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت… ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﻛﺲ اﻟﺠﺎي‬ ‫‪fi‬‬  Note about By-Products : Pet grade meat by-products consist of organs and parts either not desired, or condemned, for human consumption. This can include bones, blood, intestines, lungs, ligaments, heads, feet, and feathers. ‫ﻣﮭﻢ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ ﺳﻮال ﺳﻨﻮات‬ Feathers are a by-product of poultry meat processing. Feathers which are removed from a carcass during production of poultry meat are then hydrolyzed (pressure cooked with steam until they are an edible gel) which makes them an acceptable feed grade ingredient. ‫اﻟﺮﯾﺶ ﺑﯿﺎﺧﺪوه ﻋﻦ اﻟﻠﺤﻤﺔ اﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺬﺑﯿﺤﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﻄﺒﺦ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺨﺎر ﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺤﻮل ﻟﻤﺎدةھﻼﻣﯿﺔ زي اﻟﺠﻞ وﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮوھﺎ ﻣﺎدة ﻏﺬاﺋﯿﺔ‬ Hydrolyzed feathers have been assigned the (IFN) International Feed Number 5-03-795and can appear on a label as "Poultry By- products." 3-Check the expiration date to ensure freshness. When you open a bag of dry food, give it a sniff -- if there is any rancid odor at all, return it immediately for an exchange or refund. ‫ ﺷﻤﮫ اذا اﻋﻄﻰ‬، ‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﯿﺠﻲ ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﻛﯿﺲ دراي ﻓﻮد‬، ‫ ﻋﺸﺎن ﯾﻀﻞ اﻻﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﯾﺶ‬، ‫ﻧﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺼﻼﺣﯿﺔ‬ ‫رﯾﺤﺔ ﺳﯿﺌﺔ وزﻧﺨﺔ ﺿﺮوري ﺗﺮﺟﻌﮫ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﯾﺒﺪﻟﻚ اﯾﺎه او ﺗﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﺣﻘﮫ ﻻﻧﮫ ﺑﻜﻮن ﻗﺪﯾﻢ‬ 4-Avoid generic or store brands. These may be repackaged rejects from the big manufacturers, and generally contain cheaper -- and consequently poorer quality ingredients. ‫ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻻ ﻋﻨﻮان وﻻ اﺳﻢ وﻻ ﻗﯿﻢ ﻏﺬاﺋﯿﺔ وﻻ اﺷﻲ‬، ‫ﻧﺤﺎول ﻧﺘﺠﻨﺐ اﻻﻛﻞ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﻼت‬ ‫ طﺒﻌﺎ ﺑﺒﯿﻌﻮه‬، ‫ ﻻﻧﮫ ﺑﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة رﻓﻀﺘﮫ ﻻﻧﮫ ﻣﺶ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ ف ﺑﺪھﻢ ﯾﺨﻠﺼﻮا ﻣﻨﮫ‬، 🌚 ‫ﺑﺴﻌﺮ رﺧﯿﺺ و ﺟﻮدﺗﮫ ﺟﺪا ﺳﯿﺌﺔ وﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﮫ اﺑﺼﺮ ﺷﻮ ھﻲ‬ 5-Store dry pet food in a sealed non-porous container in a cool, dry place. ‫ ﻣﺎﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺛﻘﻮب او ﻣﺼﺎدر ﺗﮭﻮﯾﺔ‬، ‫ﻧﺨﺰن اﻻﻛﻞ اﻟﺠﺎف ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء او ﻋﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ اﻻﻏﻼق‬ ‫وﺑﻤﻜﺎن ﺑﺎرد وﺟﺎف‬ Guaranteed Analysis : ‫تحليل املواد الغذائية حسب معايير‬ This info can usually be found in a table format. All dog food manufacturers are required to list the minimum amounts of protein and fat, and maximum amounts of crude ber and moisture for each product. ، ‫ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ اﻟﻐﺬاء ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ھﯿﻚ‬،، ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ھﺎي ﺑﻨﻼﻗﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﺠﺪول ﺧﻠﻒ ﻛﯿﺲ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬ ‫وﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﻤﯿﺎت اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ و اﻟﺪھﻮن واﻻﻟﯿﺎف و اﻟﺮطﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ‬ For example, if the label indicates a "minimum 21% protein," you can be fairly con dent it will contain between 21% and 23% protein to ensure it exceeds that minimum guarantee. ‫ ھﺬا ﺣﯿﺨﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﻣﺘﺎﻛﺪﯾﻦ اﻧﮫ‬، ٪٢١ ‫ اذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﻜﺘﻮب ع اﻟﻠﯿﺒﻞ اﻧﮫ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻗﻞ‬،‫ﻋﺴﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬٪٢٣-٢١ ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ‬ The same process occurs for fat. If there is a 5% minimum guarantee, it's very likely that there is at least 1% to 2% more fat in the product than is stated on the label. ٪٧ -٥ ‫ ف ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺣﯿﻜﻮن ﻓﯿﮫ ﻣﻦ‬، ٪٥ ‫ ﺑﻘﻠﻚ اذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﻜﺘﻮب ﻣﺜﻼ ﻓﻲ دھﻮن‬، ‫وﺑﺮﺿﮫ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻻﺷﻲ ﺑﻨﻄﺒﻖ ع اﻟﺪھﻮن‬ ( ‫ ھﯿﻚ‬٪٢ ‫دھﻮن ﻣﺶ اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ھﯿﻚ ) اﻧﮫ ﺑﺘﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ زﯾﺎدة اﺑﻮ‬ Crude ber and moisture are stated as "not more than" (maximum). The moisture and ber will be a little below that maximum guarantee. ‫ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ھﻲ اﻋﻠﻰ‬maximum ‫ ﺑﻜﻮن ﻣﻜﺘﻮب ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﯿﺎف اﻟﺨﺎم واﻟﺮطﻮﺑﺔ‬ ( ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة وﻣﺶ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻨﮭﺎ ) ﺑﺘﻜﻮن اﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺑﺸﻮي اه ﺑﺲ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻻ‬ Ingredients. Ingredients are listed in order of weight, with the primary ingredient listed rst and the rest following in descending order. fi ( ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻼﻗﻞ ) ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺗﻨﺎزﻟﻲ‬، ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن‬ fi fi fi fi ‫‪ Every ingredient must be listed separately either by its of cial name‬‬ ‫‪or common name (no brand names are allowed).‬‬ ‫وﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﻻزم ﯾﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﻜﻮن ﺣﺴﺐ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺶ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻧﺪ او اﻟﺘﺠﺎري‬ ‫‪Daily Feeding. This is where you'll nd out the recommended daily‬‬ ‫‪amount of the food your dog should consume.‬‬ ‫‪ The amount is usually expressed as a range, and how much you feed‬‬ ‫‪within this range should depend on how much your dog weighs and‬‬ ‫‪his activity level.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﯿﻮﻣﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺬاء ‪ ،‬ﺑﻜﻮن ﺑﺮﺿﮫ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﯾﻮﻣﯿﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﺐ ﺣﺴﺐ طﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﺳﺘﮭﻼﻛﮫ‬ ‫ووزﻧﮫ و ﺣﺮﻛﺘﮫ وھﻜﺬا …‬ ‫‪ If your dog is too fat or too thin, use your best judgment as to how‬‬ ‫‪much you should be feeding your dog. If you're unsure, consult with‬‬ ‫‪your veterinarian‬‬ ‫اذا ﻛﺎن ﻛﻠﺒﻚ ﺳﻤﯿﻦ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ او ﻧﺤﯿﻒ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ‪ ،‬اﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﻄﻌﻤﯿﮫ اﯾﺎھﺎ واذا ﻣﺶ ﻋﺎرف‬ ‫اﺳﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺐ اﻟﺒﯿﻄﺮي‬ ‫‪Home-Prepared Diets:‬‬ ‫االكالت املصنوعة منزليًا‬ ‫)‪Bones And Raw Food diet (BARF) --Owner’s preference (discuss with vet‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻋﻈﺎم وﻟﺤﻮم ﻧﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬ھﻲ طﺒﻌﺎ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻟﻤﺮﺑﻲ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻨﻔﻀﻞ ﻧﺴﺎل اﻟﺒﯿﻄﺮي ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻌﻄﯿﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻻطﻌﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻮان واﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻘﺒﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫‪-The BARF diet is simple in philosophy and construction. It looks at the‬‬ ‫‪diet of a wild or feral animal and mimics that type of feeding regime‬‬ ‫‪using available whole raw foodstuffs.‬‬ ‫اﻻﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﻲ و اﻟﻌﻈﺎم ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻏﺬاﺋﻲ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ واﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪.