LEC 1 STS - Lectures (1).pdf

Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo Faculty, School of Arts and Sciences National University Laguna Introduction Science Science is systematized knowledge. - Science is a...

Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo Faculty, School of Arts and Sciences National University Laguna Introduction Science Science is systematized knowledge. - Science is a systematic investigation, - explores natural phenomena, - discovers and organizes knowledge, - provides testable explanations, - presents verifiable predictions. - The endeavor of science is to acquire knowledge, - the pursuit is to comprehend the universe. - Science adheres to the empirical method, - abides by the scientific method. - The scientific method is a method of inquiry, - the purpose is for presentation of theory, - the procedure is the following course of action: - observations, - questions, - hypotheses, - predictions, - experimentation, - data, - analyses, - conclusions, - communication, and - review. - The objective of science is to discover principles, - the goal is to understand nature. - Science is characterized by reliability and validity, - on account of the following attributes: - evidence, - reasoning, - objectivity, 1 Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo - skepticism, - criticism, - accuracy, - precision, and - reproducibility. - The goal of science is advancement of knowledge for society and technology. - The objective is to produce and comprehend knowledge for society and technology. Technology Technology is application of knowledge. - Technology is applied science. - The products of technology are devices, machines, and techniques. - Technology utilizes knowledge, - for practical purposes, - intended to the following: - solve problems, - improve processes, - enhance productivity, - develop products or services, - that aims to attain progress, innovations, and advancements. - Technology presents opportunities, - improves quality and addresses difficulties, - presents challenges, - raises issues and presses concerns. - The goal of technology is development of innovations for society and science. - The objective is to generate and implement innovations for society and science. Society Society is a collection of individuals. - Society comprises of human beings, - individual persons, - that constitutes group members, - collective people. - Society is characterized by common interest and institutions, - shared culture and territory, - is described as complex, dynamic and evolving. - Society is attributed with culture, 2 Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo - which are characteristics, interconnectedness, and interactions within, - the purpose is to shape identity and provide framework, - and with institutions, - which are structures and regulations within, - the purpose is to fulfill functions, render essentials, and maintain stability. - The important aspects in society are the following essential features: - force and change, - stratification and influence, - interaction and regulation, - networks and organizations. - The goal of society is to support and direct the progress of science and technology. - The objective is to provide for the development, - and to guide in the advancement of science and technology. Sociology Sociology is the study of societies. - Sociology investigates the following essential features in society: - individual behavior, - group structure, - people interactions, - human existence, - lived experiences. - Sociology explores the following important aspects of society: - structure and interactions, - behavior and roles, - culture and institutions, - characteristics and functions, - stratification and change, - factors and drivers. - The objective of sociology is to attain the following aims in understanding society: - recognize complications, - diversity and complexity in, - provide context, - origin and evolution of, - acquire insight, - solutions and direction for. - The goal of sociology is improvement of society through science and technology. Humanities 3 Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo Humanities is the study of humanity. - Humanities explore the human condition such as the following aspects of humanity: - questions, - being, - knowledge, - values, - of beauty and good, - reasoning, - identities, - thoughts and emotions, - expressions and ideas, - ingenuity, - roles and affairs, - morals, - adaptability and resilience, - groups and hierarchies, - language, - status and power, - norms and customs, - art, - mediums and tools, - beliefs, - traditions and rituals, - answers. - Humanities explore human experience such as the following aspects of humanity: - philosophy, - religion, - history, - languages, literature, and linguistics, - politics, economics, and law, - logic and mathematics, - arts and sciences, - archaeology, - sociology, - anthropology, - psychology, - technology. - Humanities adheres to analytic, critical, speculative and interpretative methods. - The goal of humanities is to promote appreciation of humanity. - The objective is appreciation of the human condition and human experience. 4 Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo Human Human is a thinking animal. - Human is a wise man, - is a homo sapiens, - is classified according to the following taxonomy: - Domain, - eukaryote, - Kingdom, - animal, - Phylum, - chordate, - Class, - mammal, - Order, - primate, - Family, - hominid, - Genus, - homo, - Species, - homo sapiens. - Humans are described with the following attributes: - bipedal, - brain, - think, - adapt, - tools, - society, - culture, - language, - communication, - education, - techniques, - inventions. - Humans are characterized by the following qualities: - being and existence, - ideas and knowledge, - art and appreciation, - good and morality, - thoughts and reasoning, - ingenuity and innovation, - creativity and technology. 5 Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo History History is the study of events through time. - History are accounts of past events, - reports on human affairs, - established through documentation and evidences. - History adheres to systematic exploration, examination, analysis, and interpretation. - History considers the following important aspects in understanding events through time: - sources and chronology, - reconstructions and arrangements, - understanding and relations, - interactions and patterns, - analysis and interpretation, - understanding and relations, - observations and causes, - significance and results, - themes and periodization, - interactions and patterns, - generalizations and developments, - organization and intricacies, - historiography, memory, and identity, - reconstructions and arrangements, - narratives and revisions, - commemoration and collective. - The goal of history is to achieve the following purpose in understanding events through time: - recognize complications, - diversity and complexity in, - provide context, - origin and evolution of, - acquire insight, - solutions and direction for. - The goal of the study of history is understand the past, relate the present, and guide the future of science, technology, and society. - The objective is to learn from the past, engage the present, and prepare for the future of science, technology, and society. Interrelationships of Science, Technology, and Society Science, technology, and society are interrelated. 