L03 CROP CLASSIFICATION 2024.pdf

LECTURE 3 CROP CLASSIFICATION  LEARNING OUTCOMES From this lecture, students are able to: ❑ Understand the crop classification. ❑ Explain the example of each crop classifications. ❑ Understand the Horticulture Crops.  Classification of Crops Crops can be classified in various...

LECTURE 3 CROP CLASSIFICATION  LEARNING OUTCOMES From this lecture, students are able to: ❑ Understand the crop classification. ❑ Explain the example of each crop classifications. ❑ Understand the Horticulture Crops.  Classification of Crops Crops can be classified in various ways such as follows: According to their life-cycle According to uses (commodity) According to botanical and morphological characteristics ACCORDING TO THEIR LIFE CYCLE The life cycle of a plant is the period from planting or germination to completion of vegetative and reproductive stage of the plant. According to their life cycles, crops can be divided into three categories: i) Annuals ii) Biennials iii) Perennials  germinate, i) Annual Crops: bloom > die - - naturally.. Their life cycle is ONE YEAR or LESS, mostly 3 – 4 months from planting to maturity i.e. the crops mature and bear fruits in less than one year after planting. The products (fruits/seeds) are harvested and the crops then die off naturally. Plants need to be re-planted using seeds or vegetative parts for next harvest. Is stem leaves.  Maize – Zea mays Paddy – Oryza sativa Annual Crops Kangkung. Water spinach – Ipomoea aquatica Chilli pepper – Capsicum annuum Example of annual crops: REMEMBER LIFE CYOLE ! Crops Life Cycle Paddy 125 – 135 days (depending on varieties) Maize 90 – 120 days 60 – 75 days (sweet corn) Peanut 120 – 150 days Tapioca fermentea 8 – 10 months 6 – 8 months (sweet type) Vegetables 4 – 5 weeks (salad & water spinach) 2– 3 months (chili's, tomatoes & eggplant)  2nd year 1st year bare fruit germinate. ii) Biennial Crops: bloom growth coormency period) Their life cycle completes in TWO YEARS or LESS. The products, either fruits, seeds or tubers, are harvested in the second year of growth. The crops then have to be re-planted to get a second cycle of crop growth and the products.  TITLE CONTENT Nanas – Ananas comosus Banana – Musa acuminata Biennial Crops Cassava – Manihot esculenta Sugarcane – Saccharum officinarum Example of biennial crops: REMEMBER LIFE CYOLE ! Crops Life Cycle Pineapples 15 – 17 months Banana 12 – 15 months Sugarcane 9 – 16 months Tapioca (white coloured ( 12 – 18 (bitter type) in question must put type e. g (sweet/bitter  -Industria I iii) Perennial Crops: / tropical Perennial crops have a life cycle of MORE THAN TWO YEARS, usually from 3 years to more than 30 years. Normally, these crops are re-planted when they attain 25-30 years old, when their yields start to decline.  Durian Pulasan (Durio zibethinus) (Nephelium ramboutan-ake) Langsat (Lansium parasiticum) Mangosteen Tarap (Garcinia mangostana) (Artocarpus odoratissimus)  REMEMBER the scientific name ! Example of perennial crops: Most plantation crops such as oil palm, rubber, cocoa, cofea Sp. tea, coffee and coconut. Fruit species such as durian, rambutan, jackfruit, mangoes, star fruit and bambangan. Beverage crops such as coffee, tea and cocoa, fall under the perennial category.  IMPORTANT OF ANNUAL AND PERENNIAL CROPS  ANNUAL FOOD CROPS They are the sources of food for humans, livestock, birds and sometimes fish and wildlife. The major food crops grown are annuals and planted for food, followed by processing into food products or by-products. These annual tropical food crops include: paddy, maize, tapioca, sweet potatoes peanut, green gram, soybean wheat, barley, potatoes (grown in temperate countries) In tropical regions, paddy is the major food crop  Annual food crop nonfood crop -mostly annual why - need to harvest fast and in mass production. paddy-rice - maize - flour tapioca-flour most important > paddy. - Malaysia 70% self produced - 30 % imported ↓ beras javanika.  