Lab Exam 4 Notes PDF

Worksheet #17: The Digestive System Toad Buccal Cavity ) (7) buccal fat-a mouth...

Worksheet #17: The Digestive System Toad Buccal Cavity ) (7) buccal fat-a mouth - buccal cavity — space within the mouth, opened wide - mechanically and chemically breaks down food into by cutting the corners of the mouth greater extension when capturing simpler molecules that can be absorbed and utilized 1. tongue — at the tip of the lower jaw, extensible, prey by cells in the body attached to the anterior portion of mouth floor - process takes place as food moves along a digestive 2. maxillary teeth — line maxillary arch, help grasp prey (serrations] tract where it mixes with secretions from various 3. vomerine teeth — serrated ridges, posterior to peripheral glandular organs choanae, help grasp prey - food components that cannot be broken down into choanae/internal nares — paired openings found such state are excreted as fecal waste anterior to roof of buccal cavity - incomplete digestive system — has a digestive tract 4. opening of the esophagus — dorsal, median that ends blindly, undigested waste material is opening at posterior end of buccal cavity egested through the mouth (one opening) glottis — ventral, slit-like median opening, - complete digestive system — has an additional orifice surrounded by cartilage respiratory system (anus or cloaca) for the exit of undigested waste Toad Body Cavity (6) material (two openings) (cockroach, vertebrates) - coelom/body cavity — space containing visceral organs cockroach anus — exit of feces, excretory waste 1. pleuro-peritoneal cavity — part of the coelom toad cloaca — exit for feces, urine, and gametes located at the chest and abdomen A. The Incomplete Digestive System of the Fluke (5) 2. pericardial cavity — contains the heart 1. oral sucker — round, at tapered anterior end, - peritoneum — surface of pleuro-peritoneal cavity, borders mouth thin squamous epithelia and supporting connective tissue 2. mouth - exit 3. parietal peritoneum — lines inner body wall visceral 3. pharynx — short, broad tube, after mouth 4. visceral peritoneum — forms surface of organs (3) 4. esophagus — short, posterior to pharynx, 5. mesenteries — continuations of peritoneum that -go bifurcates into the intestines hold/suspend organs in place, double membranes, attach from dorsal/ventral body wall ventral mesenteries A not observed - 5. intestines — do not open into any other orifice remain remnants and derivatives (only Chinese liver fluke 6. omentum — double membrane peritoneal derivative, Clonorchis sinensis — two linear branches O bridges/holds together certain visceral organs parasitic flatworm Fasciola gigantica — two main branches that Toad Digestive Tract (5) send out several smaller branches laterally 1. esophagus — tubular organ that extends from the B. The Complete Digestive System of the Cockroach 9) (3) buccal cavity, passageway of ingested food to stomach distinct crifice (unidirectional " flow of food) 1. foregut — followed by midgut 2. stomach (5) — large, bean-shaped muscular organ initial 1. esophagus 1. cardiac end — anterior end of stomach 2. crop — very wide, most prominent feature of mesogaster — dorsal mesentery that digestion foregut, tapers anteriorly into esophagus and suspends the stomach at the cardiac end pharynx ↑ 2. pyloric end — posterior end 3. gizzard — distinct chamber, posterior to crop 3. lesser curvature — medial surface inner 4. greater curvature — lateral surface 2. midgut — leads to hindgut 4. midgut — thin lumen — cavity, exposed when stomach is cut along greater curvature 5. gastric ceca — tubular protrusions, anterior end rugae — folds of stomach wall 3. hindgut 5. pyloric sphincter — constriction, marks the 6. Malpighian tubules — very fine threads at the boundary of the stomach and small intestine junction between midgut and hindgut 3. small intestine (3) — coiled and tubular, posterior to 7. ileum — very thin anterior portion * last part of human St stomach, where most of chemical digestion and 8. colon — main length, leads to rectum absorption is completed nutrient absorption , mixes bile 1. duodenum — anterior, parallel to stomach and 9. rectum — leads to anus I *anus — exit of feces and excretory waste 2. ileum — longer, posterior * no jejunum eithe 3. mesenterium/mesentery proper — dorsal and C. The Complete Digestive System of the Toad (7) highly vascularized mesentery that suspends digestive tract — where food passes through small intestine,can carefully be seen stretches SI outwards by carefully stretching SI outwards digestive glands — outgrowths that secrete lesser omentum/gastrohepatoduodenal enzymes towards