‬ﺑﻘﻠﻚ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺑﺘﻔﻜﺮ اﻧﮫ ھﺎد اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻮان اﻟﺒﺮي أو اﻟﻮﺣﺸﯿﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ ﺑﻜﻮن ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬طﺒﻌﺎ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎﺗﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﻀﻞ ﻧﻄﻌﻤﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﻨﮫ ﻻﻧﮫ ﻣﺶ ﻛﻮﯾﺲ اﻟﮭﺎ وﺑﻌﻤﻠﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ھﻀﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪Should consist of equal portions of a protein, a‬‬ ‫‪legume, a carbohydrate, and a vegetable‬‬ ‫وطﺒﻌﺎ ﻻزم ﯾﺤﺘﻮي اﻻﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻲ ھﺎد ع ﻛﻤﯿﺎت ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺰ و اﻟﺒﻘﻮﻟﯿﺎت و اﻟﻜﺎرﺑﺲ و اﻟﺨﻀﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻮﻗﺔ‬ ‫‪fi‬‬ ‫‪fi‬‬ Protein: broiled chicken breast, but chicken is sometimes replaced by hamburger, steak, or sh. ‫ ﺳﻤﻚ‬، ‫ ﺳﺘﯿﻚ‬، ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺤﻤﺔ ھﻤﺒﺮﺟﺮ‬، ‫ﺻﺪور دﺟﺎج‬: ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬ Legume : split peas, garbanzo beans, or kidney beans. The legumes are purchased dry and cooked in large lots and stored frozen. Canned beans usually contain sugar or oils and therefore are not used. ‫ ﺳﻮاء ﺧﻀﺮا او ﺣﻤﺮا وﺑﺘﻘﺪر ﺗﻄﺒﺨﮭﺎ وﺗﻔﺮزﻧﮭﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت‬، ‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻮﻟﯿﺎء ﺑﺎﻧﻮاﻋﮭﺎ‬: ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺒﻘﻮﻟﯿﺎت‬ … ‫ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻮﻟﯿﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﺶ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻧﻨﺼﺢ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻻﻧﮫ ﺑﺘﺤﺘﻮي ع ﺳﻜﺮ وزﯾﻮت‬، ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ Carbohydrate : either potato or rice, sometimes corn. ‫ ذرة‬، ‫ﺑﻄﺎطﺎ‬، ‫ رز‬:‫ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻜﺎرﺑﻮھﯿﺪرات‬ Vegetable : consists of cauli ower, broccoli, or steamed baby carrots. ‫ﺟﺰر ﺻﻐﯿﺮ‬، ‫ﺑﺮوﻛﻠﻲ‬،‫ﻗﺮﻧﺒﯿﻂ‬: ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺨﻀﺮاوات‬ Supplements: The diet is supplemented with a Pet-Form tablet daily for vitamins and calcium. Essential fatty acids are supplemented with Gold fi Caps. Fish oil capsules from Costco are a quality, affordable source of essential fatty acids. fatty acids‫ زﯾﻮت اﻟﺴﻤﻚ ھﺎي اﻻﺷﯿﺎء ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ و ﻣﺼﺪر ﺟﯿﺪ ﻟﻞ‬، ‫ ﻛﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم‬، ‫ ﻓﯿﺘﺎﻣﯿﻨﺎت‬:‫اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ‬ Always provide your dog with plenty of fresh water Dry Feed: ‫الطعام الجاف‬ -Main ingredients are corn , wheat ,soybeans , meat and bone meal -moisture 10% -Contains only 23% protein. -Cheaper, , wont spoil ,cleans teeth Semi-Moist Feed: ‫الطعام شبه الرطب‬ fl -Contains corn, meat by-products, soybean meal, and corn syrup -30% moisture Canned Feed: ‫طعام مُعلب‬ Two types *Ratio type : - contains barley, meat by-products, wheat grain and soy our *Meat type: - contains meat by-products, meat poultry, and soy our -Has most protein at 44% -75% moisture -Most expensive Special Considerations in Feeding: -Pregnant females: Increase feed as weight increase at about 4 weeks May be eating 35-50% more feed (3-4 meals per day) After welping, needs2-3 times as much food Begin decreasing feed as the puppies are weaned ‫ ﺣﺘﺼﯿﺮ ﺗﺎﻛﻞ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬، ‫ ﺑﺘﺰﯾﺪ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﮭﻢ ﻟﻠﻐﺬاء م ع زﯾﺎدة وزﻧﮭﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﺳﺒﻮع اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬، ‫اﻻﻧﺎث اﻟﺤﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ وﺑﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺬاء‬، ‫ ﻣﺮات ﺗﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬٣ ‫ زﯾﺎدة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ وﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻮﻻدة ﺣﺘﺤﺘﺎج ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﯿﻦ ل‬.٪٥٠-٣٥ ‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺎ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻄﺎم ﻟﻠﺠﺮاء‬ -Puppies: -Should be weaned by siX weeks of age -Can be fed milk, meat, cooked eggs, cottage cheese (cow's milk may cause diarrhea) -These are easily digested and good protein sources -Need 3-4 meals a day until digestive system is adjusted ‫ ﺑﻨﻘﺪر ﺑﺲ ﯾﻨﻔﻄﻤﻮا‬، ( ‫ ﻻزم ﯾﻨﻔﻄﻤﻮا ﻣﻊ ﺣﻠﻮل اﻻﺳﺒﻮع اﻟﺴﺎدس ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮھﻢ ) ﺷﮭﺮ واﺳﺒﻮع‬، ‫اﻟﺠﺮاء‬ ، ‫ ﺟﺒﻨﺔ ﺑﺲ ﺣﻠﯿﺐ اﻻﺑﻘﺎر ﻻﻧﮫ ﻓﯿﮫ ﻻﻛﺘﻮز ﻣﺎ ﺑﻨﺎﺳﺒﮭﻢ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻠﮭﻢ اﺳﮭﺎﻻت‬، ‫ ﺑﯿﺾ ﻣﻄﺒﻮخ‬، ‫ﻧﻄﻌﻤﯿﮭﻢ ﻟﺤﻤﺔ‬ ‫ وﺟﺒﺎت ﺣﺘﻰ ﺟﮭﺎزه‬٤ ‫ وﯾﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﻮﺑﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ل‬، ‫ھﺎي اﻻﺷﯿﺎء ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﺳﮭﻞ ﺗﻨﮭﻀﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﻀﻤﻲ ﯾﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮه‬ fl fl ‫‪-Older dogs:‬‬ ‫‪-Need fewer calories due to slower metabolism‬‬ ‫‪-Avoid overfeeding‬‬ ‫‪REMEMBER‬‬ ‫‪-Always cook eggs before giving to a dog‬‬ ‫‪-Do not feed bones that splinter ex. chicken, turkey, and pork‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻼب اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺘﺎج طﻌﺎم ﻓﯿﮫ ﻛﺎﻟﻮرﯾﺰ اﻗﻞ ﻋﺸﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﮭﻀﻢ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ اﺑﻄﺄ ‪ ،‬وﻧﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﻧﻄﻌﻤﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻛﻤﯿﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ !‬ ‫داﯾﻤﺎ ﻧﻄﺒﺦ اﻟﺒﯿﺾ ﻟﻠﻜﻼب ﻣﺎ ﻧﻄﻌﻤﯿﮭﻢ اﯾﺎه ﻧﻲ و ﻣﺎ ﻧﻄﻌﻤﯿﮭﻢ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم اﻟﻠﻲ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺷﻈﺎﯾﺎ زي اﻟﺪﺟﺎج و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺒﺶ و اﻟﺨﻨﺰﯾﺮ‬ ‫💜 ‪Good Luck‬‬  !‫ر‬#$‫ ّب وا'ا& ا‬+‫نة ا‬. (1a) What to consider before adopting a pet  ‫بداي ًة بدنا نشوف شو ا*شياء اللي بدنا ناخدها بع‪ ,‬ا*عتبار 'ا نتبنى‬ ‫حيوان اليف!‬ ‫‪What to consider before adopting a pet :‬‬ ‫?‪*Why do you want a pet‬‬ ‫‪1. Prestige‬‬ ‫‪2. Just because it's the thing to do, or because the‬‬ ‫‪kids.‬‬ ‫‪3. Pets may be with you 10 / 15 even 20 years.‬‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺶ ﺑﺪك ﺗﺘﺒﻨﻰ ؟‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺎن اﻟﺒﺮﺳﺘﯿﺞ وﻣﻈﮭﺮ ﺑﺲ ؟‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺎن اﻧﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪك اﺷﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﯿﺎة ﺗﺴﻮﯾﮫ وﺑﺪك ﺗﻀﯿﻊ وﻗﺖ وﻻ ﻋﺸﺎن ﺗﺴﻠﻲ اﻻطﻔﺎل ؟‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﻚ ﺣﺎطﻂ ﺑﺒﺎﻟﻚ اﻧﮫ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﺑﺎﻻھﺘﻤﺎم ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﯿﺶ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٥‬ل ‪ ٢٠‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫!‪*Do you have time for a pet?Tired or busy‬‬ ‫ھﻞ ﻋﻨﺪك وﻗﺖ ﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻣﺸﻐﻮل وﻻ ﺗﻌﺒﺎن ؟‬ ‫اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﯿﻮان اﻻﻟﯿﻒ ‪*Pets requires: :‬‬ ‫‪- Food‬‬ ‫اﻛﻞ‬ ‫‪- Water‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫‪- Exercise‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﯾﻦ وﻟﻌﺐ‬ ‫‪- Care‬‬ ‫اھﺘﻤﺎم ورﻋﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫رﻓﻘﺔ ﻛﻞ ﯾﻮم ‪- Companionship every day of every year‬‬ ‫ھﻞ اﻧﺖ ﻗﺎدر ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﯾﺔ ﻓﯿﮫ ؟ ‪*Can you afford a pet? Costs are quite high:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﺎج وﺛﺎﺋﻖ وﺗﺮاﺧﯿﺺ ‪- Licenses‬‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺺ ﺗﺪرﯾﺐ اذا ﺗﻄﻠﺐ اﻻﻣﺮ ‪-Training classes‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻘﯿﻢ وﺧﺼﻲ ‪- Spaying and neutering‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﯾﺔ ﺑﯿﻄﺮﯾﺔ ‪-Veterinary care‬‬ ‫اﻻھﺘﻤﺎم واﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻒ و‬ ‫اﻻﻛﻞ واﻻﻟﻌﺎب واﻟﺮﻣﻞ ‪- Grooming, toys, food, kitty litter, and other expenses.