Leadership 1-6 Slides PDF

# Lecture 1: Leadership ## Definition of Leadership - Process whereby an individual influences a group. - Involves achieving a common goal. - Occurs in groups. - Includes attention to common goals. - Can be assigned or emergent. ## Types of Leadership - **Assigned leadership:** Based on formal po...

# Lecture 1: Leadership ## Definition of Leadership - Process whereby an individual influences a group. - Involves achieving a common goal. - Occurs in groups. - Includes attention to common goals. - Can be assigned or emergent. ## Types of Leadership - **Assigned leadership:** Based on formal position. - **Emergent leadership:** Based on actions and follower support. ## The Different Views of Leadership - **Traditional view:** Leadership is an inherent trait. - **Modern perspective:** Leadership is a learnable skill accessible to everyone. ## Trait Definition of Leadership - *Height* - *Intelligence* - *Extraversion* - *Fluency* - *Other traits* ## Process Definition of Leadership - *Leader (Interaction)* - *Followers* ## Power and Leadership - **Power:** The potential to influence. ### Types of Power - **Position Power:** Derived from organizational role. - **Personal Power:** Derived from followers' perception of value. #### Types of Position Power - **Legitimate** - **Reward** - **Coercive** - **Information** #### Types of Personal Power - **Referent** - **Expert** ## Leadership vs. Management - Distinct but overlapping concepts. - Both involve guiding groups towards goals. ### Management - Focus on planning, organizing, staffing, and controlling. ### Leadership - Focus on influence and change. ## Trait Approach - Focus on leader’s innate qualities. - Key traits: - Intelligence - Self-confidence - Determination - Integrity - Sociability ## How Does the Trait Approach Work? ### Focus on the Leader - Trait approach focuses solely on the leader. - Ignores followers and situational factors. - Simpler to understand than other leadership approaches. ### Identifying Leader Traits - Aims to determine which traits effective leaders possess. - Assumes leaders are born with specific qualities. ### Leadership Profile - Organisations seek individuals with desired leadership traits. - Use trait assessment tools to match people to positions. - Belief that right people lead to better performance. ## Strengths of the Trait Approach - **Intuitive Appeal:** - Fits societal perception of leaders as exceptional individuals. - Reinforces belief in leaders as gifted people with special traits. - **Extensive Research:** - Backed by a century of research and studies. - Provides credibility and a solid foundation of data. - Identifies key traits linked to leadership success. - **Focus on the Leader:** - Deepens understanding of the leader’s role in leadership. - Provides insights into leader-trait relationships. - **Practical Applications:** - Offers benchmarks for aspiring leaders to identify necessary traits. - Provides tools for assessing leadership strengths and weaknesses. - Helps improve overall leadership effectiveness. ## Weaknesses of the Trait Approach - **Lack of Definitive Traits:** - No clear list of leadership traits. - Numerous studies, inconsistent results. - Endless list of potential traits. - **Ignoring the Situation:** - Traits alone don’t determine leadership. - Different situations require different traits. - Traits might lead to emergence, not maintenance. - **Subjective Interpretation:** - Many different opinions on important traits. - Self-help books often based on personal views. - Lack of strong research to support trait lists. # Lecture 3: *Antigone* ## Creon's Refusal to Engage With Those Around Him Caused His Isolation ### Antigone's Direct Appeal - Antigone's forceful argument for religious and family duties. - Creon's rejection of Antigone's plea. ### The Chorus' Subtle Guidance - The chorus's role in providing guidance to Creon. - Their adaptability to Creon's emotional state. - Examples of their subtle suggestions and warnings ### Haemon's Appeal - Haemon's role as a devoted son. - His warning about the people's opposition to Creon's decision. - Creon's dismissal of Haemon's concerns. ### Tiresias' Prophecy - Tiresias' role as a priest and seer. - His warning about the consequences of Creon's actions. - Creon's initial disbelief and subsequent regret. ### The Sentry's Trepidation - The sentry's fear and uncertainty. - The message conveyed about Creon's leadership style. - Creon's failure to recognize the significance of the