the tract via ducts omentum — translucent membrane from the 1. Toad Buccal Cavity liver to the stomach and duodenum 2. Toad Body Cavity 4. large intestine — large sac-like organ water absorption 3. Toad Digestive Tract mesorectum — dorsal mesentery that suspends the large intestine and spleen 4. Toad Digestive Glands spleen — small, dark-colored ovoid organ 5. Microscopic Anatomy of Small Intestine suspended on a mesentery, near the junction of the 6. Microscopic Anatomy of Stomach SI and LI, part of the lymphatic system 7. Microscopic Anatomy of Liver 5. cloacal opening — leads to the LI via the cloaca  Toad Digestive Glands (3) Microscopic Anatomy of Frog Liver x.s. (8) 1. liver — large, dark-colored organ with many lobes - polygonal liver lobules — divisions of liver x.s., 29 1. right lobe — largest lobes produces bile for fat may not be apparent in x.s. digestion 1. central vein — very large, at middle of each lobule 2. left lobe — largest lobes 2. portal triads — mark corners of lobule 26 anterior left lobe 1. bile duct Zu 24 posterior left lobe gall bladder stones - eat too many fatty food 2. gall bladder — round, sac-like organ suspended 2. arteriole 26 between the right and left lobes of the liver stores and 3. venule za releases bile 3. pancreas — irregularly-shaped and elongated 3. pigment granules — dark, interspersed throughout x.s. Kinded secretory organ embedded in the lesser omentum, a 3 4. hepatocytes — have nuclei, arranged in irregular Stomach near the duodenum and stomachproduces digestive clusters liver cells enzymes Microscopic Anatomy of Frog Small Intestine x.s. (5) Y 5. sinusoids — spaces between cell clusters, where the blood can be in contact with the cells nutrientsexchange of allow 1. serosa/visceral peritoneum of — very thin, outermost SE flows w/in sinusoids of liver oxygen , , waste btwn , and blood hepatocytes & layer, with blood vessels, lymph spaces, and nerves 6. bile ducts — come in various sizes, walls are lined smooth muscle simple 3 2. muscularis — inner to serosa moves food along the with cuboidal epithelial cells, may contain greenish- digestivetration as , longitudinal smooth muscle gray tinted bile in their lumen 3b 1. stratum longitudinale — thinner, outer circular smooth muscle 7. arterioles — have more layers in their walls /P 3a 2. stratum circulare — thicker, inner looks stretched (compared to bile ducts), may contain RBCs, thicker 2 3. submucosa — light-colored LCT, inner to smooth muscle layer (compared to venules) (red) muscularis, follows foldings of villi, with many lymph 8. venules — have more layers in their walls (compared spaces and large blood vessels fibrous ICT to bile ducts), may contain RBCs larger lumen , 1 4. mucosa — innermost layer of small intestine (2) simple tissue columnar epithelial cells goblet cells thicker lighter colored - , , secrete mucus , interspersed among columnar epithelia 5. villi — fingerlike outgrowths, project into the lumenincrease the surface area of the S1 for nutrient absorption. - lumen — where food passes through, center of x.s. - valves of Kerckring — permanent circular folds that line the small intestine, lined by villi macroscopic Microscopic Anatomy of Frog Stomach x.s. (6) 1. serosa — very thin, outermost layer, similar to SI visceral peritoneum 2. subserosa — thinner, inner to serosa, contains N same connective tissue, blood vessels, and longitudinal smooth muscle strands Smooth muscle 3. muscularis — very thick, circular smooth muscle cells, inner to subserosa LCT 4. submucosa — light-colored LCT, inner to muscularis, follows folds of the rugae, similar function and composition to SI submucosa muscle layer 5. muscularis mucosa — thin, inner to submucosa, follows folds of the rugae expel the contents of gastric glands , in Lamina propria to lumen D 1. stratum longitudinale — outer 2. stratum circulare — inner 6. mucosa — innermost layer (2) la 1. columnar eptihelial layer — thinner and inner gastric pits — many depressions, lead to gastric glands ↓ Search epithelia Ib 2. lamina propria — thicker, underlying, with gastric glands (and connective tissue between them) outer gastric glands — multicellular, cells are difficult to distinguish from each other 1. neck/Foveolar cells — neck (secrete mucus) autoprotectant of stomach - prevents autodigestion by HC) 2. zymogenic cells — base of the fundus (chief cells - secrete pepsinogen) 3. parietal cells — periphery of fundus or between zymogenic cells (secrete HCl) gastric acid stomach - rugae — folds at interior of x.s. (vs. villi) expand the stomach for more food storage  mouth pharynx oral sucker esophagus intestines esophagus foregut crop gastric ceca