‬‬ ‫وھﺎي اﻟﻘﺼﺺ‬ ‫?‪*Are you prepared to deal with special problems that a pet can cause‬‬ ‫‪ Flea infestations‬‬ ‫‪ Scratched-up furniture‬‬ ‫‪ Accidents from animals who aren't yet housetrained‬‬ ‫‪ Unexpected medical emergencies‬‬ ‫ھﻞ اﻧﺖ ﺟﺎھﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﯾﺴﺒﺒﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺪوى اﻟﺒﺮاﻏﯿﺚ ‪ ،‬ﯾﺨﺮب ﻟﻚ اﻻﺛﺎث وھﻮ ﯾﺨﺮﻣﺶ ﻓﯿﮫ ‪،‬ﺣﻮادث واﺻﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺸﺎرع اﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﺶ ﻣﺮﺑﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮادث طﺒﯿﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺌﺔ‬ *Can you have a pet where you live? ‫ﺑﺘﻘﺪر ﺗﺠﯿﺐ ﺣﯿﻮان ﺑﻤﻜﺎن ﺳﻜﻨﻚ ؟‬ Own a home or renting? ‫ﺑﯿﺘﻚ اﺟﺎر وﻻ ﻣﻠﻚ؟‬ *Is it a good time for you to adopt a pet? ‫ھﻞ ھﺎذ وﻗﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺮﺑﻲ ﻓﯿﮫ ﺣﯿﻮان؟‬ kids under six years old requires mature children and responsible. ‫ ﺳﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﻌﺮﻓﻮش ﯾﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮا ﻣﻊ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ف ﻻزم اطﻔﺎل واﻋﯿﯿﻦ‬٦ ‫اﻻطﻔﺎل ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫وﻣﺴﺆوﻟﯿﻦ ورﻗﺎﺑﺔ ع اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬ Student, in the military, or travel frequently as part of your work, wait. ‫ ﺗﻤﮭﻠﻮا ﻗﺒﻞ‬،‫ او ﺑﺴﺎﻓﺮوا ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺮر ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ وظﯿﻔﺘﮭﻢ‬، ‫اﻟﻄﻼب اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﯿﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺒﻨﻮا‬ *Are your living arrangements suitable for the animal you have in mind? ‫ھﻞ ظﺮوف ﻣﻌﯿﺸﺘﻚ ﺑﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺤﯿﻮان اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺒﺎﻟﻚ وﺑﺪك ﺗﺮﺑﯿﮫ ؟‬ Animal size Do you know who will care for your pet while you're away on vacation? Reliable friends and neighbors or money to pay for a boarding kennel or pet-sitting service. " ‫طﯿﺐ ﺑﺘﻌﺮف ﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﺪه ﯾﺮﻋﻰ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﻚ واﻧﺖ ﺣﻀﺮﺗﻚ ﺑﻌﻄﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮ ؟‬ ‫ھﻞ ﻋﻨﺪك اﺻﺪﻗﺎء وﺟﯿﺮان ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﯿﻦ او ﻣﻌﻚ ﻓﻠﻮس زﯾﺎدة ﺗﺪﻓﻌﮭﺎ ﻟﻼﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﯿﺎدة ﻣﺜﻼ او ﻧﺎس ﺗﺮﻋﺎھﻢ ؟‬ *Will you be a responsible pet owner? ‫ھﻞ راح ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺆول ؟‬ -A responsible owner : ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺆول ﺑﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﺘﺰم‬ -Obeying community leash and licensing ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮاﻧﺒﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﯿﺔ و ﺑﺤﻂ‬ -Keeping identification tags on your pets ‫ﺗﺎﻏﺎت ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﯿﺔ ع ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﮫ‬ Finally, are you prepared to keep and care for the pet for his or her entire lifetime? When you adopt a pet, you are making a commitment to care for the animal for his or her lifetime.# Good Luck $  !‫ر‬#$‫ ّب وا'ا& ا‬+‫نة ا‬. (1b) Habitats -What is habitat?- A place where living things live It is more than just a home it includes the whole surrounding area The habitat provides the animal or plant with food or shelter ‫ ف ھﻮ ﺑﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬،‫ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﺄوى و ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮد ﻣﻨﺰل اﻟﮭﺎ‬،‫ھﻮ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ﯾﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻌﯿﺶ ﻓﯿﮫ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻮان أو اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ ﻓﯿﮫ‬ ‫وﺑﻮﻓﺮ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺄوى واﻟﻐﺬاء ﺳﻮاء ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻮان أو ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎت‬ -Why People can live all over the world? Because We can do this because we are able to build homes for different conditions ‫ﻟﯿﺶ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﻘﺪر ﯾﻌﯿﺶ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ وﺑﻤﻨﺎطﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ؟ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ إﻧﮫ ﺑﻘﺪر ﯾﺴﺘﻘﺮ أو ﯾﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﯿﺘﮫ‬ … ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺎت ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺮد وﻻ ﺷﻮب‬ * As humans we can change to best suit , as wearing White clothes-to reflect the heat. *Animal skin and fur work as isolation for heat. ‫ ف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ‬،‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺑﻨﻘﺪر ﻧﻠﺒﺲ اﻟﺸﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ ﻓﯿﻨﺎ ﺷﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺷﻮ ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺑﺲ ﻧﻠﺒﺲ ﻟﻮن اﺑﯿﺾ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻦ اﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ وﻧﻔﺲ اﻻﺷﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ أو ﻓﺮاء اﻟﺤﯿﻮان ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻌﺎزل‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ -Most plants and animals are specially adapted to survive in a particular habitat They have developed special features to suit the demands of their environment This is called adaptation ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت واﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﺗﻄﻮرت و طﻮرت ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﮭﺎ ع اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ واﻟﺘﺄﻗﻠﻢ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﺪ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة‬ ‫ وطﻮروا ﻣﯿﺰات ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮطﻦ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ وھﺎد اﻻﺷﻲ ﯾﻠﻲ ﺳﻤﻮه اﻟﺘﻜﯿﻒ‬،‫ﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﮭﻢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﯿﺌﺘﮭﻢ‬ - Examples of adaptation : * in general all birds have similar characteristics. -water birds have features that are different from those birds live on land  ‫ﻣﻦ اﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﯿﻒ ‪ ،‬ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻄﯿﻮر اﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻌﺎ ّﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻄﯿﻮر اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﮭﺎ ﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻤﯿﺰھﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﯿﻮر ﯾﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻌﯿﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض ﻣﺶ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ھﺎي اﻟﺼﻔﺎت ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻗﺪام ﻣﺒﻄﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪھﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ‪-Webbed feet for swimming‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ اﻗﺪام طﻮﯾﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪھﺎ ع اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ‪- Long legs are good for wading‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ أﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﺤﺮك ﺟﻮا اﻟﻤﻲ زي اﻟﺰﻋﺎﻧﻒ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ‪-Wings as Flippers‬‬ ‫‪* Some animals are camouflaged to blend in with their surroundings‬‬ ‫‪ This keeps them safe as it is more difficult for other animals to see‬‬ ‫‪them or catch them for food‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﮫ ﻟﺘﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﮭﺎ أو ﺗﺴﮭﻞ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻂ ﺗﺒﻌﮭﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫وھﺬا اﻻﺷﻲ ﺑﺴﺎﻋﺪھﻢ إﻧﮫ ﺑﺤﺎﻓﻈﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﮭﻢ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻻﺧﺮى إﻧﮫ ﺗﺸﻮﻓﮭﻢ او‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻄﺎدھﻢ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ع اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬ ‫‪-Zebra could easily be mistaken for bushes from a distance‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻧﮫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺠﺎر ف ﻣﺎ ﺑﺒﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺪ ااﻟﺴﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﮫ ﺟﺪا ﻣﻊ ﻟﻮن ‪-Lizards skin is similar to the color rock‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺨﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻮد ﻟﻮﻧﮭﺎ ﺑﺘﻤﺎزج ﻣﻊ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﯿﺔ ‪- Lion blends in well with the grassy background‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺸﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪* Aquatic animals have streamlined bodies to move more easily‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ أﺟﺴﺎم اﻧﺴﯿﺎﺑﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ‪in the water‬‬ * These animals have adapted to live in the hot climate of the desert -Camels store fat a nutrients in their humps ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﯾﺨﺰن ﻏﺬاءه ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺎم‬ -Snakes glide across the hot sands and can shed their skin ‫اﻧﺰﻻق اﻻﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﺎل و ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﻟﻮن ﺟﻠﺪھﺎ‬ -Ostriches have long eyelashes to keepout the sands ‫اﻟﻨﻌﺎم ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ رﻣﻮش طﻮﯾﻠﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺪﺧﻞ رﻣﻞ ﺑﻌﯿﻨﮭﺎ‬ * These animals have adapted to be more suited to cold temperatures -Polar bears are kept warm by their body fat ‫اﻟﺪﺑﺒﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻣﺎﻛﻦ اﻟﺒﺎردة ﺑﺘﻀﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﺘﺪﻓﯿﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ طﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺪھﻮن‬ -Deer have a warm layer of fur ‫اﻟﻐﺰال)اﻟﺪﯾﺮ ﻗﺮﯾﺐ ع ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻐﺰال( ﻋﻨﺪه طﺒﻘﺔ داﻓﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮو ﺑﺘﺪﻓﯿﮫ‬ -Layers of fat keep the seals body warm, and small ears stop heat loss. ‫اﻟﻔﻘﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ طﺒﻘﺎت دھﻮن ﺳﻤﯿﻜﺔ واذﻧﺎن ﺻﻐﺎر ﻧﺴﺒﯿًﺎ‬ * Even plants have adapted to their habitats: -Dandelions seeds are easily dispersed ‫ﻧﺒﺎت اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺑﺎء ﺑﺬورھﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮة ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﺎن‬ -The cactus has fleshy stems that store water ‫اﻟﺼﺒﺎر ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﺳﺎق ﺳﻤﯿﻜﺔ ﺑﺘﺨﺰن اﻟﻤﺎء‬ -The water provides support for this lily as it has less developed roots to hold it in place ‫ ف ھﻮ ﺑﯿﺌﺘﮫ ﺑﻌﯿﺶ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻲ ف اﻟﻤﻲ ﺑﺘﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻟﮭﺎي‬،‫ﻧﺒﺎت اﻟﺰﻧﺒﻖ ﺟﺬوره ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ ﺟﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺬور ﻟﯿﻘﺪر ﯾﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻤﻜﺎن‬ - Relationship between animals and plants in the Ecosystem : Both animals and plants can help each other Plants and animals depend on each other for a wide variety of things : ‫ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬،‫ وﺑﻌﺘﻤﺪوا ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﯿﺮ اﺷﯿﺎء‬،‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت واﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﺑﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬ Shelter Food Gas exchange Nests to reproduce Protection -Animal Groups: Some animals live in groups for protection Some animals live in groups in order to search for food ‫ﺑﺘﻌﯿﺶ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎت ﻟﺴﺒﺒﯿﻦ اﻷول ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ واﻟﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻏﺬاء‬ Examples : * Fish swim together in schools to warn each other of approaching danger ‫اﻻﺳﻤﺎك ﺑﺘﻌﯿﺶ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎت ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﺮ‬ * Baboons move together in a troop ‫اﻟﻘﺮود ﺑﺘﻌﯿﺶ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ع ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﺒﯿﻠﺔ‬ * Gazelles live together in a group called a harem Harem ‫اﻟﻐﺰﻻن ﺑﻌﯿﺸﻮا ﺑﻘﻄﯿﻊ اﺳﻤﮫ‬ -Some animals live in specialized groups called colonies In a colony each animal has a specific job Animals in a colony communicate in a unique way ‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﺑﺘﻌﯿﺶ ع ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮة و وﻛﻞ ﻓﺮد‬ ‫ وﺑﺘﻮاﺻﻠﻮا ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺑﻄﺮق ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬، ‫ﻣﻨﮭﻢ اﻟﮫ وظﯿﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬ * Bees live in a colony called a hive A hive has one queen bee ‫اﻟﻨﺤﻞ ﺑﻌﯿﺶ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮة اﺳﻤﮭﺎ ﺧﻠﯿﺔ وﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪھﻢ ﻣﻠﻜﺔ وﺣﺪة‬ The worker bees search for pollen Honeybees communicate the location of food by doing a dance ‫ وﻧﺤﻞ اﻟﻌﺴﻞ‬، ‫اﻟﻨﺤﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮوح ﺑﺪور ع ﺣﺒﻮب اﻟﻠﻘﺎح‬ ! ‫ﺑﺘﻮاﺻﻠﻮا ﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﻤﺎ ﯾﻮﺻﻠﻮا ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻠﻘﺎح ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﺺ‬  !‫ر‬#$‫ ّب وا'ا& ا‬+‫نة ا‬. (2a) History of the dog  Structure of a wolf pack Each pack has a dominant pair who: ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ زوج ﻣﺴﯿﻄﺮ ﺑﺘﺤﻜﻢ ب‬ Patrol boundaries ‫ﺣﺪود ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﮭﻢ‬ Settle disputes ‫ﺗﺴﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻨﺰاﻋﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ اﻻﻓﺮاد‬ Control pack movements ‫ﺑﺘﺤﻜﻤﻮا ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﻠﮭﺎ‬ Do all the breeding ‫ﺑﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮوا ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻀﻠﻮا ع ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت او اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ * Hierarchy maintained by movements of tail, ears, mouth and body, and by vocalisations. Subdominant females more aggressive than males ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪھﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺬﯾﻞ و اﻻذن و اﻟﻔﻢ و اﻟﺠﺴﻢ و ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺼﻮت‬ ‫ وﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ اﻻﻧﺎث ﻋﺪاﺋﯿﺔ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬﻛﻮر‬، ‫وﺑﻀﻠﮭﻢ ﻣﺘﻤﺴﻜﯿﻦ ﺑﮭﺎد اﻻﺷﻲ‬ *Group size: ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ Northern wolf packs gather in groups up to 30 in winter to hunt large prey such as moose; in spring and summer, break up into basic packs (4-10) to hunt small prey and to breed ‫بفصل الشتاء بتكون مجموعات كبيرة علشان يصطادوا فريسة كبيرة زي حيوان ا'وظ ) حيوان‬ ‫ ل‬٤ ‫بشبه الغزال بس ع شكل اكبر ( بس بالصيف والربيع بتوزعوا مجموعات صغيرة فيها من‬ ‫ افراد عشان الفرائس الصغيرة وعشان يتكاثروا‬١٠ Southern wolves remain in basic packs * Territoriality: ‫اﻻﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ‬ Scent marks placed along paths on conspicuous landmarks. Borders marked very intensively. Other pack members often “endorse” scent marks by dominants. Howling marks territory, and is a cohesion mechanism within the pack ‫ ﻣﺜﻼ اﻟﮭﻢ رواﺋﺢ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ھﺎي اﻟﺮواﺋﺢ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﺮز ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺰوج‬، ‫ﻋﻨﺪھﻢ طﺮﻗﮭﻢ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺣﺪود ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﮭﻢ‬ ، ‫ اذا ﺣﺪا اﺧﺘﺮق اﻟﺤﺪود ﺗﺒﻌﺘﮭﻢ ﺑﺼﺪروا ﻋﻮاء ﻋﺸﺎن ﺑﻘﯿﺔ اﻓﺮاد اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﯾﻨﺘﺒﮭﻮا‬، ‫اﻟﻤﺴﯿﻄﺮ ع اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ھﺎي ھﻲ اﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻚ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ واﻻﻓﺮاد ﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ Territory size 60-400km2 (up to 12,800 km2 in one Alaskan study).  *Hunting : ‫الصيد‬ Northern wolves: hunting is a very social activity, preceded by bonding ceremonies (tailwagging, whining, mutual face-licking). Kill efficiency is low: for moose, 8%; for smaller deer 25-63% according to snow conditions. ‫اﻟﺼﯿﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﺋﺎب اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻧﺸﺎط اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻌﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺼﯿﺪوا ﺑﺤﺘﻔﻠﻮا ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺘﮭﻢ ) ﺗﮭﺘﺰ‬ ( ‫ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﻮا وﺟﻮه ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻢ‬، ‫وﺑﻄﻠﻌﻮا اﺻﻮات‬، ‫ذﯾﻮﻟﮭﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﻋﻨﺪھﻢ ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﯿﻮان اﻟﻤﻮظ ﻻﻧﮫ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻛﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻻﺻﻐﺮ ﺑﺘﻜﻮن ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻗﺘﻠﮭﻢ‬ ‫اﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﺑﺮﺿﮫ‬ Young prey more vulnerable in spring and summer, older animals in autumn and winter..‫ واﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﺳﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺮﯾﻒ و اﻟﺸﺘﺎء‬، ‫اﻟﻔﺮاﺋﺲ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة أﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺮﺑﯿﻊ واﻟﺼﯿﻒ‬ Sex ratio of kills, males: females - 21⁄2:1. Southern wolves kill gazelles, sheep and goats, hares; commonly hunt singly. * Helper system: ‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬  Subordinate members of pack are offspring of previous years; may delay dispersal till second or third year of life. A helper may take part in the hunt, or stay with pups while other pack members are away. On returning from a hunt, all pack members – helpers as well as dominant pair – regurgitate meat for the pups. ‫ ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﺻﻐﺎر ﻟﺴﺎ ع اﻧﮭﻢ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﺼﯿﺪ و اﺷﯿﺎء ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ) ﻋﻤﺮھﻢ‬Subordinates ‫ﻓﻲ اﻓﺮاد ﺑﻨﺴﻤﯿﮭﻢ‬ ‫ ﻧﻈ ًﺮا‬subordinates‫ ﺑﺲ ھﺪول ال‬،‫ ( وﺑﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻓﺮاد اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﮭﻢ‬٣ ‫ﺑﺘﺮاوح ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﻨﺘﯿﻦ ل‬ ‫ﻻﻧﮭﻢ ﺻﻐﺎر ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎ ﺑﺨﻠﻮھﻢ ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪوھﻢ ﺑﺼﯿﺪ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﺻﻐﯿﺮة زي اراﻧﺐ او اﻧﮭﻢ ﯾﺮﻋﻮا اﻟﺒﻮﺑﯿﺰ ) اﻟﺠﺮاء‬ ‫ ﺑﺴﺎﻋﺪوا‬Subordinates‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﯾﻦ ھﺪول ال‬، ‫ وﺑﻌﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺮﺟﻌﻮا اﻟﺬﺋﺎب اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﯿﺪ‬، (! ‫اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺎر ﺑﺘﻔﺘﯿﺖ اﻟﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻐﺎر‬ * Breeding season: ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ At breeding time, much chorus howling, muzzling, fur sniffing, increase in play, and increase in aggression, which may result in change of ranking. ‫ ﺑﺼﯿﺮوا ﯾﺸﻤﻮا ﻓﺮاء ﺑﻌﺾ وﯾﻠﻌﺒﻮا ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ‬، ‫ ﺑﺰﯾﺪ اﻟﻌﻮاء اﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻐﻤﺔ‬، ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫اﻛﺜﺮ وﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ ﻋﻨﯿﻒ ھﺎد ﺑﺄدي اﻧﮫ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ رﺗﺒﺘﮭﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ) اﻛﯿﺪ اﻻﻗﻮى ﺑﺼﯿﺮ‬ (‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ واﻻﺿﻌﻒ ﺑﺼﯿﺮ ﻓﺮد ﻋﺎدي او ﺑﻨﻔﻮه ﺑﺮا اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬  Aggression begins in friendly interactions, escalates when challenger bites harder than usual ‫ ﺑﺘﺒﻠﺶ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت ودﯾﺔ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ ﺑﺘﺘﻔﺎﻗﻢ ﻟﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪي ﯾﺼﯿﺮ‬، ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﺪواﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺾ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻮي‬ Real fights are silent.‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎرك اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﺻﺎﻣﺘﺔ‬ Loser runs away, often chased by all pack members ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺳﺮ ﺑﮭﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ وﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﻀﻠﮭﻢ ﯾﻄﺎردوه‬، Wolves breed late winter or early spring ‫ﺑﺘﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺑﺎواﺧﺮ اﻟﺸﺘﺎ او ﺑﺎواﺋﻞ اﻟﺮﺑﯿﻊ‬ Dogs breed twice a year ‫ﺑﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ Mating tie lasting 10-30 minutes ‫ دﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬٣٠ ‫ اﻟﻰ‬١٠ ‫ﻣﺪة اﻟﺘﺰاوج‬ Gestation 63 days ‫ ﯾﻮم‬٦٣ ‫ﻣﺪة اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ 1-4 or more per litter (some dog breeds very prolific ‫ ﺟﺮاء‬٤-١ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ Eyes open 14 days ١٤ ‫ﻋﯿﻮن اﻟﺠﺮاء ﺑﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﯿﻮم‬ Social responses well developed 6 weeks ‫ﺑﺒﻠﺸﻮا اﻟﺠﺮاء ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻮا ﺑﺲ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ‬ ‫ اﺳﺎﺑﯿﻊ‬٦ ‫ﻋﻤﺮھﻢ‬ fully mature 9-12 months ١٢ ‫ ﺷﮭﻮر ل‬٩ ‫اﻟﻨﻀﺞ اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ ﺑﺼﯿﺮ ع ﻋﻤﺮ‬ *Sense of smell: ‫ﺣﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻢ‬ An individual human’s trail followed even when criss-crossed by others (only identical twins smell the same). ‫ﺑﻘﺪروا ﯾﺘﺒﻌﻮا رﯾﺤﺔ و اﺛﺮ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﺗﺨﺎﻟﻂ ﻣﻦ‬ (‫اﺛﺎر ﻧﺎس ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ) ﺑﺲ اﻟﺘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﮭﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺮﯾﺤﺔ‬ Only two seconds of hand contact needed. ‫ﻋﺸﺎن ﯾﻘﺪر ﯾﺘﻌﺮف ع رﯾﺤﺘﻚ ﺑﺲ ﺧﻠﯿﮫ ﯾﺸﻢ اﯾﺪك ﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬ Olfactory area of dog contains 14x as many cells as human. ‫ ﻣﺮة‬١٤ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻜﻠﺐ ﻏﺰﯾﺮة ﺑﺨﻼﯾﺎ ﺗﻔﻮق ﺗﺒﻌﺖ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن ب‬ But they are fallible as trackers; part of cues comes from compressed earth and vegetation. ‫ﻗﺪراﺗﮭﻢ اﻟﺸﻤﯿﺔ اﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﺘﺘﺎﺛﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻧﮫ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻدﻟﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺑﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻐﻄﯿﺔ ﺑﺘﺮاب او ﺷﺠﺮ ف ﺑﺘﺎﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ‬ Modern breeds selected for intelligence (poodle, German Shepherd) have increased brain size compared with primitive dogs (Swiss Neolithic Lake dwellings) Domestic dogs are used for: Companionship ‫رﻓﻘﺔ‬ Drafts (inuit sledges ) " ‫ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺰاﻟﺞ زي اﻟﻜﻼب اﻟﻠﻲ ب اﻻﺳﻜﺎ واﻻﻗﻄﺎب‬، ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ Food (Africa, Mexico, China) ‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﻏﺬاء‬ Hair for blankets (Andes, Maori) ‫ﺷﻌﺮھﻢ ﻟﻠﺒﻄﺎﻧﯿﺎت‬ Warmth (Australia, Mexico) ‫اﻟﺪفء‬ Hunting ‫اﻟﺼﯿﺪ‬ Guarding settlements and stock ‫ﺣﺮاﺳﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﯿﻊ‬ Controlling stock animals ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺷﯿﺔ‬ Following scent trails ‫ﺑﻠﺤﻘﻮا اﻟﺮﯾﺤﺔ‬ Racing ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎق‬ Good Luck #  !