RICE Malaysia is still not self-sufficient in rice production (i.e. 60 - 70 % self sufficient in rice requirements). Malaysia still needs to catch up as it produces rice at a self-sufficiency rate of 65 % in 2021 compared with the target, 75 % set in the 12th Malaysia Plan (2021-2025). We import rice from Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia and to some extent from India. The major paddy growing areas in the country are: Kedah - MADA (the rice bowl of Malaysia) muda agriculture development association Kelantan - KADA kemu bu Selangor - Tanjung Karang & Sekinchan Perak - Teluk Intan In these areas, irrigation facilities are available and paddy can be planted twice a year or 5 times in 2 years. In Malaysia - broadcasting method. In the major paddy growing area, paddy is grown on estate basis where paddy seeds are sown by direct seeding and harvesting is done using combine harvesters. The average paddy yield for the country is 3.5 to 4 million metric tons 18  World Rice Production by Country 2023 Other : Burma Philippines Pakistan Brazil Cambodia Japan USA Egypt South Korea Malaysia Etc…  Paddy Varieties Paddy varieties widely grown in Malaysia are: ↑ quantity product produce MR 220CL2 (has better rice quality and the variety is resistant to pests and diseases) (2010), MR297 / Padi Siraj 297 (high yield & high quality) (2016) MR219 (2001) New Varieties 2021: fast growth to harvesting. MR315 / Seri Waja (105 – 109 days) MRQ104 / Kembang Sari (115 – 122 days) Inorise Resistant to pests & diseases High yield Older varieties: Malinja (1964), Bahagia (1968), Mahsuri (1965) etc…..  OTHER FOOD CROPS Tapioca and maize upo stream > - raw material down stream process product. Tapioca and maize are staple food for the majority of inhabitants in Africa. In Malaysia, these crops are used to make snacks and cakes, boiled/roasted for family’s consumption or processed into chips and packed for export. Maize and soybean are major components in livestock feed industry. Malaysia imports > RM 2 billion worth of maize and soybean yearly for this purpose. good feedlot 7 good ↑ ford 4 growth agriculture for practice. live stoks.  everyday / staple consume ,. ANNUAL NON-FOOD CROPS The annual non-food crop spp. are grown for spices, vegetables or medicinal plants. These include: Phasey bean (a pasture legume) for cattle feed. Other annual species but classified as vegetables (not as food crops): why considered non ! do not consume everyday. Chillies [used as spice or food preservative] Okra [vegetables] Eggplant [vegetables]  PERENNIAL FOOD CROPS Among the perennial food crops of importance are Sago and Peach palm: Sago (Metroxylon sagu) In Sarawak, sago has been planted on a wide area and the starch are processed into food products and snacks for local markets and for export. Sago waste (after starch processing) or freshly cut trunks, split open are for livestock (e.g. deer) feeds. Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) the terminal shoot (umbut) is used as vegetable. The fruits are commonly stewed and flavored with salt or honey. SAGO 24 PEACH PALM PERENNIAL NON-FOOD CROPS Oil palm The ripe fruits are for oil extraction, a source for cooking oil, vitamin E, olein (from oleic acid) and stearine (from stearic acid) and for biodiesel and biofuel production, and other products. Rubber Latex used for manufacture of tyres, gloves, soles of shoes, mattresses etc.  Coconut For oil extraction (cooking oil), and for manufacture of instant or fresh santan which is used in curries, cendol and other purposes. Virgin coconut oil: for medicinal purposes (for skin problems). Cocoa The seeds are processed into powder which later can be used for making drink, cakes, ice cream flavours and used in chocolate manufacturing.  Fruits It can be eaten as fresh as desert, processed into fresh fruit juice, & cordial flavour in cakes, ice cream or dried fruit chips (guava, mangoes, pineapples), canned (e.g. pineapples, rambutans, longan, lychee, kelapa laut) for export. PERENNIAL NON-FOOD CROPS (INDUSTRIAL CROPS) not in our daily dief , do not consume directly. -oi pain Pa + ex - coconut. ↓ produce Santan (major product) ↓ considere non food produ of.  OIL PALM Seeds of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) were brought to Malaysia from Africa in 1871. Initially, oil palms were planted as ornamental plants. The first commercial scale plantation in Malaysia was founded in 1917 and established in Tennamaram Estate, Kuala Selangor. In 1960, oil palm was grown for oil production – the oil was found to have a wide range of commercial applications. male flower for pollination only best for economy - fresh fruit bunch. female (pokol 95 % flower female flower only produce fandan kelapa sawit. = can The palms bear fruits about 3 years after planting.  