gizzard midgut ileum hindgut colon rectum  vomerine teeth maxillary teeth opening of the esophagus tongue Having the tongue attached anteriorly allows for greater extension when capturing prey. omentum parietal peritoneum coelom pleuro-peritorial cavity visceral peritoneum mesenteries  anterior left lobe liver posterior left lobe esophagus right lobe bladder gall pancreds cardiac duodenum end small ileum greaterture stomach intestine lesser curvature mesenterium pyloric end PylovInter spleen large intestine cloaca cloacal opening initial produces bile for fat digestion - digestion - and stores and releases bile - mixes bile digestive enzymes - - nutrient absorption - produces digestive enzymes - water absorption  lumen villi mucosa submucosa muscularis stratum circulare stratum longitudinale Seros a Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine for nutrient absorption. The muscularis moves food along the digestive tract via peristalsis.  subserosa muscularis rugae submucosa mucosa lamina propria muscularis mucosa submucosa muscularis subserosa Serosa stratum longitudinale stratum circulare Rugae expand the stomach after consumption of food and liquids. The muscularis of the gastric glands the lamina propria into the mucosa expels the contents in lumen. - pepsinogen - mucus - HCI  pigment granules portal triad central vein bile duct arteriole sinusoid venule hepatocyte Blood flows within the sinusoids of the liver. Sinusoids allow the exchange of nutrients and waste between and blood. , oxygen , hepatocytes  mouth Exercise #18: The Respiratory System Toad Respiratory Tract/Buccal Cavity (8) - external nares: dorsal aspect of snout - Respiration 1. choanae/internal nares: paired anterior openings on a head ofromerine teeth Oxygen influx and carbon dioxide efflux is roof of buccal cavity, air coming through the external important for the continuation of aerobic cellular nares enters the buccal cavity via the internal nares respiration in animals 2. openings of the Eustachian tube: at the angles of the inner ear-equalize Exchange of gases to and from the body pressure air jaw atm/ cavity btwn buccal inner ear The process is done through respiratory organs: 3. openings to the vocal sacs: in male toads, slit-like, tracheal systems, gills, the integument, lungs (4) ventral to each Eustachian tube opening posterior In animals with thin, permeable, or highly 4. glottis: slit-like opening on ventral midline of buccal vascularized integuments and high body volume- cavity, surrounded by two cartilages that protect it to-surface area ratio, respiration occurs as simple 5. arytenoids: paired, immediately flank glottis gas diffusion through the integument (e.g. toads) 6. cricoid: forms a ring around arytenoids - Four Conditions for Efficient Gas Exchange in Organs SPCE 7. larynx/voice box: chamber, lumen is seen by cutting 1. high surface area along glottis and through the cricoid, houses vocal 2. high permeability cords trachea bronchi bronchioles > - > - alveoli - > > - (start of lungs) 3. contact with oxygen-rich medium 8. vocal cords: paired thin flaps of connective tissue, 4. exposure to blood circulation/tissues one vocal cord is associated with one arytenoid insects humanus ! cartilage, produce croaking sound of animal through A. Tracheal System of Pediculus humanis capitis w.m. (3) airways human head louse vibrations caused by the passage of air (from the - Derived from invaginations of the integument lungs) through the larynx that's why you need air to sing. ↳ cavity folded back on itself to form a 1. spiracles: openings to the respiratory system, at bronchial tubes: paired, connect the larynx and lungs I ventral holes L the sides of the animal at almost every segment ↳ air flows freely (simultaneous inflow & outflow) Toad Coelom (1) body cavity 2. trachea: tubes that the spiracles immediately - lungs open into 3. tracheal trunks: paired, the largest tracheae, run paired, sac-like longitudinally near the sides of the animal dorsal to liver behind liver !! liked-gilid tracheoles: finer tubes that tracheal trunks seen at antero-lateral end of pleuro-peritoneal branch further into, in direct contact with tissues cavity, positive pressure breathing, air is forced into (disappear (w/hemolymph the lungs via the floor of the mouth - Air enters through spiracles, passes into trachea, of invertebrates) "blood" ↳ flows along tracheal trunks, and reaches tissues via mammals : pleural cavity tracheoles. spiracles trachea tracheal trunk tracheoles > - - - > - tissues negative pressure B. Gill System of Fish Specimen (6) aquatic animals (e g. tilapia. diaphragm ahead 1. operculum: bony flap, anterior to pectoral fins, protects gills contained within the gill chamber 2. gill chamber: underlying space, continuous with the buccal cavity, contain feathery gills contain the gills !! feathery 3. gill filaments: thin, elongated extensions, - meetles conditions attached to gill arches, house dense networks of capillaries, two rows per gill arch in tilapia 2 rows per gill arch 4. gill arches: bony, hold gill filaments, four & pairs per side in tilapia Y gill arches per side ! 