Lec 1 Powder Technology Introduction PDF

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AdulatoryFreedom8909

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Sudan University of Science and Technology

Dr. Rami Ahmed

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powder technology pharmaceutical science particle size analysis

Summary

This document is an introduction to powder technology, specifically focusing on its pharmaceutical applications. It covers topics ranging from particle size and shape analysis to powder mixing and flow. The lecture also provides useful links for further research.

Full Transcript

Machine Translated by Google ‫ﺒﻮدرة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣ ﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ راﻣ ﻲ اﺣﻤﺪ‬.‫ﺘﻮر‬...

Machine Translated by Google ‫ﺒﻮدرة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣ ﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ راﻣ ﻲ اﺣﻤﺪ‬.‫ﺘﻮر‬ ‫دﻛ‬ [email protected] Machine Translated by Google ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣ ﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺤﻮق‬ Machine Translated by Google ‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﻔﻴﺪة‬...‫ﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪة ﺟﺪًا‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺮوا‬‫ إﻟﻴﻚ‬،‫ﺘ ﺐ اﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓ ﺔ إﱃ اﻟﻜ‬ www.malvern.co.uk www.medicinescomplete.com www.pharmpedia.com www.pformulate.com www.emc.medicines.org.uk ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺘﻮى اﻟﺪورة‬ ‫ﻣﺤ‬ ‫ﺘﺎ ت‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴ ﺔ وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوﻣﻴﺮﻳ‬ ‫ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣﻴﻖ‪ :‬أ ﻫﻤﻴ‬ ‫)اﻟﺸﻜﻞ واﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ(‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘ ﺔ(‬ ‫ﺘﻜ ﺲ‪:‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت‬‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﻴﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﺎ ت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ ﻃﺮقﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎ تﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﺧﻠﻂ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺤﻮق‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻧﻬﺎﻳ ﺔ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‪،‬ﻳﺠ ﺐ أنﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻄﻼ ب ﻗﺎدرﻳﻦ ﻋﲆ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﺎ ت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت و‬ ‫ ﻓﻬﻢ أ ﻫﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺤﻮق ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎ تﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت‪.‬اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻃﺮقﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ أ ﻫﻤﻴ ﺔﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣﻴﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺎ ﻓ ﻲﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻷدوﻳ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎ ت ﺧﻠﻂ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣﻴﻖ وأ ﻫﻤﻴ‬ Machine Translated by Google ‫اﻷ ﻫﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻟـ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣﻴﻖ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎم؟‬ ‫ﺜﻴﺮة ﻟﻼ ﻫ‬ ‫ﺒﺮ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣﻴﻖ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟﻤﺎذاﺗﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣﻴﻖ ﻫ ﻲ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏ ﺔ‬ Machine Translated by Google ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺘﻜ ﺲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﻴﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت‬ ‫ﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺎد ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت وأ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻷوﱃ ﻓ ﻲﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫إن ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺤﻮق ﺣ ﺴ ﺐ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺤﺺ‬ ‫ﺒﺎ ت‬ ‫ﺒﻴ‬‫ﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺤﻮق‪.‬وﻓ ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ ﻲﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪا ت اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﻜ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺘ ﻲﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪40-60‬ﺷ‬ ‫وﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎ ت اﻟﻤ ﺴﺤﻮق اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮي ﻋﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎ ت‪.‬‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺎد ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت وأ‬ ‫ﺘﺮ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري ﻣﻼﺣﻈ ﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﻜ ﺔ ‪(250‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﺤ ﺖ ‪60‬ﺷ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻛﻤﻴ ﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺤﻮق ﻓ ﻲ زﻳ ﺖ ﻣﻌﺪﻧ ﻲ أو وﺳﻂﺳﺎﺋﻞ آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺑ ﺴﻬﻮﻟ ﺔ وﻻﺗﺬو ب‪.