OIL PALM Currently, Malaysia is the world’s 2nd largest producer and exporter of palm oil (CPO, crude palm oil), after Indonesia. Formerly (before Oct. 2007) Malaysia was the largest producer of palm oil. Among the industrial crops, oil palm is of major importance to Malaysia because it contributes to the revenue for the country through export tax and provides jobs for Malaysians and foreign workers.  OIL PALM The oil palm plantation area in Malaysia (2022) decrease slightly from the previous year to 5.67 million hectares About 44.8% of the area are from Peninsular and the other 55.2% of the planting area were in Sabah and Sarawak. The fruit yield is about 20 metric tons FFB (fresh fruit bunch) / ha / year. Oil extraction rate (OER) is about 20% of FFB (i.e. yield of crude oil, CPO is about 4 mt/ha/yr if the FFB yield is 20 mt.).  OIL PALM Oil palm is the “Golden Crop” of Malaysia because: The golden colour of the fruits. It brings in a lot of money (profit) to the company managing the crop It generates substantial revenue for the country through export tax. masas minyak C Po ↑ oil produced ↑ - me so carp -Kernel ↓ oil produced ↓ Cpkg ↓ industrial oil  OIL PALM Clone Planted: clone a sal The original commercial clone planted is TENERA (F1 hybrid) which is a product of a cross between DURA (female) and PISIFERA (male) clones. 1Con a government Many newer ↓ clones oil Malaysia palm board have been developed by MPOB such as Clonal latest Palm Series 3 (CPS3) which Clone quality clone capable of increasing productivity and yields of fresh fruit bunches (FFBs).  RUBBER Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) belongs to family Euphorbiaceae. Originated from the Amazon Valley in Brazil, the home of rubber trees. Rubber seeds were brought to Malaysia in 1877 by Mr. Ridley, and were planted in Kuala Kangsar. Planted on an estate basis in 1902/1903 In 1990’s, Malaysia’s total area planted with rubber was 1.8 mil. ha. At one time, Malaysia was the world’s largest producer of natural rubber.  product by produc SMR RUBBER latex timber An S RRS Now, Malaysia has fallen to the third placing after Thailand and Indonesia. The local rubber industry has shown tremendous growth over the years. for - by-product (process products Malaysia is the world’s leading supplier of examination gloves, surgical gloves as well as a strong contributor of new tyres, catheters, condoms, and latex threads.  RUBBER Rubber trees can be tapped about 4 years after planting (i.e. when the trunks attain about 45 cm girth at about 150 cm from ground level). Generally tapping is done on alternate daily basis. Traditional tools (tapping knives) are often used although modern methods are available.  Tapping panel Tapping Knives Latex cup Rubber trunk Latex  RUBBER The price of rubber fell to a low level for many years. below RM 3.00 per/kg for cup lump and below RM6.00 /kg Latex. Hence, many plantation were left untapped. highest price In 2006, the price of rubber reached RM 6.50 per/kg for cup numme lump. Replanting projects were revived during that time. When the crop matures (can be tapped), the farmers’ income is expected to increase from RM 400.00 to > RM 1,000.00 per month. In many parts of the country, rubber replanting schemes were revived to benefit the smallholders.  RUBBER Clones planted for: Latex: high-yielding and quality latex clones like RRIM 928, RRIM 2001, RRIM 2002, PB 260 and PB 350 (Commercially planted) durability I have higher Trunks used for making furniture: RRIM 2000 series. mmm The latest timber clones are RRIM 2007, RRIM 2023, RRIM 2024 and RRIM 3001 (for both latex and timber).  RUBBER & processing. Latex collection Factories Export centre Processed into SMR are graded Standard Malaysian with technical Rubber (SMR) specifications highest grade SMR 5/10/20 & blocked latex  RUBBER The latex can be sold at Latex Collection centres and later sent to factories to be processed into SMR (Standard Malaysian Rubber) which will be exported. SMR are natural rubbers graded by technical specifications, not by the conventional visual standards. These SMR rubbers represent very high quality, clean latex grades of natural rubber. Standard Malaysian Rubber grade SMR 10 and SMR 20 are technically specified natural rubber products derived from cup lump. These grades are commonly used in tyre and automotive industry as well as in general moulded and extruded rubber products.  