5. gill rakers: short and pointed, on the inner surface of gill arches, filter debris from entering gill filaments and trap food particles (gills continuous are w/mouth !) (capillaries) 6. pharyngeal clefts: spaces between the arches - Blood vessels within gill filaments flow opposite to water, maintaining a countercurrent gradient for efficient gas exchange. countercurrent flow/exchange exchange of a : a substance (02) directions for most btwn fluids (water & blood) flowing in opposite - The mouth and operculum open and close alternately. favorable gradients An open mouth pulls oxygen-rich water into the gills, and a closed mouth pushes carbon dioxide-rich water out to the environment. C. Lung System of Toad (2) reptiles , birds mammals , - Derived from the inner wall of the digestive tract, developed from its outpocketings into the coelom body cavity ↳ the growth of surface form carity a to a 1. respiratory tract: where air passes through 2. lungs  tracheal trunk spiracles - tracheoletrachea Air enters through spiracles passes , into trachea flows , along tracheal trunks and reaches tissues , via tracheoles. pharyngeal clefts gill chamber gill filament gill arch gill rakers operculum  Four pairs of gill arches per specimen. Blood vessels within gill filaments flow opposite to water , maintaining a countercurrent gradient for efficient gas exchange. Gill rakers filter debris from entering gill filaments and trap food particles. Entire internal are lungs cricoid arytenoid glottis larynx Vocal cord openings to the vocal sacs Themouthandopercuumopenandclosealternately. Anopenmonth pulls O-rich water inshe pleuro-peritoneal cavity pleural carity positive pressure negative pressure floor of the mouth diaphragm  aperture - opening BU TV valves membranous flaps (2 or 3) left atrium - Exercise #19: The Circulatory System 1. LA: receives oxygenated blood from lungs, wall contains opening to pulmonary vein (PV → LA) - Performs the transport of gases, nutrients, and other right atrium 2. RA: receives deoxygenated blood from the body substances to and from different parts of the body 3. interatrial septum: thin wall of tissue that Closed circulation: blood is transported via vessels (vertebratescephalopods) separates the atria annelids , , Open circulation: hemolymph freely moves within 4. sinoatrial aperture (back): opening in dorsal wall the body cavity (invertebrates arthropods mollusks) - , of RA, serves as the entrance of blood from SV No circulatory system: blood is transported (SV → SA → RA) blood passes through from SV to RA between cells and tissues by body movements (flatworms um 5. right and left atrioventricular apertures: where. DORSAL sponges A. The Open Circulatory System of the Cockroach (4 + 1) blood passes through from RA and LA to 1. dorsal aorta: medial membranous tube, runs ventricle, valves guard these openings to prevent along the thorax and continues into the the backflow of blood leasily destroyed in opening of heart cannot , be abdomen/heart (RA → RAA → V / LA → LAA → V) 2. heart: divided into diamond-shaped chambers pumps 4. ventricle: large, highly muscular, triangular structure, hemolymph ostia: valves that guard heart, difficult to see, the most prominent part of the heart, multiple into body cavities allow the inflow of hemolymph to the heart, muscular pockets can be seen on ventricle walls, Ostia values prevent backflow one direction flow Ithroughbody movements anterior margin contains opening to CA (V → CA), 3. pericardial sinus: cavity where heart is located area abovered opening guarded by two valves line 4. dorsal diaphragm: membranous sheet that pula line 1. spiral valve: directs -ur blood flow separation toescorrect of blood vessels as it passes CA i no ↳ interventricular septum separates pericardial sinus from rest of the body 2. semilunar valve: prevents backflow from CA to B. The Closed Circulatory System of Tetrapods hemoceledepencardi as ventricle (V → semilunar → CA) oxgenated blood body deoxy blood > - > - lungs 1. The Toad Heart The Mammalian Heart pig 2. The Mammalian Heart 1. shape (2) 3. The Toad Venous System 1. base: larger, anterior end (flat) 4. The Toad Arterial System 2. apex: narrow, posterior end - Circulatory System of Vertebrates (5) 2. external vessels (2) small blood vessels that cover heart heart 1. blood 3 1. coronary veins: drain cardiac muscles 2. heart: serves as the pump, sends blood to the 6 2. coronary arteries: supply cardiac muscles different parts of the body via arteries 3. chambers (4 external, 8 internal) OA 3. arteries and arterioles (smaller arteries): arteries 4. major blood vessels (4) Artery have thicker, muscular walls compared to veins, Arteriea carry oxygenated blood away from the heart deeper ↳ chambers (4 external, 8 internal) projection lungs 1. left and right atria: anterior pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated blood to the ridges lungs DT vin 4. veins and venules (smaller veins): veins return 2. left and right ventricles: posterior, with thick, · deoxygenated blood to the heart ↳ skin (thin wall muscular walls (LV more muscular than RV) seen on venous for needles lungs 1. trabeculae carnae: ridges found on the walls of pulmonary vein: returns oxygenated blood ventricles, prevent suction in ventricles reinforces 5. capillaries: where gas and nutrient exchange ventriculara , 2. interventricular septum: separates ventricles occurs, found in between arterioles and venules 3. interatrial septum: separates atria Toad Body Cavity (4) 4. atrioventricular aperture: opening on each side of 1. heart: bulbous structure, anterior to the liver, found heart, connects atria to ventricles, bordered by - ↑ within pericardial cavity bicuspid valve (left) and tricuspid valve (right) 2. pericardial cavity: cavity containing heart 5. bicuspid/mitral valve (left): two membranous 3. visceral pericardium: membranous layer that covers flaps, connected to papillary muscles via the surface of the heart, continuous with parietal chordae tendinae,# aid in the opening and closing pericardium dark-w/blood lighter-blood movin 4. parietal pericardium/parietal sac: lining of the whole away of valves , papillary muscles: projections from ventricle walls = pericardial cavity, slit sac to expose the heart · chordae tendinae: tough, thread-like structures The Toad Heart (3-chambered, 5 external, As 9 internal) (body) Pre-and post-cavae 6. tricuspid valve (right): three flaps, aid in the 4 # chambers + A - separate the heart from the body by cutting through: opening and closing of valves transpidvale e a Seminar pre- and post-cavae posterior/inferior anterior/superior (back), conus arteriosus, lungs ven a set - cut heart longitudinally to expose internal structure major blood vessels NOSPIRAL VALVE in mammals ! dorsal 1. RA: leads to pre- and post-caval veins A bicuspid value 1. sinus venosus (SV) (back): dark-colored, pulsating dorsaro I 2. RV: opens to pulmonary artery is considerea structure, receives all deoxygenated blood from the via semilunar valve: along opening, half-moon flaps in some references body and deposits it into the RA (SV → RA) that slightly cover pulmonary artery 2. conus arteriosus (CA): bulb-like structure, lying in out of ! 3. LA: receives pulmonary vein between the atria, slightly obstructs RA from Pred view heart post-cava ↓ not 100 % deoxy (musculocutaneous 4. LV: connects to # dorsal aorta 3. left and right atria: anterior and lateral to ventricle, has oxy) Lung thin walled r oxyge at the *Sinus venosus: Reduced to sino-atrial node near caval veins in the right atrium ↳ acts as heart's normal o *Seminara , pacemaker  TOAD blood carry deoxy into sinus O systemic veins venosus - renal portal veins carry deoxy blood into filtering organ (2 hepatic& : O a - pulmonary veins carry oxy blood into LA (from lungs ) ! ③ - veins-dark , thin-walled structures carryoxyblood VENTRAL EXCEPT pulmocutaneous at,a =toge pulmonary e ↳ cutaneous] deoxy anterior DRAINS ,bo ↳ branches of the veins -Power ja truncus ⑫ - e arteries ⑩ paired (3) light - color dorsal (3) - DORSAL , to venous - brain via - anterior to SV ⑬ system CAD short paired ⑳ - Eustachian tube anterior shoulders ① v orange ⑪ - medial structures orange - face jaw scalp oral cavity eyes posterior i , , , more medial ⑬ - ③ =arseriou - brain lateral structures , of head -exposed by tearing ⑮ Lungs parietalperitoneall ⑭ - more lateral ⑮ ↳ detects Oz , CO2 , and pH levels in the blood a (2) lateral respondstostimuli , maintains tellingtoadaretation homeostasis by - beside brachial posterior to SV -gently pull - - TA - away from - clean blood only body nerve ⑭ forelineus) - ⑭ sys tellite mediallySkinthebaMy of skin several posterior sides of - - pairs - paired both Y ⑪ - Stomach ⑭ ⑯ ⑬ lateralmagiin the anterior - on - from liver lobes ⑯ ⑤ embeddedonmeseny ate - humans * mone in ⑮ joins (5)