Lecture 1 - Medicinal Plants (PPC101) PDF

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EloquentWalrus209

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Galala University

رضا عبد الحميد

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medicinal plants history of medicine plant classification natural remedies

Summary

This lecture provides an overview of medicinal plants, exploring their historical use and classification. It covers various historical periods and cultures related to the use of these plants. The lecture also covers cultivation, and the uses of medicinal plants in natural remedies and traditional medicine.

Full Transcript

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫(‪)PPC101‬‬ ‫ﺭﺿﺎﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫‪gu.edu.eg‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺮﻳﻮﻥﻭﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﻳﻮﻥ‬ ‫)‪3‬ﺭﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ(‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﺣﻤﻮﺭﺍﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ)ﺑﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺒﺮﺱ‪،‬‬ ‫‪1550‬...

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫(‪)PPC101‬‬ ‫ﺭﺿﺎﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫‪gu.edu.eg‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺮﻳﻮﻥﻭﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﻳﻮﻥ‬ ‫)‪3‬ﺭﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ(‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﺣﻤﻮﺭﺍﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ)ﺑﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺒﺮﺱ‪،‬‬ ‫‪1550‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ(‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻘﺮﺍﻁ"ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ"‬ ‫ﺛﻴﻮﻓﺮﺍﺳﺘﻮﺱﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝﻣﻬﻤﺔ‪ :‬ﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ )ﺃﺑﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ() ‪ De causis plantarum‬ﻭ (‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ) ‪plantarum‬‬ ‫‪historia‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻮﺳﻜﻮﺭﻳﺪﺱ))‪40-80‬ﻡ(‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ")‪ 600‬ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻲ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪(1037‬‬ ‫‪(8507‬‬ ‫“ ﻃﻼ ﻳﻒ ﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗﻼ‬ ‫“ﻣﻜﺤﻠﺔ ﺳﻮﺩﺭﻑ”‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫“ ﺫﻏﻼﻭ ﺓﻳﻮﺩﻷﺍ ﺗﺎﺩﺭﻣﻞ ﻣﺎﺟﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻝ‪18‬ﺫﻗﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖﺍﻟﻤﺨﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔﺃﻭ ﺻﺒﻐﺎﺕ)ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻣﻦﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ)ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﻋﺸﺒﻴﺔ(‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻭﻟﻮﺱﻟﻴﻨﻴﻮﺱ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻫﺎﻥﺁﺩﻡ )‪(1809-1759‬‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺲﻣﻮﺩﺭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺉﺼﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬ ‫)ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ(‪.‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ "ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ" ﺗﻢ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1803‬ﺑﺪﺃ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ‬ ‫)ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ(‬ ‫ﻓﻲﻋﺎﻡ ‪19‬ﺫﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺫ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕﻣﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ‪:‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔﻟﻸﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺃﺻﻞﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ"‪:‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺘﺎﻥﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺘﺎﻥ ‪) Pharmakon‬ﺩﻭﺍء( ﻭ ‪) gnosis‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ(‬ ‫ ﻣﺨﺪﺭﺍﺕﺧﺎﻡ‪:‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻪ ﻭﺗﺠﻔﻴﻔﻪ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮﻩﻃﺎﺯﺟﺎً ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻲ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ً:‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻌﺐﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﺪﺩﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﺎﺉﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎﻗﻠﻴﻼ ًﻟﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.3‬ﻓﺎﺉﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﻛﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻓﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.4‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁﺃﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺎﺗﻴﻦﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ→ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬ ‫ ﻫﻮ ‪ -‬ﻫﻲﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻣﺠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻢﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﺃﺳﻤﺎء ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺛﻨﺎﺉﻲ‪ :‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰءﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ‪،‬ﺟﻨﺲ؛ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻫﻮﺻﻨِﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙﺃﺻﻼﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﺍء‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ)ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ( ﻭﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻷﺻﻞﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺍء‪:‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱﻳﻨﺘﺠﻪ‬ ‫ ﺍﻝﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺛﻨﺎﺉﻲﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻭﻝﻫﻮ)ﺟﻨﺲ( ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ )ﺻﻨِﻒ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺨﺎﺵﺍﻟﻤﻨﻮﻡﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺻﻨِﻒ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ "ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻡ"‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ ﺟﻨﺲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺨﺎﺵ)ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺨﺎﺵ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ(‬ ‫ ﻋﺎﺉﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺨﺎﺷﻴﺔ)ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫)ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ(‬ ‫ ﻝ‪ :.‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻭﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲﻟﻸﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ؛ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﻋﺮﻕﺍﻟﺴﻮﺱ ﻏﻼﺑﺮﺍ ) ﺃﻣﻠﺲ = ﺃﻣﻠﺲ؛ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩﻭﻧﺎ )ﺑﻴﻼ=ﺟﻤﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻧﺎ =‬ ‫ ﺃﺗﺮﻭﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺪﺓ؛ﻋﺼﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻗﺔﺍﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻈﻬﺮﺍ ًﺟﺬﺍﺑﺎ(ً‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ؛ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺒﺮﻧﻴﺠﺮﻭﻡ )ﻧﻴﺠﺮﻡ = ﺃﺳﻮﺩ؛ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ(‬ ‫ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻟﻴﺲﺑﻮﺭﺑﻮﺭﻳﺎ ( ﺃﺭﺟﻮﺍﻧﻲ؛ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﺭ‬ ‫=‪)purpurea‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻄﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺉﺤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼﻣﻴﺮﻳﺴﺘﻴﻜﺎ ﻑﺭﺍﺟﺮﺍﻧﺲ )ﻟﻪ ﺭﺍﺉﺤﺔ ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻠﺔ(‬ ‫‪ (4‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼﺍﻟﻘﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻱ ) ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ (‬ ‫‪ (5‬ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺻﻴﺪﻻﻧﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼﺍﻟﺨﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻮﻡ )ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻡ( ﻛﻮﻳﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﺭﻳﺎ )ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻧﻴﻦ(‬ ‫‪ (6‬ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼﺍﻟﺜﻮﻡ )ﺳﺎﺗﻴﻔﻮﻡ = ﻣﺤُﻤَﺾَّ(‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﻋﺮﻕﺍﻟﺴﻮﺱ ﻏﻼﺑﺮﺍ )ﻋﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺱ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ‬ ‫ =ﺣﻠﻮ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺰﺍ= ﺟﺬﺭ‪(.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺗﺮﻭﺑﺎﺑﻴﻼﺩﻭﻧﺎ )ﺃﺗﺮﻭﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺗﺮﻭﺑﻮﺱ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺪﻡﺍﻷﻗﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺎً ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻥ"‪.‬ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺗﺮﻭﺑﻮﺱﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ ﻭﺃﻧﻬﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺑﻘﻄﻊ ﺧﻴﻮﻃﻬﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫)ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻮﻝ)ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ( ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺐ)ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ(‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻞﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺍءﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء‪،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻱﺃﻭﻻ ًﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻃﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺃﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻃﻨﻬﺎﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﺠﻨﺴﺔ )ﻣﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻄﻴﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪.1‬ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕﺃﻭ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.4‬ﺍﻟﻐﺶ‪ :‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺟﻬﻞ ﻫﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.5‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺍﺉﺪﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪.1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫‪.3‬ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫▪ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼﺍﻟﻨﻘﻊﻫﻴﻮﺳﻴﺎﻣﻮﺱﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻔﻒﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊﺍﻹﻧﺒﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬ ‫▪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡﺍﻷﺳﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻙ‪،‬ﻭ ﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫▪ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.4‬ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍً ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺎً ﻭﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫‪.5‬ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻟﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺯﺟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.6‬ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻮﺏﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ ‪.1‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺻﻌﺒﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪.2‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺥﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺉﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻘﺲﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﻄﺎﺭﻏﺰﻳﺮﺓ‬

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