In exam , allowed Kalay e. Sedia ada g FELDA ,. RUBBER Smallholders normally process their rubber by traditional methods, and they produce Ribbed Smoke Sheets (RSS) -Meleperkan Rss. Rubber mangles are used to get a thin sheet. Then the rubber sheets are placed in a smoke house to achieve the golden colour. Rubber sheets can also be dried in the sun/open air the product called Air-Dried Sheets (ADS)  RUBBER Ribbed Rubber Mangle Machine Ribbed Air-dried Sheet Smoke House  RUBBER Smallholders can also sell the other inferior products: primary materials pharmaceutical 3 in bekas. ~ 4 Cosmetic Cup lump (hardened latex in the cup) Scrap rubber (hardened strips from the tapping panel or parts of RSS removed due to defects).  COCONUT Botanical name : Cocos nucifera A crop suited to Bris soil (sandy soil near the coastal areas) and is also planted on in-land soils. Coconut is the 4th important crop in West Malaysia, after oil palm, rubber and cocoa, and the 10th world producer of coconut with a potential of 1.2 billion fruits per year.  COCONUT The land area planted with coconut is estimated to be > 200,000 ha and mainly planted by smallholders and to a small extent by private agencies. government ~ another 10 % I private - Nearly 90% of the coconut areas are managed by smallholders. Most of the crops managed by smallholders are old palms of > 40 years in age and the yields are not satisfactory.  COCONUT Industry today mainly used the crop to produce coconut oil and in addition to virgin coconut oil, it is used to produce fresh coconut milk, drinks and powder. Smallholders still using old variety (Malayan Tall). The production yield is not that good and also takes a long time to grow and its height makes it difficult to harvest. disadvantage : difficult to harvest Malayan Tall  COCONUT Better varieties developed by MARDI and Department of Agriculture such as Malayan Yellow Dwarf, Malayan Red Dwarf and Pandan. The plants are smaller and shorter, so they are easier to harvest. Malayan Yellow Malayan Red Dwarf Dwarf  COCONUT MATAG is a hybrid between Malayan Yellow Dwarf vs Tagnanan (from Philippines). This variety is recommended by Department of Agriculture due to the high yields, shorter and smaller plants. When the plants are smaller, farmer can plant more trees in an area. The seedlings of the new varieties are currently insufficient and expensive (RM25/seedling). The seed produced by The United Plantation Sdn Bhd to protect the quality of F1 hybrid. high yield MATAG expensive seed  ACCORDING TO USES OR COMMODITY According to their uses, crops can be classified into the following categories: Plantation /industrial crops – oil palm, rubber, cocoa, coconut. source of carbohydrate > - Food crops – paddy, maize, tapioca, sweet potatoes, sago (in temperate countries: potatoes, wheat, barley, oats) Oil crops - peanut, soybean, sunflower, rapeseed, coconut, oil palm Beverage crops – cocoa, coffee, tea Fruit crops – Durian, rambutan, ciku, cempedak, dragon fruits, banana etc. Medicinal plants – noni (mengkudu), misai kucing, kacip fatimah, tongkat ali, hempedu bumi etc. Vegetables – sawi, bayam, tomatoes, long beans, chillies, salad etc….. Spices – clove, cinnamon (kayu manis), turmeric (kunyit), ginger Fiber crops – cotton, kenaf, kekabu, jute  Forage/pasture – guinea grass, setaria grass, signal grass etc… Ornamentals – bougainvillea, hibiscus, orchids, rose Turf grasses – Bermuda grass, carpet grass, mutiara grass Leguminous cover crops – centrosema, pueraria, calopogonium Forest spp. – sentang, jati, keruing, rasak, cengal, nyatoh  EXERCISE specific What is seasonal fruit and non seasonal fruit. time a nu time Give example of each.  