‬‬‫ﺒﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت‬ ‫ﺘﻢﺗ‬ ‫ﺣﻴ ﺚﻳ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻟ ﻲ واﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺐ ﻛﺮوي‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﺻﻠ ﺐ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ )ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ( اﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻒ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﺛﺔ أ‬ ‫ﺛﻼ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪﻳﻦ أو‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮ ب‬ ‫وﻣ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫وﺻﻒ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﺸﻜﻞ واﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﻈﻢت‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨ‬ ‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺐ‬ ‫ﺻﻠ‬ ‫ﺘﻈﻢت‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻣﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨ‬ ‫ﺒ ًﻴﺎ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ و‬ ‫واﻟﺸﻜﻞ إﻻﺗﻘﺮﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ و‬ ‫ﻳﺮوﻣ ﺴﺎﺣ‬‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺗﻘﺪ‬ ‫واﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻻﻳﻤﻜﻦﺗﻘﺮﻳ ﺐ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ إﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺤﻮق اﻟﻬﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﲆﺔ اﻟﺼﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺜﻠ ﺔﻣﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫أﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﻼط‬ ‫ﺘﺪﻓﻖ واﻻﺧ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞاﻟﻤﺤ‬ ‫ﺘﻮى واﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺴﺎق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت‬ ‫ﺘﻼط‬ ‫ﺘﺪﻓﻖ واﻻﺧ‬ ‫ﺘﻮى واﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺴﺎق اﻟﻤﺤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺬو‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺴﻮﻻ ت‬ ‫وﻛ‬ ‫ﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷ ﻲء‬ ‫أوﻻ وﻗ‬ ‫)ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬اﺿﻐﻂ و‬ ‫ﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋ‬ ‫اﻟﻜ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻣﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎص‬‫أﻗﺮاصﺔ‪/‬اﻻﻣ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺎذﻳ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻃﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧ ﺴﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﺤ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻷﻗﺮاص‬ ‫ﺿﺮوري ﻟ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺴﻮﻻ ت‬ ‫وﻛ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺪواﺋ ﻲ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت‬ ‫ﺘﺄ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎ ت ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺎﻛ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺮار ﻟﻪ )ﻣﻮازﻳًﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ أﻗﺼﻰ اﺳ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺮ ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﻳ ﺴ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ار‬ ‫س‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺴﺎع‬ ‫ﺗ)ﻣﻮاز‬ ‫ﻳ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر(‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺘ ﻲﺗﺤﺪد اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﺎﺳﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﻴﻦ ﻋﲆﺗﻠﻚ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ أﻗﺮ ب ﻣ ﺴ‬‫ﻫ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫س‬ ‫ﺘ ﻲﺗﺤﺪد اﻟ ﺴﻤﻚ واﻟﻌﺮض )ﻣﻮازﻳ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر ‪y).‬‬ ‫ﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﻴﻦ ﻋﲆﺗﻠﻚ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣ ﺴ‬‫يه اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎ ت ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت‬ ‫ﺑﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﺮي‪ :‬ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ إ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺪد اﻟ ﺴﻄﻮحﺗﻘﺮﻳ ً‬ ‫زاوي ‪ :‬ذو ﺣﻮاف ﺣﺎدة؛ ﻟﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺮع‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮري ﻣ‬‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮي‪ :‬ﻟﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ اﻟﺨﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻔ ﻲ‪:‬ﻳﺸ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ اﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺸﺮ ‪:‬ﻳﺸ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‬‫ﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻈﻢ وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻛﺮويﺗﻘﺮﻳ ً‬ ‫ﺒ ﻲ ‪ :‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨ‬ ‫ﺒﻴ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎرة‬ ‫اﺳ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺮ إﱃ أيﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ‬ ‫ﺘﻈﻢ ‪:‬ﻳﻔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨ‬ ‫ﺘﻈﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎري ‪ :‬ﻟﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ داﺋﺮي وﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨ‬ Machine Translated by Google ‫ﻣﺤﺪد‬ Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮط‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﻄﻮاﻧ ﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫‪D isc o idal‬‬ ‫س ص ﻫﻴﺮﻳﻜﺎل‬ ‫ت‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﻠﻮ ب‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻟ ﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫إﻳﻠﻴ ﺐ ﻣ‬ ‫إﻛﻮان‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺒﻮدرة‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺪواﺋ ﻲ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺘﺄ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت‬ ‫ﺜﺮ زاوﻳ ﺔﺗﻈﻬﺮ أﺣﻴﺎﻧًﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻷﻗﺮاص اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاد أﻛ‬ ‫ﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔ ﺔ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺐ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺴ‬‫ﺒﺮ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫ﺘﻼﻓﺎ ت أﻛ‬ ‫اﺧ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬‫ﺑﻚ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺎ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺐ زﻳﺎدة اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺴ‬ ‫ﻧﻔ ﺲ اﻟﻮﻗ ﺖﺗﻈﻬﺮ أ ً‬ ‫ﻳﻀﺎ ﻗﻮى ﺷﺪ أﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت‪.