6 Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo Science Technology Society Science presents explanations to society, while society establishes influence on science. Society establishes regulations on technology, while technology provides applications for society. Technology provides innovations for science, while science presents research to technology. Science Research Explanations Innovations Influence Technology Society Applications Regulations Science presents explanations to society and research to technology through theories and ideas. Technology provides applications for society and innovations for science through inventions and tools. Society establishes influence on science and regulations on technology through impact and use. Science Technology Society Explanations and Research Applications and Innovations Influence and Regulations Theories and Ideas Inventions and Tools Impact and Use Observations Goods Health Inquiries Services Wellness 7 Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo Investigations Production Beauty Explorations Energy Socialization Evidences Engineering Funding Experiments Materials Career Reasoning Manufacturing Appliances Methods Construction Personal Techniques Agriculture Relationships Solutions Trade Housing Evaluations Industry Employment Analysis Commerce Buildings Discoveries Design Monetary Predictions Control Practical Conclusions Measurement Learning Comprehension Instrumentation Teaching Understanding Automation Schooling Principles Processes Training Systems Educational Analytics Access Intelligence Connectivity Architecture Collaboration Infrastructure Democratization Management Adoption Healthcare Integration Pharmaceutical Globalization Medicine Empowerment Sanitation Entrepreneurship Safety Business Surveillance Finance Security Administration Forensics Commercial Protection Demand Defense Supply Conservation Growth Information Development Computing Progress Communication Sustainability Navigation Economic Transportation Resources Robotics Effectivity Space Efficiency Education Productivity Recreation Industrial Peace Order Police Military Political Governance 8 Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo Change Feedback Ethical Critique Guidance Standards Philosophical Tolerance Diversity Cultural Institutional Recreational Environmental Interrelationships of Science, Technology, and Society through History Science, technology and society are interrelated through history. Science presents different explanations to society and different research to technology through changes in time. Technology provides different applications for society and different innovations for science through changes in time. Society establishes different influence on science and different regulations on technology through changes in time. Sci Sci Res Exps Res Exps Inns Inf Inns Inf Tech Soc Tech Soc Changes Apps Apps Regs Examination Regs Time History History proposes an examination of the interrelation of science, technology, and society through perspectives and interpretation, and solutions and direction. History 9 Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo Examination Perspectives and Interpretation Solutions and Direction Contexts and Changes Conditions and Consequences Causes and Effects Questions and Answers Meaning and Guidance Discernment and Appreciation Resolution and Orientation Divisions of Science The divisions of science are the natural, social, and formal sciences. Science Natural Social Formal Natural Science Natural science is the study of natural phenomena. - physical science - physics - chemistry - earth science - astronomy - biological science - biology - biochemistry - microbiology - botany - zoology - ecology 10 Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo - genetics - systematics - evolution Social Science Social science is the study of human affairs. - archaeology - anthropology - psychology - sociology - economics - linguistics - geography - history - political science - law - business - management - education - religion Formal Science Formal science is the study of formal systems. - logic - mathematics - theoretical computer science - systems theory - statistics Applied Science Applied science is the study of the applications of science. - architecture - engineering 11 Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo - pharmacy - medicine - marketing - accounting - finance - commerce - food science - agricultural science - data science - information science - computer science - cognitive science - education science - health science - sports science - decision science - management science - actuarial science - forensic science - police science - military science - environmental science - space science - medical technology - food technology - information technology - communication technology - educational technology - police technology - military technology - robotics technology Interdisciplinary Science Interdisciplinary science is the study of integrations of science. - bioinformatics - neuroscience - oceanography - geopolitics - cybernetics - robotics - logistics 12 Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo - enforcement - intelligence - warfare - econometrics - psychometrics - urban planning - multimedia arts - public safety - public health - civil defense - military operation - criminal justice - operations research - information systems - artificial intelligence - forensic psychiatry - sports medicine - medical physics - systems engineering - mathematical economics - biological psychology - computational linguistics - environmental science - risk management - emergency management - disaster management - data management - legal management - knowledge management - public administration - media studies - gender studies - religious studies - organizational studies - international studies - development studies - environmental studies - wildlife conservation Arts and Sciences Art is liberal expression. 13 Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo - Art is an original demonstration, - upon aesthetic experience, - about emotional content, - through artistic exploration, - through artistic communication, - stands cultural reflection, - bears personal significance, - holds universal appeal. Science is empirical inquiry. - Science is a systematic investigation, - upon structured methodology, - about objective analysis, - through scientific verifiability, - through scientific falsifiability, - stands peer review, - holds cumulative knowledge, - bears predictive power. Distinctions between Arts and Sciences Arts Sciences about: art about: science activity: liberal expression activity: empirical inquiry pursuit: beauty pursuit: knowledge endeavor: original demonstration endeavor: systematic investigation purpose: inspire humanity purpose: understand principles attribute: subjective attribute: objective person: artist person: scientist faculty: imagination, ingenuity, innovation, faculty: imagination, ingenuity, innovation, exploration, expression, and communication exploration, expression, and communication capacity: observation, reflection and capacity: observation, reflection and interpretation interpretation reflects: human perspective investigates: natural phenomena evokes: emotion seeks: evidence seeks: value evokes: reason facility: images utility: data composition: artistic mediums framework: scientific method product: artworks product: theory characteristics: intuitive, liberal, improvisational, characteristics: systematic, empirical, and personal methodological, and general 14 Science, Technology, and Society Kristoffer Karan G. Hugo result: appreciation, conveyance, expression, and result: explanation, hypothesis, theory, and inspiration validation merit: novelty, impact, skill, and depth merit: soundness, evidence, coherence, and adherence embraces: skepticism, criticism, review, encourages: skepticism, criticism, review, openness, critical thinking, and creative thinking openness, critical thinking, and creative thinking 15