Lab 1; Blood and Blood Types.pdf

LAB 1: BLOOD AND BLOOD TYPES FUNCTION OF BLOOD Transportation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes to appropriate tissue/organs. Protection via clotting and immune response. BLOOD COMPOSITION Plasma : fluid portion (55% of blood) ○ 90% water ○ Nutrients, ions, hormones...

LAB 1: BLOOD AND BLOOD TYPES FUNCTION OF BLOOD Transportation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes to appropriate tissue/organs. Protection via clotting and immune response. BLOOD COMPOSITION Plasma : fluid portion (55% of blood) ○ 90% water ○ Nutrients, ions, hormones, proteins (ex: albumin, antibodies, and fibrinogen) Formed elements: cells (45% of blood) ○ Thrombocytes: PLATELETS ○ Leukocytes: white blood cells (WBC) ○ Erythrocytes: red blood cells (RBC) 99% of formed elements are RBC PLASMA (by centrifuge) V.S. SERUM (by letting tube sit) Plasma: fluid portion (55% of blood) (INACTIVE fibrinogen in plasma) ○ 90% is water ○ Nutrients, ions, hormones, proteins (ex: albumin, antibodies, and fibrinogen) ○ Fibrinogen is a clotting factor Serum: fluid portion (plasma) without the clotting factors (does not contain fibrinogen) ○ Once blood clots, the fluid portion only consists of serum THROMBOCYTES (PLATELETS) Platelets: fragmented cells involved in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding ○ Clotting factors (e.g. fibrin) also needed ○ FIBRIN AND FIBRINOGEN: Fibrinogen is the precursor protein that is converted into fibrin. Fibrin is the fibrous protein that forms the structural basis of a blood clot. LEUKOCYTES (WBC) Leukocyte: provides immunity and defense against infection ERYTHROCYTES (RBC) Erythrocyte: biconcave cell that lacks a nucleus and mitochondria - most important it carries oxygen!! The oxygen carrying capacity of our blood partially depends on the # of RBCs Hemoglobin Molecule: ○ 1 iron containing heme pigment on each globin molecule ○ 4 globin molecule = hemoglobin molecule ○ 280 million hemoglobin molecules on one RBC ○ One oxygen binds to the iron on each heme… thus one hemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen ERYTHROCYTE LIFE AND DEATH Rate of production: ○ Made in the red bone marrow (regulated by erythropoietin) ○ Increase in erythrocytes → increase # of RBCs Erythropoietin: hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates RBC production when blood oxygen levels are low. RBCs have a circulating life span of about 120 days Rate if destruction: ○ Phagocytic cells in the liver and spleen remove worn out or damaged erythrocytes from blood and break them down. Phagocytic cells sit on top reticular fibers in the liver and spleen. MORE ON RBC DESTRUCTION When RBCs are destroyed we must break down the hemoglobin… ○ Globin protein ---> amino acids (reused) ○ Iron ---> recycled (can be used to make new hemoglobin) (reused) ○ *Heme pigment (waste product) ---> bilirubin ---> secreted by liver in bile → bile gets dumped into intestine to defecate Jaundice (buildup of bilirubin): results from an increase level of bilirubin (due to ): ○ RBC destruction ○ Liver dysfunction ○ Bile duct destruction Premature born babies can have jaundice because their liver isn't fully developed. ANEMIA Anemia: decreased ability to transport oxygen (AKA LOW ERYTHROCYTES/RBCs) *Causes ○ LOW rbc count ○ Low hemoglobin count ○ Blood loss ○ Hemolytic disease ○ Bone marrow disease ○ *Iron deficiency (most common cause) ○ Folic acid or Vitamin B12 deficiency (since needed for blood cells production) DIAGNOSING ANEMIA Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): average volume (size) of RBC (normal range 82-92) MeanCorpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed RBC (normal range 32-36) FORMS OF ANEMIA MCV MCHC CAUSE Macrocytic High (>92) Normal Due to lack of folic Normochromic acid and vitamin B12 Normocytic Normal Normal Due to blood loss Normochromic Microcytic Low (