Basic Body Structures PDF

Lecture by; Dr. Hayder ALKifaee The Skin (Cutis or Derma)  Largest organ in the body  The main functions of the skin:  Protection  Sensation  Thermoregulation  Metabolic  Cosmetic  The Skin  Consists of two layers: – Epidermis (superfi...

Lecture by; Dr. Hayder ALKifaee The Skin (Cutis or Derma)  Largest organ in the body  The main functions of the skin:  Protection  Sensation  Thermoregulation  Metabolic  Cosmetic  The Skin  Consists of two layers: – Epidermis (superficial) – Dermis (deep)  The layers of the Skin  The Epidermis (Stratified Epidermis Squamous Epithelium, Keratinized type), it is avascular layer Dermis  The Dermis (Dense irregular connective tissue), it is vascular layer  The Skin Appendages  Nail  Hair  Sweat glands  Sebaceous (oil) glands The Skin Appendages The Superficial Fascia (Hypodermis) Mixture of Loose areolar tissue & adipose tissue  The Deep Fascia  Layer of dense connective tissue deep to the superficial fascia  It forms envelope for muscles, blood vessels & nerves  It forms compartments by sending septa The Deep Fascia (membrane of fibrous tissue) Deep fascia Deep fascia  The Deep Fascia Thickenings  The flexor & extensor retinaculum In Regions of Joints, the deep fascia forms thickenings  The Palmar & plantar Aponeurosis are also thickenings of deep fascia The Deep Fascia Thickenings Extensor retinaculum Peroneal Plantar retinaculum aponeurosis Palmar Aponeurosis Flexor Retinaculum The Deep Fascia of the Neck  The Deep Fascia of the Neck  In the neck, it is condensed to form well-defined, fibrous sheets layers  Supports the muscles, vessels & viscera of the neck  The Deep Fascia of the Neck  Investing Layer  Prevertebral Fascia  Pre-tracheal Fascia  Carotid Sheath Cross section in the neck The Deep Fascia of the Neck Investing layer Pretracheal layer  Investing layer  Pretracheal layer  Prevertebral layer  Carotid Sheath Prevertebral layer Carotid shath The Deep Fascia forms Compartments  Visceral compartment  Vascular compartment  Vertebral compartment The Muscles  The Muscles  The Skeletal muscle  Striated, multinucleated, voluntary.  The Cardiac muscle  Striated, branched, single nucleus , intercalated discs, involuntary.  The Smooth muscle  Spindle shaped, single nucleus, involuntary  The Skeletal Muscle  Naming of the muscle  Origin: is the attachment that moves the least  Insertion: is the attachment that moves the most  Nerve supply (motor, sensory & autonomic)  Action (flexor, extensor, abductor, adductor,...) Naming of Skeletal Muscle  Naming of Skeletal Muscle According to the:  Shape (trapezius, rhomboid, deltoid, teres, rectus, orbicularis )  Size (major, minor, maximus, medius, minimus)  Number of heads or bellies (biceps, triceps, quadriceps)  Position (srratus anterior, serratus posterior, pectoralis)  Naming of Skeletal Muscle  Depth (superficialis or profundus)  Attachments (temporalis, coracobrachialis, sternocleidomastoid, medial & lateral pterygoid)  Actions (flexor, extensor, abductor, adductor, masster) The Muscles of Mastication Temporalis Lateral pterygoid Medial pterygoid Masseter Naming of Skeletal Muscle The Smooth Muscle  The Smooth Muscle Locations:  GIT (Gastrointestinal Tract)  Respiratory tract  Blood vessels  Genitourinary tract  Iris The Cardiac Muscle The Heart  The Cartilage  Cartilage is a form of connective tissue that is strong & flexible  The cells & fibers are embedded in a gel-like matrix  The Perichondrium covers the cartilage, Except on the exposed surfaces in joints  There are three types of cartilage  The Types of Cartilage  Elastic cartilage  Fibrocartilage  Hyaline cartilage The Types of Cartilage  Hyaline Cartilage locations  Covering the articular surfaces of bones  Epiphyseal (Growth) plates Epiphyseal plate  Costal cartilages  Nasal cartilages  Cartilages of larynx & Trachea  Skeleton of fetus  Elastic Cartilage locations  Auricle of the ear  External auditory canal  Eustachian tube  Epiglottis The Epiglottis Epiglottis; leaf shaped elastic cartilage that close the larynx during swallowing  Fibrocartilage locations  Intervertebral discs  Semilunar cartilages in knee joint (menisci)  Articular surfaces of the clavicle &mandible  Discs within joints ( within the temporomandibular joint, sternoclavicular joint) Intra-articular Disc Tempromandibular joint The Skeleton  Skull  Shoulder girdle & upper limb bones  Vertebral column  Pelvic girdle & lower  Thoracic cage limb bones Classification of Bones  The Types of Bones  Long Bones (length is greater than width)  Short Bones (cuboidal in shape)  Flat Bones (vault of skull, sternum, ribs)  Irregular Bones (irregular shape)  Sesamoid Bones (small bones found in tendons) The long Bones Upper end Shaft Lower end The Short Bones The Flat Bones The Irregular Bones The Sesamoid Bones Patellar tendon  The Joints  The joint is the site where two or more bones come together  Can be classified according to the type of tissue that connects the articular surfaces  The Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint The joints can be classified into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints depending on the tissue composing the joint & the presence or absence of a cavity in the joint Mobility of the Joints The Structure of Synovial Joint  Articular surfaces  Joint cavity  Joint capsule  Synovial membrane  Ligaments  The Types of Synovial Joints  Ball & socket joint (Shoulder J.)  Hinge joint (elbow J.)  Saddle joint (carpometacarpal J. of thumb)  Ellipsoid joint (wrist J.)  Pivot joint (atalantoaxial J.)  Gliding joint or plane joint (Acromioclavicular J.) The Types of Synovial Joints The Types of Synovial Joints