‫ر‬#$‫ ّب وا'ا& ا‬+‫نة ا‬. (2b) Dogs (History & breeds)  Seven Major Dog groups : 1 Sporting group 2 Hound group 3 Terrier group 4 Working group 5 Herding group 6 Toy group 7 Non-sporting group 8 Miscellaneous ‫مجموعة زيادة‬ 1- Sporting group Types: Spaniels / Retrievers / Weimaraners / Pointers High instinct in water and woods ‫ﻏﺮﯾﺰة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت‬ Great companions, work with Developed ‫ ﺑﺸﺘﻐﻠﻮا ﻣﻊ اﻟﺼﯿﺎدﯾﻦ‬، ‫رﻓﻘﺎء راﺋﻌﻮن‬ to assist hunters in pursuit of game ‫ﻣﺨﻠﺺ وﺣﺴﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺔ‬ Loyal and good-natured ‫طﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ High energy ‫ﺳﻼﻟﺔ‬٢٤ ‫ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺗﻤﺎرﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﺸﯿﻂ و ﻋﺮﻓﻮا ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ‬ 24 breeds recognized. Some require invigorating exercise 2-Hounds group Types :Afgan / Basset / Beagle / Dachshund Originally used for hunting various game 2 types Some breeds known for acute sense of smell (scent hunters) Some breeds known for sight and speed and stamina (sight hunters) ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﯿﺪ واﻟﻌﺎب ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ : ‫ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ‬ (‫ ﻛﻠﺐ اﻟﺼﯿﺪ‬:‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺴﻼﻻت اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺤﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻢ اﻟﺤﺎدة )ﻣﺜﻞ‬ (greyhound :‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺴﻼﻻت اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ وﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ واﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ )ﻣﺜﻞ‬  3-Terrier group Types :Miniature Schnauzer, West Highland White terrier, Fox terrier , bull terrier Originally bred to hunt and kill vermin to guard their families home or barn Most terriers have wiry coats Known as feisty ‫ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﺲ‬, high energy dogs ‫ طﺎﻗﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔﺗﻢ ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻﻞ ﻟﻤﻄﺎردة اﻟﺤﺸﺮات اﻟﻀﺎرة وﻗﺘﻠﮭﺎ‬، ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻜﻼب اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺮاﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎزل ﻋﺎﺋﻼﺗﮭﻢ أو اﻟﺤﻈﯿﺮة ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻜﻼب ھﺬه اﻟﺴﻼﻟﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺧﺸﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ‬ 2 types : Long legged , large breeds Short legged , small breed 4-Working group Types :Doberman Pinscher, Boxer, Alaskan Malamute, Shetland Sheepdog. Used to assist man: guarding, pulling sled water rescue ، ‫ اﻟﺤﺮاﺳﺔ‬:‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﺻﺎﺣﺒﮭﺎ‬ Protective, strong and alert ‫وﺳﺤﺐ اﻹﻧﻘﺎذ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﻤﺰﻟﻘﺔ‬ Intelligent and quick learners ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮة وﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺪرﯾﺐ‬ Not for first time dog owner ‫وﻗﺎﺋﯿﺔ وﻗﻮﯾﺔ وﺗﻨﺒﯿﮫ‬ Need to be well-socialized from birth with ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻤﯿﻦ أذﻛﯿﺎء وﺳﺮﯾﻌﯿﻦ‬ people and other dogs ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﺟﯿ ًﺪا ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﻮﻻدة ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﺎس‬ Developed for labor ‫واﻟﻜﻼب اﻷﺧﺮى‬ Serve as guard dogs, sled dogs, police dogs, rescue dogs and messenger dogs  5-Herding group Types :German shepherd, welsh corgi Have ability to control movement of other livestock animals Recognized as being the most intelligent breeds ‫ﻋﻨﺪھﻢ ﻗﺪرات ﻟﻠﺴﯿﻄﺮة‬ Easily trainable ‫ورﻋﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺷﯿﺔ وﻛﺜﯿﺮ‬ Often need a “job” or can become destructive ‫اذﻛﯿﺎء وﺳﮭﻠﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺐ‬ 6-Toy group Chihuahua, Pug, Yorkshire terrier, Pekingese Make ideal “apartment” dogs ( house pets ) Small but sturdy and tough ( grouped due to size) Small breeds may be found in every Group, not just the Toy Group Also its a companion dogs ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺟﻌﻠﮫ ﻛﻠﺐ ﻟﻠﺸﻘﻖ واﻟﺒﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮ ﻟﻜﻨﮫ ﻗﻮي وﺻﻌﺐ‬ ‫وھﻲ ﻛﻼب ﺗﺤﺐ اﻟﺮﻓﻘﺔ‬، ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻻت ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ 7-Non-sporting group Types :Boston Terrier / Dalmation / Lhasa Apso , poodle Most diverse group ( wide variety of sizes ) Great differences in size, coat type, personality They are housedogs and a good watch dogs Originally a guard dog, lap dogs, athletic and good companion ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻨﻮ ًﻋﺎ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ وﻧﻮع اﻟﺸﻌﺮ واﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﻢ ﻛﻼب ﻣﻨﺰﻟﯿﺔ وﻛﻼب ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ رﯾﺎﺿﻲ وﺑﺤﺒﻮا رﻓﻘﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬، ‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻﻞ ﻛﻠﺐ ﺣﺮاﺳﺔ‬  8-Miscellaneous (Other groups) : Types : Jack Russell / Havanese / Spinone Italiano.,, -Five breeds in this class. -May compete in obedience trials, but not for championship points ‫ﺑﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻠﻲ ﺻﺎرت ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ ) ﻣﺶ ﻛﻠﮭﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ( وﻟﻜﻦ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮھﻢ ﻟﺮﻓﻘﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن اﻧﮫ ﯾﺮﺑﯿﮭﻢ‬ *Modern breeds selected for intelligence (poodle, German Shepherd) have increased brain size compared with primitive dogs (Swiss Neolithic Lake dwellings). Choosing a dog ? Why do I want a dog?‫ليش بدك كلب‬ – Companion – Lap warmer – Protection – Breeding – Sport What type of dog do you want?‫شو نوع الكلب اللي بدك اياه‬ Purebreds or mixed breeds “mutt” ‫ﻛﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻼﻟﺔ ﻧﻘﯿﺔ وﻻ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط‬ Think about: aggressiveness / tolerance / excitability.. etc Indoor? Outdoor? ‫برا و? جوا البيت‬ Consider: – Size Train as indoor dog first in case it – Excitability needs to move inside. Ex. bad – Coat length weather (better training and fewer – Climate behavior problems. – Allergies  ‫في حال ربيت كمان حيوانات?‪What about other pets‬‬ ‫عرفهم ع بعض بالتدريج ‪،‬‬ ‫‪.Introduce newcomers gradually‬‬ ‫خليهم يتخالطوا سوا ‪ ،‬وكون‬ ‫‪. Socialize with others‬‬ ‫ع دراية انه يمكن يكون مافي‬ ‫بينهم توافق وغيرة‬ ‫‪.Be aware of jealous or incompatibilitiesjhtre‬‬ ‫هل انت اص[ مربي مسؤول?‪Are you a responsible pet owner‬‬ ‫‪Need: – Time – Attention – Training – Money – $500/year.