Research Skills & Analysis Lecture 2 LIB116 PDF

Research Skills &Analysis LIB116 Lecture : Two Associ. Prof. Emam Omar Physics Department Faculty of Physics New Mansoura University 11/10/2024  Statistical analysis and its...

Research Skills &Analysis LIB116 Lecture : Two Associ. Prof. Emam Omar Physics Department Faculty of Physics New Mansoura University 11/10/2024  Statistical analysis and its software 11/10/2024  Statistical analysis and its software Statistical analysis Statistical analysis is a scientific tools that helps collect and analyze large amounts of data to identify common patterns and trends to convert them into meaningful information. In simple words, statistical analysis is a data analysis tool that helps draw meaningful conclusions from raw and unstructured data. 11/10/2024 33  Statistical analysis and its software Types of statistical analysis A- Descriptive statistical analysis It used to describe the features of data and show or summarize data in the form of table, chart, and graph The distribution concerns the frequency of each value The central tendency concerns the averages of the values. The variability or dispersion concerns how spread out the 11/10/2024 44 values are. Examples for distribution 11/10/2024 55 Examples for central tendency Note that : To find the median, order each response value from the smallest to the biggest. The median is the number in the middle. If there are two numbers in the middle, find their mean. 11/10/2024 66 Examples for central tendency This dataset reflects the service ratings (on a scale of 1 – 10) from 15 customers. Most customers feel rather lukewarm(‫)الفتور فى المعامله‬and there’s certainly room for improvement. From a more statistical perspective, this also means that the data tend to cluster around the 5-6 mark, since the mean and the median are fairly close to each other. 11/10/2024 77 Examples for variability 1- Range The range gives you an idea of how far apart the most extreme response scores are. To find the range, simply subtract the lowest value from the highest value. 11/10/2024 88 Examples for variability 2- Standard deviation (SD) The standard deviation (s or SD or σ) is the average amount of variability in your dataset. It tells you, on average, how far each score lies from the mean. The larger the standard deviation, the more variable the data set is. 11/10/2024 99 Examples for variability 2- Standard deviation (SD) From learning that s = 9.18, you can say that on average, each score deviates from the mean by 9.18 points. 11/10/2024 10 10 Examples for variability 3- Variance The variance is the average of squared deviations from the mean. Variance reflects the degree of spread in the data set. The more spread the data, the larger the variance is in relation to the mean. To find the variance, simply square the standard deviation. The symbol for variance is s 2. 11/10/2024 11 11  Statistical analysis and its software Types of statistical analysis B- Inferential statistical analysis Inferential statistics can be defined as a field of statistics that uses analytical tools for drawing conclusions about a population by examining random samples. The goal of inferential statistics is to make generalizations about a population. Inferential statistics can be classified into hypothesis testing and regression analysis. 11/10/2024 12 12 Statistical analysis and its software B- Inferential statistical analysis 11/10/2024 13 13 Statistical analysis and its software C- Associative or relative analysis Associative or relative statistics seek to identify meaningful interrelationships between or among data. For instance, "Is there a relationship between salt intake and blood pressure among middle-age women?" is a problem definition suitable for analysis by associative statistics. 11/10/2024 14 14  Statistical analysis and its software Major statistical data analysis softwares in 2024 Statistical Package Microsoft Excel Matlab for Social Sciences OriginPro Minitab GraphPad Prism 11/10/2024 15 15 Statistical analysis and its software Issues to consider in data analysis There are a number of issues to consider with respect to data analysis. These include: - Having the necessary skills to analyze -Following acceptable norms for data analysis and presentation - Choosing the appropriate statistical software - Providing honest and accurate analysis 11/10/2024 16 16  Database 11/10/2024 Database What is Database A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated in digital form. In one view, databases can be classified according to types of content: bibliographic, full-text, numeric, and images. 11/10/2024 18 18 Database TYPES OF DATABASE Relational database Document oriented database Graph database Hypertext database Operational database Distributed database Flat file database 11/10/2024 19 19 Database RELATIONAL DATABASE A relational database is a database that has a collection of tables of data items. Data in a single table represents a relations. Tables consist of rows and columns. The columns constitute the attributes. The rows constitute tuples. 11/10/2024 20 20 Database - Row-A data set representing a single item. - Column-A labeled element of a tuple, e.g. "Address" or "Date of birth”, of multiple data item. A primary key is used to uniquely identify each row. The foreign key a column or group of columns in one table that points to the primary key of another table. 11/10/2024 21 21 Database Example for primary key 11/10/2024 22 22 Database Example for foreign key 11/10/2024 23 23 Database DOCUMENT ORIENTED DATABASE A document-oriented database is a database that stores information in documents. A document database is a type of nonrelational database that is designed to store data as JSON-like documents. 11/10/2024 24 24 Database In the following example, a JSON-like document describes a book. 11/10/2024 25 25 Database Another example 11/10/2024 26 26  Database GRAPH DATABASE A graph database is a database that uses graph structures with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data. 11/10/2024 27 27 Database Ex: (Facebook) 11/10/2024 28 28 Database Ex: 11/10/2024 29 29  Database HYPERTEXT DATABASE Hypertext is a special type of database system, in which objects (text, pictures, music, programs, and so on) can be creatively linked to each other. When you select an object, you can see all the other objects that are linked to it. Hypertext is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references (hyperlinks) to other text that the reader can immediately access. Pages often written in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). 11/10/2024 30 30 Database Ex: 11/10/2024 31 31  Database OPERATIONAL DATABASE An operational database management system is software that is designed to allow users to easily define, modify, retrieve, and manage data in real-time. While conventional databases rely on batch processing, operational database systems are oriented toward real-time, transactional operations. An operational database contains data about the things that go on inside an organization. Example: data on customer complaints, employee information, 11/10/2024 etc.. 32 32 Database DISTRIBUTED DATABASE It is a database in which portions of the database are stored on multiple computers within a network or different networks. A distributed database is basically a database that is not limited to one system, it is spread over different sites, i.e, on multiple computers or over a network of computers. Updates and deletes performed on the data at one location will be automatically reflected in the data stored elsewhere. 11/10/2024 33 33 Database Ex: 11/10/2024 34 34 Database FLAT FILE DATABASE A flat file database is a type of database that stores data in a single table. This is unlike a relational database, which makes use of multiple tables and relations. Flat file databases are generally in plain-text form, where each line holds only one record, , with fields separated by commas or tabs. Flat files are ideal for small amount of data. 11/10/2024 35 35 Database Ex: 11/10/2024 36 36