‬‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺒﻮدرة‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺪواﺋ ﻲ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺘﺄ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ؟ أو اﻷﺳﻮأ؟‬‫ﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬ ‫‪.1‬أي ﻣ ﺴﺤﻮقﺳﻮفﻳ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا؟‬ ‫أي ﻣ ﺴﺤﻮقﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ؟ وأﻳﻬﻤﺎ أﺳﻮأ؟ ‪3.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا؟‬ ‫‪2.‬أي ﻣ ﺴﺤﻮقﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺧﻠﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻮى ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻘﺮص؟ وأﻳﻬﻤﺎ أﻗﻞ؟‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎﻧ ﺲ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﺤ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ أﻋﲆ ﻧ ﺴ‬ ‫أنﻳﺤ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا؟‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺪواﺋ ﻲ ﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺘﺄ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺜﺎل م‪(2‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ )ﻋﲆﺳ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻊﺗﺤﻮلﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت إﱃ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﺠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺰداد ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮق‪.‬‬ ‫‪٢٨‬‬ Machine Translated by Google ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣ ﺴﺎ ب ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎ تﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺘﺮاض أن اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت ﻛﺮوﻳ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻓ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ ‪= 4πr 2‬‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎس ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺘﻈﻤ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺟ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ت ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨ‬ ‫ﺘﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻴﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋً ﺎ ﻫ ﻲ ‪Teller‬‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻷﻛ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴ ﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳ‬ ‫‪Brunarer-Emmett-‬أو‬ ‫ﺘ ﻲﺗﻘﻴ ﺲ ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴ ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ‪BET‬اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻠ ﺔ وﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺒﻘ ﺔ أﺣﺎدﻳ ﺔ اﻟﺠﺰيء ﻋﲆﺳﻄﺢ ﻛ‬ ‫ﺘﺺ ﻛﻄ‬ ‫ﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺰاز اﻟﻐﺎزي(‬ ‫اﻟﻤ ﺴﺤﻮق )ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ اﻻﻣ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ اﻟﺮ ﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺤﻮق ﻓ ﻲ ﻓﺮاغ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺘﻢﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻏﺮﻓ ﺔ ﻣﻐﻠﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎ ت ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺎ إﱃ اﻟﻐﺮﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤ ﺖ إﺿﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﺺ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎ ت اﻟﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﺗﻤ‬ ‫ﺘﻢﺗﻐﻄﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺘﻰﻳ‬ ‫إﱃﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺤﻮق ﺣ‬ ‫ﺘ ﻲﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎم اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ )‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻴﻬﺎ(‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮﻻ ت اﻟﻀﻐﻂﺗ ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘﺼ ﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﻤ‬ ‫ﺘ ﻲﻳﻤﻜﻦ أنﺗﻜﻮن ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﺤ ﺴﻮ ب‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺒﻮدرة‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺪواﺋ ﻲ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺘﺄ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺒﺮ إﱃ زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺤﻴ ﺔ اﻷﻛ‬ ‫‪GF (6.15‬م‪/2‬ﺟﻢ(‬ ‫ﺑﺎن‬ ‫ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺬو‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟ ﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﻮاﻓﺮ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺤ ﺴﻴﻦ اﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪GF (0.87‬م‪/2‬ﺟﻢ(‬ ‫ﺜﻠ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫أﻣ‬ ‫نيفلوفوزيرج‬ ‫نيسكوجيد‬ ‫ﺒ ﺲ ﻣﻦ ‪Reverchon et al. J Pharm & Pharmacol (2004) 56:1379-87‬‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣﻘ‬

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