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﺗﺤﺘﺎج وﻗﺖ واﻧﺘﺒﺎه و ﺗﺪرﯾﺐ وﻟﻌﺐ وﺗﺼﺮف ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻓﻠﻮس ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺎرب اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ $٥٠٠‬ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫! ‪Good Luck‬‬  (2c) Human-Animal Bond The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated’ -Mahatma Gandhi The American Veterinary Medical Association’s (AVMA) Definition: A mutually beneficial and dynamic relationship between people and other animals that is influenced by behaviors that are essential to the health and well-being of both : ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﻄﺮﯾﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان و اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫و ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﯿﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬،‫ھﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس و اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻻﺧﺮى‬ ( ‫ﻟﺼﺤﺔ ورﻓﺎھﯿﺔ ﻛﻠﯿﮭﻤﺎ)اﻟﺤﯿﻮان و اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ -This includes but is not limited to, emotional, psychological, and physical interactions of people, other animals, and the environment ‫ اﻟﺠﺴﺪﯾﺔ و اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﺎس و اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت واﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ‬، ‫ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﯿﺔ‬، ‫وﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاﺣﻲ اﻟﻌﺎطﻔﯿﺔ‬ -The veterinarian’s role in the human-animal bond is to maximize the potentials of this relationship between people and other animals” ‫دور اﻟﺒﯿﻄﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ ھﺎي اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﺎﻟﺤﯿﻮان ( اﻧﮫ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮا ﺑﺘﻌﻈﯿﻢ وزﯾﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﻮد ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ -Alan Beck wrote It is the "loving devotion, the soft touch, the constant companionship and the attentive eye, and the uncritical ear of the pet" that is so attractive to many of us Pets are uncritically accepting, give love completely and openly, and are loyal at all times under all circumstances. The affection provided by an animal is simple, unconditional , and uncomplicated  ‫اﻻن ﺑﯿﻚ ﻛﺘﺐ ‪:‬‬ ‫ان اﻷﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻧﮫ ھﻲ اﻟﻔﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺷﺮوط ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺣﺐ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻧﻲ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺐ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺪون ﺷﺮوط وﺑﯿﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ أي اﻧﺴﺎن ب أي اﻣﺮ‪ ،‬داﯾﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻨﺘﻘﺪ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﮫ ب اﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻨﺎدﯾﮫ ﺑﯿﺠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ طﻮل وھﻜﺬا‬ ‫واﻧﮫ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان ﺑﯿﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﺤﺐ واﻟﻮﻓﺎء ﻓﻲ أي وﻗﺖ واي ظﺮف‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﺎطﻔﺔ ﯾﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﻄﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان ﺑﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺸﺮوطﺔ وﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ اﺷﻲ ﻣﻨﻚ ﻟﯿﻌﻄﯿﻚ ﺣﺐ واھﺘﻤﺎم‬ ‫‪He also wrote:‬‬ ‫‪Pets are playmates for persons of any age group, provide‬‬ ‫‪the security of companionship and are frequently a‬‬ ‫‪confidant. These comforting and healing qualities enable‬‬ ‫)‪animals to be facilitators in therapy (Cornell Companions‬‬ ‫ﻀﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫وﻛﺘﺐ اﯾ ً‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺪر اﻟﺤﯿﻮان ﯾﺼﺎﺣﺐ أي ﺣﺪ ب أي اﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﯾﻌﻄﻲ اﻻﻣﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻓﻘﺔ وﺑﻜﻮن واﺛﻖ ﻓﯿﻚ واﻧﺖ‬ ‫واﺛﻖ ﻓﯿﮫ اﻧﮫ ﻣﺶ رح‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺮﻛﻚ‪ ،‬وﺑﯿﻘﺪر ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻔﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻻﻣﺮاض‪ ،‬وﺑﺴﮭﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻼﺟﺎت ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻻﻣﺮاض‬ ‫‪-History of the Human-Animal Bond‬‬ ‫‪-Human-canine bond is one of the oldest relationships.‬‬ ‫‪ Domestication >12,000 years ago‬‬ ‫‪ Transition from working companion to pet between 600 to‬‬ ‫‪1300 AD‬‬ ‫‪Evidence of human-feline bonds 9,500 years ago‬‬ ‫‪ Farm animal domestication 10,000 years ago‬‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎي اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﺑﺤﻜﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن واﻟﺤﯿﻮان ‪ ،‬وﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﺐ ) ذوات اﻻﻧﯿﺎب( ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ أﻗﺪم اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ‪ ،‬و اﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎس اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﺑﻠﺶ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪ ١٢‬اﻟﻒ ﺳﻨﺔ !‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻘﻞ ﺑﺮﻓﻘﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن اﻟﻰ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﯿﻔﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ ٦٠٠‬اﻟﻰ ‪١٣٠٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻼدي‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮات اﻟﺰﻣﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﮭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﻂ )اﻟﺴﻨﻮرﯾﺎت( وﺟﺪت ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ ٩٥٠٠‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺰرﻋﺔ ) اﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﺳﮭﻢ (وﺟﺪت ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ ١٠‬آﻻف ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪Family Pets = Family Members‬‬ ‫حيوان أليف يعني فرد من العائلة‬ ‫)‪62% of US households have at least one pet (AVMA 2002‬‬ ‫‪ Children are more likely to have pets than siblings or fathers‬‬ ‫)‪(Melson, 2001‬‬ ‫‪ More than 75% of owners say dog’s health is as important to‬‬ ‫)‪them as their own (Pfizer Animal Health/Gallup survey‬‬ ‫ھﺎي اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﺑﺘﺤﻜﻲ ﻋﻦ دراﺳﺎت اﺟﺮﯾﺖ ﻣﻔﺎدھﺎ ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل اﻷﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﺔ ع اﻻﻗﻞ ﺑﻤﺘﻠﻜﻮا ﺣﯿﻮان اﻟﯿﻒ واﺣﺪ‬ ‫)ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﻛﺜﺮ( ‪ ،‬و اﻻطﻔﺎل ﺑﺤﺒﻮا اﻣﺘﻼك ﺣﯿﻮان اﻟﯿﻒ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﻨﺪھﻢ اﺧﻮان او اﺑﮭﺎت ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﯿﻦ اﻟﻜﻼب ﺑﺤﻜﻮا اﻧﮫ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻛﻠﺒﮭﻢ راح ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ع ﺻﺤﺘﮭﻢ ) اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﮫ ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻲ او ﻣﺮﯾﺾ(‬ ‫‪57% would prefer their pet as their only companion if they‬‬ ‫‪were stranded on a desert island (2001 APPMA pet owner‬‬ ‫)‪survey‬‬ ‫‪ 52% are better at remembering the names of neighbor’s pets‬‬ ‫)‪than human neighbors (2001 AAHA survey‬‬ ‫‪ A scientifically established link exists between how people‬‬ ‫‪treat animals and how they treat each other‬‬ ‫ﻀﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن رﻓﯿﻘﻨﺎ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﻨﺎ اﻻﻟﯿﻒ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ او‬ ‫وھﻮن ﺑﻘﻠﻚ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺑﻘﻠﻚ ﻟﻮ ﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺮا ﺑﻨﻔ ّ‬ ‫اﻧﺴﺎن !‪،‬‬ ‫وﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺑﺘﺬﻛﺮوا اﺳﻤﺎء ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﺟﯿﺮاﻧﮭﻢ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﺳﻤﺎء ﺟﯿﺮاﻧﮭﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﮭﻢ "‬ ‫وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن ﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﮫ ﺑﺘﻨﻌﻜﺲ ع ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺘﮫ ﻟﻠﻨﺎس ﺣﻮاﻟﯿﮫ‬ ‫)ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ وﺛﯿﻘﺔ ﺑﻜﯿﻒ ﺑﻨﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﻨﺎ و اﻟﻨﺎس (‬ Functions in Modern Society : ‫وظﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ‬ # Assistance animals : ‫ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬ Helpers (i.e. hearing, sight, seizure detection) Visitation Therapy programs (physical, mental, skill-building) ‫ وﻓﻲ‬، ‫ و اﻟﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪھﻢ ﻧﻮﺑﺎت ﺻﺮع‬، ‫ ﺑﺘﺸﻮف‬.