Animal Nutrition Lecture Notes PDF

# PART I ## BASIC ANIMAL NUTRITION - Nutrients compose both of animal and plant bodies. - **Introduction:** - Ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goat depend mainly on plants and their byproducts. The same is for monogastric animals as poultry, pigs and pre-ruminants as calves, but it needs a lim...

# PART I ## BASIC ANIMAL NUTRITION - Nutrients compose both of animal and plant bodies. - **Introduction:** - Ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goat depend mainly on plants and their byproducts. The same is for monogastric animals as poultry, pigs and pre-ruminants as calves, but it needs a limited amount of feed of animal origin as milk, meat, and fish meal. - Plants and animals' body composition are mainly from similar nutrients, which are water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, and ash. ## Planet body composition: - The plants and their by-products show much larger differences in chemical composition than do the animals. - The species, roughage, carbonaceous, and nitrogenous plants differ widely in their chemical composition (Table 1). | Species | Water | Carbohydrate | Protein | Fat | Ash | | --------------------- | ----- | ------------- | ------- | --- | --- | | **Roughages:** | | | | | | | Berseem (Egyptian clover) | 90 | 6.3 | 2 | 0.3 | 1.4 | | Wheat straw | 10 | 76.5 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 8.5 | | **Carbonaceous:** | | | | | | | Corn | 11 | 71 | 8.8 | 3.9 | 1.1 | | Barley | 10 | 68 | 11 | 1.9 | 2.4 | | **Nitrogenous:** | | | | | | | Soybean meal | 10 | 30 | 44 | 5 | 5.7 | | Cotton seed meal | 8 | 30.5 | 41 | 4.1 | 6.2 | ## Table (2): Percentage composition of the animal body in wet base. | Species | Water | Carbohydrate | Protein | Fat | Ash | | ------------------ | ----- | ------------- | ------- | --- | --- | | New born calf | 74 | 0 | 19 | 3 | 4.1 | | Grower calf | 68 | 0 | 18 | 10 | 4 | | Thin steer | 64 | 0 | 19 | 12 | 5.1 | | Fatty steer | 43 | 0.2 | 13 | 41 | 3.3 | | Thin sheep | 64 | 0 | 16 | 15 | 4.4 | | Fatty sheep | 40 | 0.2 | 11 | 46 | 2.8 | | Horse | 61 | 0 | 17 | 17 | 4.5 | | Hen | 56 | 0 | 21 | 19 | 3.2 | | Rabbit | 69 | 0 | 18 | 8 | 4.8 | ## A- Introduction: - The water and life are inseparable. It is important for all species and ages. - In the first chapter, we know that the living body of animals contains from 80% of water in the prenatal stage to 50% in the maturity stage. In planets, water content declines from 90% in the green fodders (forages) to 10% in air-dry grain. - Do you know the importance of water for the living body? - Do you know the actual requirements for different species, ages, production or environment? - By the end of our lesson will achieve the answer. ## 1- Functions: - What are the most important functions of water could you inquire for the living body? - **Answer:** Transports nutrients to the organ of use and wastes in the organ of excretion in the body. - Do you know how? - **Explanation:** The water could transport the nutrient and wastes due to its polarity (fig.2) and constant electricity, which enable it to dissolve materials. ## Polarity or electricity constant, the positive hydrogen ion of one substance molecule, joins to the negative charge of another molecule. 1. So it helps in all the chemical reactions happen for digestion, absorption and metabolism of nutrients. 2. Transmission of nutrients from blood to the different organ's cells. 3. Transmission of different cell wastes to the excretory organs as kidney, lung, skin, and intestine. - Are there other water functions? - **Answer:** Yes, it helps in thermoregulation of the body. - Or to maintain normal body temperature. ## Explanation: - Sweating through body skin and Panting through the respiratory system are methods to calm the body temperature in hot weather or in high body activity through exercise and heavy work. So the drinking water in such cases is increased to compensate these losses. - What about the role of water in maintenance the body osmosis? - **Answer:** To maintain the body fluid consistency (osmosis) water in one hand and other nutrients as protein and electrolytes in another hand are required. - Is water interfering with milk production for lactating animals? - Of course! Yes. - Milk composed of 87% water and 13% dry matter so the lactating animals require more water than dry one. The liter of milk requires from 4 to 5 L of water for milk production and other body performances. So in the ideal environment, the animal prudence 20 kg of milk requires 90 L of water. - Could you add any other function water to the living body? - **Answer:** Yes - 1. It is important as a lubricant for various surfaces including joints, conjunctiva and pleura. - 2. It helps in giving the body its form by filling the cells. Lean of the body contains 70% of water and in some tissues it reaches 90%. - 3. It acts as a water cushion for the nervous system. ## 2- Body water content: - We know that the body water content is variable in both plants and animals. - What are the factors governing the body water content? - **Answer:** - a- Growth stage. - b- Fattening status. - c- Species. But this factor is less effective in animals but important for plant body water content. - Could you explain how these