L3- Bones, Cartilages and Joints PDF

University of Basrah Collage of Medicine Department of Anatomy Basic Anatomical Structures Bones , Cartilages And Joints 1st stage MC Lecturer Dr. Samer S. AL-Nussairi Orthopedic Specialist Bones are rigid organs that form a part of the endoskeleton of vert...

University of Basrah Collage of Medicine Department of Anatomy Basic Anatomical Structures Bones , Cartilages And Joints 1st stage MC Lecturer Dr. Samer S. AL-Nussairi Orthopedic Specialist Bones are rigid organs that form a part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. Bone is composed of a flexible matrix and bone cells (osteocytes). The two principal components of this matrix are elastic collagen fibers and calcium phosphate. The mineral components give the compression strength to the bone. 2 1. Support : Forms the frame work that support the body 2- Provides points of attachment for skeletal muscles. 3.Movement : When muscles contract, they pull on bones. 3 4.Protection Protects the organs within the body cavities against mechanical injury. Example: The rib cage protects the heart and lungs, the skull protects the brain 6. Provides a storage site for inorganic salts such as calcium and phosphate and also fatty acid. 4 5. Contains and protects the red bone marrow, where red blood cells (or erythrocytes), white blood cells (or leukocytes) and lymph cells are formed. 5 Bones are composed of two types of tissue: *Compact bone : The hard outer layer of bones is composed of compact bone tissue, so-called due to its minimal gaps and spaces. *Spongy bone : Inside the interior of the bone is the trabecular bone tissue, that is also called cancellous or spongy bone. 6 1.Long bones are longer than they are wide. They can be divided into three regions - epiphysis, metaphysis and the diaphysis. 7  : Epiphysis: is the rounded end of a long bone.  Diaphysis is the hollow, tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.  The metaphysis :the wide portions of long bones and the regions of the bone where growth occurs  Epiphyseal plate: A hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis, located at each end of a long bone where growth occurs in children and adolescents via a process called endochondral ossification 9 10 2.Short bone 11 3. Flat Bone 12  4. Irregular Bone 13 13 The surface of bone is rough and irregular due to attachment of fascia, tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis and muscles. This roughening is not present at birth.The pulling effect of these structures raised the periosteum of new bone deposited under it. 14 Marking Description Example Prominent rounded Head Head of femur surface Facet Flat surface Vertebral facet Condyle Rounded surface Occipital condyles Protuberance Protruding Chin Process Prominence feature Transverse process of vertebra Spine Sharp process Ischial spine Tubercle Small, rounded process Tubercle of humerus Tuberosity Rough surface Deltoid tuberosity Line Slight, elongated ridge Temporal lines of the parietal bones Crest Ridge Iliac crest Fossa Elongated basin Mandibular fossa Fovea Small pit Fovea capitis on the head of the femur Sulcus Groove Sigmoid sulcus of the temporal bones Canal Passage in bone Auditory canal Fissure Slit through bone Auricular fissure Foramen Hole through bone Foramen magnum in the occipital bone Meatus Opening into canal External auditory meatus 15 *Cartilage heals slowly after injury because blood vessels don't penetrated. 18 1-Provide support and form smooth for the joints 3- Withstand pressure 19 20 21 Is the most abundant cartilage, contains collagen fiber in homogenous matrix, this gives it its glassy appearance. It covers the surface of bones at joints ,provides smooth surface for the joint ,that can withstand compression.It also form the costal cartilage, which attaches the ribs to the sternum; it is presented in Bronchi; Bronchial Tubes; Larynx ,Nose; Trachea & Embryonic skeleton It provides smooth surfaces, flexibility and support. 22 It is developmental stage between fibrous tissue and hyaline has more collagen fiber than in hyaline type. *Provides support and rigidity to the attached and surrounding structures *It is Strongest of the three types of cartilage. *It also resists pulling or tearing force. Example : Intervertebral disc Meniscus of the knee joint. 23 24 Joint or articulation is the site where two or more bones come together. Joint is usually movable, but that is but many joints exhibit limited movement, and others are completely immovable. 26 1. Functional classification based on the degree of movement and divides into : A. Synarthrosis : This immovable type of joint provides a strong connection between the adjacent bones ,which serves to protect internal structures Example : 1. Sutures between bones of skull 2. Joint between teeth and upper and lower jaws ( maxilla and mandible ). B. Amphiarthrosis : This type has limited ( Little ) mobility. Example : 1. Symphysis pubis 2. Cartilaginous joint that unites the bodies of adjacent vertebrae 27 28 (Synarthrosis) 29 Sutures Amphiarthrosis ( intervertebral joint) ( Diarthrosis )Hip 1. Gliding joint : Consists of two flat articular surfaces glide on each other. Examples Intertarsal joints, Intercarpal joints ,intertarsal joints , Articular processes of vertebrae. Movement : Gliding. 2. Pivot Joint Consists of round end of one bone fits into ring of bone or ligament. Movement is Rotation around longitudinal axis. Examples : Proximal radio ulnar and Atlantoaxial joint between C1and C2 vertebrae. 3. Hing joint Consists of Cylindrical end of bone fits into trough shape of other. Examples :Elbow joint and knee joints. The movement ( flexion and extension ) 4.Ball and socket joint Spherical end of one bone fits into concave end of the second. It is the most moveable joint. Example :Shoulder joint and Hip joint Multi axial movement 5.Condyloid (Ellipsoid ) joint also called Elongated ball & socket joint Oval shape end of one bone fits into oval shaped depression of the second bone Example : joint between occipital condyles of skull and atlas vertebra , metacarpo-phalangeal joint.The movement is flexion and extension OR Adduction and abduction ). 6. Saddle joint : Two articular saddle shaped surfaces concave & convex oriented on each other Example :carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb, sterno32clavicular joint. A-Sutures : The bones are closely adjacent, and held together by short interconnecting fibers as in the flat bones of the skull. There is no movement. B- Syndesmosis: The bones are separated by some distance and held together by ligaments. Little movement is possible as in distal tibiofibular joint. C-Gomphosis This joint consists of pegs fitted into sockets and held in place by ligaments, as the joints between the teeth and the bone of the jaw. The two bones are held together by periodontal ligament 29 A.Synchondroses (Primary ) The two bones united by a cartilages.There is no or slight movement can occur, as in the cartilages between the first rib and manubrium sterni. B.Symphysis ( secondary ) The bones are joined together by fibrocartilage, which allow a limited movement as in joint between vertebral bodies and symphysis pubis. 30 Joints can also be classified based on their anatomy into 3. Complex Joint: 1. Simple Joint: 2. Compound Joint: Two or more articulation Two articular surfaces Three or more articulation ( Radioulnar joint ) surfaces and an articular disc or surfaces (Radio carpal joint ) meniscus( Knee joint ) (Radius ,Scaphoid and lunate ) 31