Lesson 1: General Geology PDF

LESSON 1: GENERAL GEOLOGY Benthic Ecology OVERVIEW Science of Geology the study of living things on the Subdivision of Geology seafloor and how they interact with Relevance of Geology to Civi...

LESSON 1: GENERAL GEOLOGY Benthic Ecology OVERVIEW Science of Geology the study of living things on the Subdivision of Geology seafloor and how they interact with Relevance of Geology to Civil Engineering their environment Earth structure and Composition Biostratigraphy Continental Drift Plate Tectonics branch of stratigraphy that uses fossils Surface Processes to establish relative ages of rock and Weathering correlate successions of sedimentary Erosion and Deposition rocks Earthquake Groundwater and Importance in Civil Geochronology Engineering a discipline of geoscience which measures the age of earth materials SCIENCE OF GEOLOGY Geophysics is about understanding the evolution of information relating to various life on Earth techniques including: airborne Geology electromagnetics, gravity, magnetics, the study of Earth—its interior and its magnetotellurics, radiometrics, rock exterior surface properties and seismic also known as earth science Marine Geochemistry Geologists scientists who study the Earth: its the science used to help develop an history, nature, materials and understanding of the composition of processes coastal and marine water and sediments SUBDIVISION OF GEOLOGY Marine Geophysics Geochemistry a scientific discipline which uses the the study of the chemical processes quantitative observation of physical which form and shape the Earth properties to understand the seafloor and sub-seafloor geology. Oceanography the study of the composition and Marine Surveying motion of the water column and the studies in the water column to processes which are responsible for investigating sediment and that motion. geochemical processes on the seafloor Paleontology and imaging the sub-seafloor rocks the study of fossils and what they Spectral Geology reveal about the history of our planet the measurement and analysis of Sedimentology portions of the electromagnetic the study of sediment grains in marine spectrum to identify spectrally distinct and other deposits, with a focus on and physically significant features of physical properties and the processes different rock types which form a deposit RELEVANCE OF GEOLOGY EARTH STRUCTURE AND TO CIVIL ENGINEERING COMPOSITION Geology provides a systematic study Earth’s Structural Layers of the structure and properties of construction materials and their Crust occurrence. the outermost layer of the earth Geology provides knowledge about Oceanic crust is composed of magma the site used in the construction of that erupts on the seafloor buildings, dams, tunnels, tanks, Continental crust formed from the accumulation of sediments and the reservoirs, highways and bridges melting of rocks Geology helps to identify area susceptible to failures due to Mantle geological hazards such as it is made of solid rock, and it is hot earthquake, landslides, weathering mantle is extremely hot because of the effects, etc. heat flowing outward from it Conduction is a heat transfer that The knowledge about the nature of occurs through rapid collisions of the rocks is very necessary for atoms, which can only happen if the tunnelling, constructing roads and in material is solid. determining the stability of cuts and Convection the movement of particles slopes. through a substance, transporting The foundation problems of dams, their heat energy from hotter areas to bridges and buildings are directly cooler areas. related to the geology of the area Core where they are to be built. ball-shaped core lies beneath the cool, The knowledge of groundwater is brittle crust and the mostly solid mantle necessary for connection with Outer Core a fluid layer composed excavation works, water supply, primarily of iron and nickel. irrigation and many other purposes Inner Core a solid sphere composed Geological maps provides mainly of iron and nickel. information about the structural deposition of rock types in the Earth’s Spheres Biosphere proposed area. Geology helps in determining the made up of the parts of Earth where life exists earthquake-prone areas. Lithosphere The knowledge of erosion, compose of the uppermost portion transportation and deposition (ETD) of the upper mantle and the brittle by surface water helps soil crust conservation, river control, coastal coldest and stiffest region. and harbor works Asthenosphere A geological survey of a site before the denser, weaker layer beneath starting a project will reduce the the lithospheric mantle overall cost Hydrosphere Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis includes water on the surface, traces oceanic crust from its origin at subsurface and water vapor in the a mid-ocean ridge to its destruction at atmosphere. a deep sea trench and is the Atmosphere mechanism for continental drift. made of the layers of gases PLATE TECTONICS surrounding a planet or other movement of the plates over Earth’s celestial body surface Theory of Plate Tectonics Explains how continents and ocean floors move, merging the ideas of continental drift and seafloor spreading Plates are made up of the lithosphere Oceanic Lithosphere Continental Lithosphere Tectonic Plate Boundaries Plate boundaries are the edges where CONTINENTAL DRIFT two plates meet. Divergent plate boundaries Continental Drift Hypothesis the two plates move away from each Alfred Wegener, 20th Century other continents are not fixed in place but Convergent plate boundaries move around on Earth’s surface the two plates move towards each other Transform plate boundaries Evidence for Continental Drift the two plates slip past each other Identical Rocks Mountain Ranges Fossil Evidence Glacial Evidence Coral Reefs and Coal Deposits Seafloor Bathymetry Seafloor was not a flat surface, it had various features, including: Mid-ocean ridges Deep-sea trenches Abyssal plains. Seafloor Spreading Intraplate Activity occurs when the seafloor spreads Geological activity that occurs within apart along both sides of a mid-ocean a tectonic plate rather than at its ridge as new crust is added. boundaries.  