sentry's fear. ## Why Leaders Need Dialogue - **Avoid self-imposed loneliness:** Seek counsel from others before making decisions. - **Acknowledge the value of diverse perspectives:** Listen to the insights of those around you. - **Understand the human aspect of leadership:** Engage with people on a personal level. # Lecture 5: Am I Ready to Take Responsibility? ## The Captain’s Moral Dilemma: - The arrival of Archbold, the captain of the Sephora, presents the captain with a difficult moral dilemma. - Archbold's insistence that Leggatt is a murderer challenges the captain's own judgment and understanding of the situation. - To protect Leggatt from unfair treatment, the captain must deceive Archbold, a decision that tests his moral boundaries and forces him to confront his own ethical complexities. ## Can I Take Responsibility? - The captain's dilemma: The captain is increasingly stressed and distracted by the hidden escapee in his cabin, which is affecting his leadership and the crew's morale. - The captain's plan: The captain devises a plan to get the escapee off the ship by asserting his authority, convincing the escapee to leave voluntarily, and creating a distraction to facilitate the escape. ## Can I Take Small Steps Forward? - Managers often underestimate the challenges of new roles. Despite thinking they understand the scope of a new challenge, many managers find themselves unprepared for the rapid deterioration of the situation. - This is often due to a combination of inexperience, misjudgment, and the harsh realities of the work ahead. - Effective leaders respond with action, not avoidance. Instead of avoiding reality through blaming, freezing, or analysis, the new captain takes practical steps to build credibility with the crew. - This involves small, consistent actions that demonstrate leadership and competence. ## Can I Look At The Reality Around Me? - The captain ducks to hide Leggatt in his cabin and then announces his plan to find a safe harbour. He can give his crew credit for empathy, but in failing to consider his other qualities and the practical consequences of taking on and concealing a fugitive, he seems to have forgotten that he is the ship’s captain. - The captain views the world in black and white, and this may lead him to be blind to the realities of his new world as a captain. He seems to have made a conscious choice to view the world of the sea as compared with the world of the land, and in his choice of life at sea, he seems to have chosen a life presenting no disquieting problems, invested with a simplicity of purpose and appealed by the airwaves of its purpose as the captain of the ship. In his new life as a captain, the captain believes, has a single, simple goal: getting the ship safely to its destination. In this context, the new captain has a long way to go before he can say something like this about his own history. ## The Captain’s Burden and the Struggle for Responsibility - Secret sharing: Leggatt’s presence as a stowaway creates a tense and secretive atmosphere. - Pressure and distraction: The captain faces immense pressure to keep Leggatt’s secret, which affects his ability to perform his duties. - Fear of discovery: The captain’s career is at risk if the crew discovers Leggatt. - Internal conflict: The captain struggles with his own emotions and the moral implications of his situation. - Lack of a climactic resolution: Conrad avoids a Hollywood-style heroic act, focusing instead on the internal struggle and the gradual steps toward taking responsibility. ## Do I Really Feel My Responsibilities? - In the days before telecommunications, sea captains were the ultimate empowered employees. - For months on end, they had full and final responsibility for the welfare of a crew and for achieving the military or commercial objectives of a voyage. - When captains faced difficult decisions, they could look to the law of the sea, confer with other officers, and search their memories and experience. - In the end, however, they made their own decisions and lived with the consequences. # Lecture 6 Are My Role Models Unsettling? ## Does My Role Model Meet Deep Needs? - To understand Vasta in *Jerry's *and reflect on the consequences, consider five key questions: - What does my role model elicit me? - Does my role model offer gifts of discomfort? - Do I have down-to-earth role models? - Do I have "will fix" role models? - Do I have wise role models? ## Why Does Jerry Feel So Strongly About Vesta, Forty Years Later? - Jerry's Guilt and