‫ وﻟﻠﻨﺎس اﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﺎ‬، ‫ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﺑﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﺑﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮھﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻌﻤﻠﻮا ﺟﻠﺴﺎت و ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻋﻼﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎس اﻟﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪھﻢ اﺻﺎﺑﺎت‬ # Search and rescue dogs ‫ﻛﻼب اﻟﺒﺤﺚ واﻻﻧﻘﺎذ‬ # Bomb detection dogs ‫ﻛﻼب ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺠﺮات واﻟﻘﻨﺎﺑﻞ‬ # Police dogs ‫اﻟﻜﻼب اﻟﺒﻮﻟﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬ # Police horses ‫اﻻﺣﺼﻨﺔ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬ Benefits to Humans: Pets as Healers ‫ﻣﮭﻤﯿﻦ ﺟﺪا ﺟﺪا ﺟﺪا‬ ($ ‫ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﻟﻼﻧﺴﺎن )اﻟﺤﯿﻮﻧﺎت ﺑﻌﺎﻟﺠﻮا ﻧﻔﺴﯿﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ # Pet owners have: Lower blood pressure, triglycerides, and cholesterol Increased survival after heart attack Stress reduction Weight control Fewer minor health problems # Alzheimer’s patients allowed to observe fish demonstrated improved relaxation, alertness, and eating habits Positive impact on the lonely, emotionally or physically impaired  # Childhood Development : Provide a sense of security and self-esteem Facilitate play, exploration, independence Facilitate an understanding of life events and life- changing events Promote responsibility, nurturing, loyalty, empathy, sharing, and unconditional love # Animals in classrooms Motivate students to work well Improve behavior Provide care-giving opportunities important to psychological development # Equine Therapy To give those in search of help and self-discovery the opportunity to grow and experience well being through the healing power of horses # Provide companionship and support during bereavement (loss) Increase levels of activity Improve person-to-person interactions Ease loss in natural disasters Transcend sensory deficits, mental changes, mobility restrictions that can impede human-human relationships When moving to residential care, there are significant benefits when elderly persons keep their pets $41 Billion was spent on pets in 2007%  Pets and Disasters: ‫الحيوانات والكوارث الطبيعية‬ -Owners are loyal to the animals they love, and will risk personal injury to protect them Studies indicate that pet-owning households are significantly less likely to evacuate during mandatory orders than households without pets The more pets, the less likely household will evacuate Sometimes having pet and being able to care for pet is the only stabilizing factor left by the natural disaster ‫ اﺷﺎرت‬، ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻜﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﺑﺤﺒﻮا ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺘﮭﻢ و ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﯾﻦ ﯾﻀﺤﻮا ﺑﺤﯿﺎﺗﮭﻢ ﻋﺸﺎﻧﮭﻢ وﯾﺤﻤﻮھﻢ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت اﻧﮫ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل اﻟﻲ ﺑﺘﺤﺘﻮي ع ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﯿﻔﺔ اﻗﻞ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺮ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻜﻮارث ) اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت‬ (‫ﺑﺘﻨﺒﮫ اﺻﺤﺎﺑﮭﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ وﻗﻮع اﻟﺨﻄﺮ وﺑﺘﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ‬ Generally pets are referred to as he or she and almost never as “it” Most pet owners freely admit to talking to their pet and feeling that their pet understands what they are speaking about & ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻲ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﺑﺤﻜﻮا ﻣﻊ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎﺗﮭﻢ زي ﻛﺎﻧﮭﻢ وﻻدھﻢ وﺑﻔﮭﻤﻮا ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ ﺷﻮ ﺑﺤﻜﻮا‬ Domestic Violence and Animal Abuse: ‫اﻟﻌﻨﻒ واﻻﺳﺎءة ﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ The connection between Animal Abuse and Domestic Violence is one that chills the heart of the most ardent animal lover Recent research shows that those who abuse their children and significant others also abuse the pets in their homes  ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ إﺳﺎءة ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت واﻟﻌﻨﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻲ ھﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻘﺸﻌﺮ ﻟﮭﺎ اﺑﺪان و ﻗﻠﺐ ﻣﺤﺒﻲ‬ ‫ و اظﮭﺮت اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ أن أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﯾﺴﯿﺌﻮن ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ أطﻔﺎﻟﮭﻢ وﻏﯿﺮھﻢ ﻣﻦ‬، ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﯾﺴﯿﺌﻮن أﯾﻀﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻷﻟﯿﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎزﻟﮭﻢ‬ The statistics also show that our children are also abused more frequently by those who abuse their pets. In 88% of 57 New Jersey families being treated for child abuse, animals in the home had also been abused One out of every 4 women hesitated going into a shelter because they feared leaving their pet behind ‫ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬،‫ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﯿﻮﺟﯿﺮﺳﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ب إﺳﺎءة ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻷطﻔﺎل‬57 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬88٪ ‫ ﻧﺴﺎء ﻓﻲ وﺿﻊ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﺠﺄ ﻷﻧﮭﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﯾﺨﺸﻮن ﺗﺮك‬4 ‫ وﺗﺘﺮدد واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ‬، ‫أﯾﻀﺎ ﻟﻺﯾﺬاء‬ ‫ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎﺗﮭﻢ اﻷﻟﯿﻔﺔ وراءھﻢ‬ In a study of men who assaulted women, 36% reported a history of animal abuse ‫ ﻣﻨﮭﻢ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﺒﻠﯿﻎ ﻋﻨﮭﻢ اﻧﮭﻢ ﺑﺮﺿﮫ ﺑﺴﯿﺆوا ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻮان‬٪٣٦ ‫اﻟﺮﺟﺎل اﻟﻠﺬﯾﻦ اﻋﺘﺪوا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺴﺎء‬ 74% of women [in women's shelters] reported that a pet had been threatened, injured or killed" by their abuser. ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺴﺎء ]ﻓﻲ ﻣﻼﺟﺊ‬٪74 ‫أﻓﺎدت‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺎء[ أن ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎ أﻟﯿﻔﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺮض ﻟﻠﺘﮭﺪﯾﺪ أو اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ أو اﻟﻘﺘﻞ" ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪي ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬. Welfare – wellbeing, safety, happiness ‫رﻋﺎﯾﺔ واھﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ Penalty - punishment ‫ ﺟﺰاء‬/‫ﻋﻘﺎب‬ Pros and Cons – arguments for and against ‫اﯾﺠﺎﺑﯿﺎت وﺳﻠﺒﯿﺎت‬ Animal Welfare Regulations : - Animal Cruelty: ‫القسوة تجاه الحيوان‬ Infliction of pain ‫ إﻟﺤﺎق اﻷﻟﻢ‬ Causing an animal to suffer ‫ اﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎة ﺣﯿﻮان‬ Prolonged pain and discomfort ‫ أﻟﻢ طﻮﯾﻞ وﻋﺪم راﺣﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟﺠﻮع واﻟﻌﻄﺶ‬ Hunger and thirst ‫ اﻟﺨﻮف واﻟﻀﯿﻖ‬ Fear and distress ‫ إھﻤﺎل اﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ Neglect of basic needs -Animal Welfare: ‫رﻋﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ # Free from: :‫ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ Disease ‫ اﻷﻣﺮاض‬ Injury.‫ اي اﺻﺎﺑﺎت‬ Malnutrition.‫ ﺳﻮء اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬ Thriving ‫ﯾﺠﺐ ان ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﯿﻮان ﻧﺸﯿﻂ وﻣ