Chemical Weathering by Oxygen SURFACE PROCESSES also known as oxidation, occurs when Examines the physical and chemical oxygen reacts with minerals in rocks, exchanges at the Earth's surface, the especially those containing iron. This mechanisms driving these exchanges, and reaction forms oxides, which weakens the landscapes they create. These the rock and causes it to break down processes includes: over time. Weathering Biological Weathering Erosion and Deposition disintegration and decomposition of rocks by living organisms WEATHERING Influences in Weathering The process that changes solid rock into Rock and Mineral Type sediments, where rock is disintegrated into Climate smaller pieces. These processes includes: Mechanical Weathering EROSION AND DEPOSITION Chemical Weathering Erosion is the transport of sediments. Biological Weathering Deposition is when eroded material is Mechanical Weathering eventually dropped somewhere else. also called as physical weathering Forces of Erosion in this process rocks changed Water physically without changing its Wind composition Glaciers Ice Wedging Gravity is the weathering of rocks, where Erosion and Deposition by surfaces within the rock cracks fill with Flowing Water water, freeze, and eventually expand. Erosion occurs when water removes Abrasion soil, rock, or sediment from one it smooths sharp-edged rocks, like location. beach glass or stream cobbles. Deposition happens when the water Chemical Weathering loses energy and drops the eroded material, often forming new landforms The rock changes, not just in size of like deltas, sandbars, or floodplains. pieces, but in composition. It works through chemical reactions that Erosion and Deposition by Groundwater cause changes in the minerals. Erosion occurs when water seeps Chemical Weathering by Water through the soil and rock, dissolving occurs when water dissolves minerals minerals and creating cavities, often in a rock, producing new compounds. leading to features like sinkholes and This reaction is called hydrolysis. caves. Chemical Weathering by Carbon Dioxide Deposition happens when dissolved chemically weathers rock by creating minerals are deposited as the water acids. This weak acid, is able to evaporates or moves into different dissolve some kinds of rocks, in a areas, forming structures like process called carbonation. stalactites and stalagmites in caves. Erosion and Deposition by EARTHQUAKE Waves is the shaking caused by the rupture Erosion refers to the process where and subsequent displacement of coastal materials, such as rocks and rocks beneath Earth’s surface. soil, are worn away and transported by the force of waves. Aftershock Deposition by waves occurs when the is a smaller earthquake that energy of the waves decreases, follows a main earthquake, causing the transported materials to caused by the Earth's crust be dropped or settled. This results in adjusting to stress changes. the formation of beaches, sandbars, Common Impacts: and spits. structural damage to buildings Erosion and Deposition by Wind fires Erosion involves the removal and damage to bridges transport of soil, sand, and other highways particles from the Earth's surface by pipelines wind. electrical transmission lines Deposition occurs when the wind initiation of slope failures loses energy and drops the carried liquefaction particles, leading to the accumulation tsunami of materials. Measuring Earthquake Erosion and Deposition by Magnitude is a measure of the Glacier amount of energy released by an Erosion involves the scraping, earthquake. plucking, and grinding of the Earth's Intensity is a measure of the surface as glaciers move. amount of shaking experienced Deposition occurs when glaciers melt and damage done at a particular and lose their ability to carry location around the earthquake. materials. The debris they drop, known as glacial till, forms landforms such as moraines, drumlins, and GROUNDWATER AND eskers. IMPORTANCE IN CIVIL Erosion and Deposition by ENGINEERING Gravity Erosion by gravity refers to the Groundwater process where soil, rock, or other found beneath the Earth's surface in surface materials are worn away and soil pore spaces and fractures of rock moved downhill due to the force of formations. gravity. Deposition by gravity happens when Accumulate from: these eroded materials are eventually Precipitation deposited in a new location as gravity Infiltration slows them down, causing them to accumulate. Aquifers Environmental Considerations are geological formations that can Construction can affect store, transmit, and yield groundwater quality through groundwater. pollution and altered flow Types of Aquifers patterns. Confined Aquifers Infrastructure Projects trapped between two impermeable Roadways: Groundwater affects layers road stability and drainage; Unconfined Aquifers requires effective drainage is exposed at the ground surface systems to prevent damage. Buildings: Design considerations Characteristics of Aquifers include foundation stability, Porosity is the percentage of basement waterproofing, and open space within an settlement monitoring. unconsolidated sediment or a Water Supply: Groundwater is a rock. critical source for potable water; Permeability is a measure of requires proper well design and how easily water can flow contamination prevention. through the porous material. Water Table is the upper boundary of the saturated zone in an unconfined aquifer, where the pressure head is equal to atmospheric pressure. Importance: Indicator of Groundwater References Availability Earle, S. (2019, September 23).. Influence on Construction Pressbooks. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeolog Importance in Civil Engineering y2ed/front-matter/download-a-pdf/ Foundation Design CK-12 Foundation. (n.d.). CK-12 affects stability and bearing Foundation. capacity of foundations; high https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12- groundwater can lead to earth-science settlement or erosion. PREPARED BY: GROUP1 Excavation and Dewatering BELLOMOS, IVAN LIEPER Involves dealing with high water DELA CRUZ, ELAH GRACE tables, varying soil types, and HERRERA, CRIZELLE BIANCA environmental impacts, requiring MAGAN, KENT LORENZ effective management solutions. VILLACASTIN, FLORMAE