ACCORDING TO BOTANICAL & MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC Plant morphology is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants characteristics such as the leaf shapes, floral structures, fruit shape and size, trunk type, seed shape and seed colour. Botanical is how each plant is given and written as a first name and last name, generally based in Latin, that is unique to each species. This name is recognized for that plant throughout the world, no matter what the native language might be. Plants are grouped by their botanical similarities. According to botanical classification, crops can be grouped into those having similar botanical characteristics as follows: - Order - Group - Family - Sub-family - Genus - Species (spp.) - Cultivars, varieties or clones  PLANT KINGDOM Order Angiosperm Gymnosperm (Flowering Plant) (Non-Flowering) Group Dicot Monocot (e.g: maize, palms, bamboo, pandan) (e.g: durian, rubber) Family Sub-Family Genus spp Cultivar ☞ An example of botanical classification for durian: Durian, clone D24 (commercial/planted clone): Order : Angiosperm Group : Dicotyledon Family : Bombacaceae Genus : Durio Species : Durio zibethinus (botanical name) Variety/clone : D24 For thesis, scientific papers, reports, when a plant species is mentioned, both the common and botanical names of a plant species needs to be written, as follows: Durian (Durio zibethinus var. D24) D197 > musang king - code ☞ An example of botanical classification for cempedak: Cempedak, clone CH1 (commercial/planted clone): Order : Angiosperm Group : Dicotyledon Family : Moraceae Genus : Artocarpus Species : A. Integer (botanical name) Variety/clone : CH1 For thesis, scientific papers, reports, when a plant species is mentioned, both the common and botanical names of a plant species needs to be written, as follows: Cempedak (Artocapus integer var. CH1) MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FLOWERING PLANT STRUCTURE DIFFERENT BETWEEN DICOT & MONOCOT Exercise: Find “clones” that come from live cells (buds, cuttings, tissue culture, and “varieties” that come from pollinated seeds developed from MARDI: Fruit seedlings: ✔ Papaya - _________ Eksotika , Sekaki , hybrid ( ✔ Pineapple - _________ MD2 , M36 , Morris ✔ Sapodilla (Ciku) - _________ caseroy ✔ Durian - ________ D24 , blackthorn ✔ Dokong - _________ ✔ Jackfruit - _________ ✔ Duku - _________ ✔ Mango - _________ ✔ Rambutan -_________ ✔ Pulasan - _________ Vegetables and field crops seeds ✔ Chilli - _________ ✔ Brinjal (long) - _________ ✔ Brinjal (round) - _________ ✔ Loofah - _________ ✔ Ladyfinger - _________ ✔ Bitter gourd - _________ ✔ Cucumber - _________ ✔ Long bean - _________ ✔ French beans - _________ ✔ Sweet potato cuttings - _________ ✔ Cassava cuttings - _________ ✔ Sweetcorn - _________ ✔ Soybean - _________  HORTICULTURE CROPS ❖ Horticulture is defined as cultivating and growing plants used for both consumption and aesthetic or ornamental purposes. ❖ Horticulture is a unique practice in that a wide range of plants are involved and are used for a number of reasons beyond simply just eating. ❖ Technically, it is a branch of agriculture and a broader spectrum of plants and practices that allows the study of farming to grow on a larger scale and can be commercialized.  Types of Horticulture Olericulture Landscape Pomology Turf Viticulture Floriculture Olericulture Farming crops used for consumption or as a source of food. All steps in the growing and marketing process, including planting, harvesting, storage, processing, and sale. Eg: vegetables, corn, wheat Pomology Horticultural science that studies fruit and nut crops. These crops can be large, small, soft, hard, seeded, or colorful; so long as they are a fruit or nut. Eg: apple, orange, peanut, cashews Viticulture grapes Cultivation and harvesting of grapes, most often for the purpose of wine making. Grape farming is a major industry for country such as US, Canada, Italy and France. Floriculture flower. Growing and marketing flowers and ornamental plants as well as with flower arrangement. Flowers and potted plants are largely produced in plant-growing structures in temperate climates. Eg: rose, dahlia, chrysanthemum, sunflower Turf The surface layer of soil with its matted, dense vegetation, usually grasses grown for ornamental or recreational use. Eg: Bermuda grass, Mutiara grass Landscape Planting of ornamental plants in such a way that it creates a picturesque effect. Decoration of a tract of land with plants and other garden materials to produce a picturesque and naturalistic effect in a limited space. THE END