Regret for Vesta: - Failed to meet Vesta’s needs: Jerry feels responsible for not being able to fully help Vesta despite his efforts. - Emotional burden: The weight of his parents' illness and Vesta’s situation overwhelmed Jerry. - Responsibility: Jerry took on more than he could handle, including financial obligations and emotional support. - Unresolved debt: Jerry feels he owes Vesta a great deal, but cannot repay it due to her death. - Personal struggles: Jerry’s own vulnerabilities and fears contributed to his feelings of guilt and inadequacy. ## What Does My Role Model Elicit Me? - Vesta is a role model, but not in the traditional sense. The standard definition doesn't fit her very well. - Vesta’s virtues are clear: honesty, simplicity, dignity, and grace. - Jerry hasn’t emulated these traits. - Jerry is anxious about his past choices and he has built a large, extravagant home. - Vesta has been supportive and forgiving. - Vesta’s simple acts of kindness have not had a significant impact on Jerry’s character. - Jerry has always been a kind-hearted person. - Jerry doubts his own toughness. - Yet, even though she isn’t a conventional role model, Vesta plays a crucial role in Jerry’s life and does so by helping him meet some very deep needs. Time is an important reason why he feels so guilty about her memory, despite loving her. Vesta had changed his life. ## Does a Role Model Offer Gifts of Discomfort? - *Vesta’s* presence in Jerry’s memories is a kind of psychological earthquake. - *Vesta*’s influence causes in us a great deal of discomfort. - Discomfort is often the key to real growth. It compels us to ask questions. It forces us into the realm of self-reflection. It pushes us beyond the limits of our comfort zone. ## Jerry's Reflections on His Life - *Ethical Question*: Jerry questions his ethics, admitting he may have succeeded unfairly by taking credit for a student’s invention. - *Racial Bias*: Jerry feels uncomfortable with his daughter’s interracial relationship, despite being open-minded in his business. - *Vesta’s Impact*: Vesta’s memory challenges Jerry to re-evaluate his life and his treatment of others. - *Personal Growth*: Jerry’s experiences with *Vesta* have forced him to confront his own biases and shortcomings. ## Do I Have Down-to- Earth Role Models? - From grade school on, we are encouraged to look for role models among the great figures of history. - These exemplary men and women have often changed the world, often at great personal cost. They lived and sometimes died because of their commitment to important values. - We can learn a great deal from these heroic figures—their lives dramatize important values—but they reside on pedestals. - Their challenges, virtues, and feats are far removed from the daily lives of almost everyone. ## Do I Have “Will Fix” Role Models? - One of Jerry’s vivid memories of *Vesta* involves a primitive wooden sign in front of her house. - It was shaped like a teapot, colored a faded pink, and had black cracks painted all over it, along with the words “Will Fix”. - She supported herself, by mending broken china. - Mending requires extraordinary patience and exquisite attention to detail. - Four decades later, Jerry can still picture *Vesta*, sitting at her table, doing this work. - Why is this memory so vivid? - This is why Confucius advised people who are seeking to learn about virtue and vice to look to, not for those above themselves, but to their left and right. - Many people look for role models among historical figures, and then are disappointed if they lack the ability to fix things. - Jerry, in contrast, learns something from someone he meets in the ordinary course of life. ## Do I Have Wise Role Models? - The most important thing in life is to do the right thing, however challenging it may be. - Always remember: It’s never too late to learn a new lesson *and* it’s never too late to realize an old lesson. - And the most important lesson is that if you’re going to be a wise leader, you need to find wise role models. - The best role models are those who show us who we should be, not just who we could be. - They teach us how to live a life of purpose, not just a life of success. - And above all, they show us that the real journey is the one that takes us inside ourselves, not the one that takes us to the top of the world. - This is the journey that Jerry’s experiences with Vesta have led him to—a journey of self-discovery, compassion, and integrity. - And this is the journey that we all should be inspired by.