enumerated factors affect body water content? - **Answer:** - **Growth stage:** - In prenatal stage of growth, the water content is about 80% of total body mass. It decreased to about 75% shortly after birth. In growing stage, it declined to 65% and became about 50-55% by the maturity stage. - **Fattening status:** - The previous body water content percentages are determined in smart or ideal body weight in relation to age, but in fattened animals the body water content decreased by increasing body fat content. - There is inversely relation between water and fat content in the living body. In this respect, the experimental feeding trials concluded that the fat-free bodies contain constant water percent equal to 73.2% and inquired the following equation for the determination of either water or fat, if you know the other, - *Fat%= 100 - (water content + 0.732)* - **Example:** - What was the water content of a carcass contained 40% of fat. - **Problem solve:** by application the equation so - 40=100 - Water% / 0.732 - Content of water = 43.92 % ## Now and after we know the water content of the living body, do you know the distribution profile of this water in the living body? - **Answer:** - From body water contentment 40-50% are found intercellular, 25-35% are found extra cellular, (5%) in blood plasma and (20-25%) in lymph, synovia and inter stitial fluid. The remaining parts about 25-30 are found in the urinary and digestive tracts. ## 3- Water balance: - As we know in the previous concept point, a given animal body needs to maintain a relatively contestant water content. This of course requires high physiological and biochemical regulations to provide this requirement. - Could we approach these regulations? - Yes, we have to recognize about the body: - 1. Water turn over. - 2. Water sources. - 3. Water losses. ## 3-1. Water turnover - What is the water turn over? - It is the rate at which body water is excreted and replaced in the body tissues. It is the time of this water cycle in the body. - Imagine this rate of the water excretion or replacement cycle in a figure of your imagination. - **Answer:** Emarginated figure demonstrating water turnover (Body water, Water excreted, Water intake) ## The water turnover is variable and the factors affect this respect may be: - 1. **Species of the animals.** - The ruminant animals with its higher rumen capacity and the remaining digestive tract ability to keep water are slower or wider turnover than non-ruminants. - 2. **Environmental conditions.** - As we know previously that hot weather, higher humidity, lower wind velocity requires more water to compensate water loss the rough thermoregulation of body via sweating and panting. - 3. **Diet or ration composition:** - The higher content of protein, salt require more of drinking water to get rid of excess protein in the form of urea or uric acid and salt in urine or sweat. - 4. **Tolerance of animals to water deprivation as camel, and in the opposite side, the high sensitive to water deprivation as in horses and poultry.** - Is there other effective factor? - Yes, I think that some hormonal diseases as insulin shortage in case of diabetic persons and kidney failure cause higher loss of water. - Now, practically we will try to determine how long the water turnover in a specific animal. - We will try this by 2 groups of students, each group will try for ruminant animals and exchange with other for single stomached ones. ## 3-2-Water Intake: - When you are thirsty, how could you satisfy your self of water? In other words, what are the water sources for the living body? - **Answer:** - 1. Drinking water. - 2. Eating highly containing water food as green fodders (Bound water). - 3. Metabolic water, the water results from oxidation of hydrogen of organic materials metabolism. It supplies the body with a considerable part of water requirements (Metabolic water). The gram of metabolized fat, carbohydrate, and protein supply the body with 1, 0.6, 0.4 gram of water respectively. ## 3-3-Water Excretion: - To keep the body water in balance, the excess of water and the body water used as a vehicle to get rid of wastes, or for provide an usefully physiological product to body. - Do you know how the body excretes the excess water? - **Answer:** - 1. Via kidney "Urination" - 2. Via skin "Sweating" - 3. Via feces" It contains up to 80% of water" - 4. Via lung "Panting" ## 4-Requirements: - **Factors affecting water requirements** - 1. **Exercise, or activity.** - 2. **Physiological state:** - a. Lactation. - b. Growth. - c. Pregnancy. - d. Egg production. - 3. **Environmental temperature during direct exposure to sun for a period of one day, camel lose 1% of its weight as water, under the same conditions, donkeys lose 4.5% and man 7%.** - 4. **Surface area of the animal body.** - 5. **Species.** - For all mentioned factors, water requirements are not fixed. They can vary with conditions by factor 10 or more. But at normal conditions, it can be related to feed intake. Also the water requirement is affected by the type of production. - After experimentation for each animal species and production, the results showed that: - Requirements for different species and production in relation to dry matter intake were as recorded in the following table: