K to 12 Plumbing Learning Module PDF

Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Learning Module PLUMBING EXPLORATORY COURSE Grade 7 and Grade 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS What Is This Module About ?.................................................................................... 2 How Do You Use This Module............................................................................... 3 LESSON 1 – Prepare Plumbing Materials and Tools............................... 4 -37 LESSON 2 – Perform Mensurations and Calculations............................ 38-57 LESSON 3 – Interpret Technical Drawings and Plans........................... 58-72 LESSON 4 – Maintain Tools and Equipment......................................... 73-108 LESSON 5 – Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures 109-121 ANSWER KEYS............................................................................................ 122 -128 Acknowledgment.....................................................................................................129 PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 1 Welcome to the world of Plumbing! This Module is an exploratory and introductory course on Plumbing which leads you to Plumbing National Certificate Level I ( NC I)1. It covers 5 basic competencies in Plumbing that a Grade 7/Grade 8 Technology and Livelihood Education ( TLE) student like you ought to possess, namely: 1) Prepare plumbing materials and tools; 2) Perform mensuration and calculation; 3) Interpret Technical Drawings and Plans; 4) Maintain tools and equipment;and 5) Practice occupational health and safety procedures These 5 common competencies are covered separately in 5 Lessons. As shown below, each lesson is directed to the attainment of one or more learning outcomes: Lesson 1: Prepare Plumbing Materials and Tools LO 1. Identify and select materials and tools LO 2. Request appropriate materials and tools. LO 3. Receive and inspect materials and tools. Lesson 2: Perform Mensuration and Calculation LO 1. Select measuring instrument. LO 2. Carry out mensuration and calculation. Lesson 3 : Interpret Technical Drawings and Plans LO1 Analyze signs, symbols and data. LO 2. Interpret technical drawing. LO 3 Apply free hand drawing. Lesson 4: Maintain Tools and Equipment LO 1. Check condition of tools and equipment. LO 2. Perform basic preventive maintenance. LO 3. Store tools and equipment. Lesson 5 : Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures LO 1. Identify hazards and risks. LO 2. Evaluate hazards and risks. LO 3. Control hazards and risks. 1NATIONAL CERTIFICATE (NC) is a certification issued to individuals who achieved all the required units of competency for a national qualification as defined under the Training Regulations. NCs are aligned to specific levels within the PTQF. (TESDA Board Resolution No. 2004-13, Training Regulations Framework) NATIONAL CERTIFICATE LEVEL refers to the four (4) qualification levels defined in the Philippine TVET Qualifications Framework (PTQF) Where the worker in: a. NC I performs a routine and predictable tasks; has little judgment; and, works under supervision; b. NC II performs prescribe range of functions involving known routines and procedures; has limited choice and complexity of functions, and has little accountability; PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 2 This Module has 5 Lessons. Each Lesson has the following parts.  Learning Outcomes  Performance Standards  Materials  References  Definition of Terms  What Do You Already Know?  What Do You Need to Know?  How Much Have You Learned?  How Do You Apply What You Learned?  How Well Did You Perform?  How Do You Extend Your Learning? To get the most from this Module, you need to do the following: 1. Begin by reading and understanding the Learning Outcome/s and Performance Standards. These tell you what you should know and be able to do at the end of this Module. 2. Find out what you already know by taking the Pretest then check your answer against the Answer Key. If you get 99 to 100% of the items correctly, you may proceed to the next Lesson. This means that you need not go through the Lesson because you already know what it is about. If you failed to get 99 to 100% correctly, go through the Lesson again and review especially those items which you failed to get. 3. Do the required Learning Activities. They begin with one or more Information Sheets. An Information Sheet contains important notes or basic information that you need to know. After reading the Information Sheet, test yourself on how much you learned by means of the Self-check. Refer to the Answer Key for correction. Do not hesitate to go back to the Information Sheet when you do not get all test items correctly. This will ensure your mastery of basic information. 4. Demonstrate what you learned by doing what the Activity / Operation /Job Sheet directs you to do. 5. You must be able to apply what you have learned in another activity or in real life situation. 6. Accomplish the Scoring Rubrics for you to know how well you performed. Each Lesson also provides you with references and definition of key terms for your guide. They can be of great help. Use them fully. If you have questions, ask your teacher for assistance. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 3 LESSON 1 LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of this Lesson you are expected to do the following: LO 1. identify and select materials and tools; LO 2. request appropriate materials and tools; LO 3. receive and inspect materials and tools. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 4 Pipe is a long hollow cylinder used chiefly to convey fluid. Material is the stuff from which a thing is made of or consisting of matter. Requisition form is a form requesting materials and supplies needed for making a project. Specification is the description involving measurements like volume, board feet, quality, trademark manufacturer etc. Tools is anything which is held by hands and assists a person to do manual work. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 5 LEARNING OUTCOME 1 Identify and select materials and tools PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 1. Tools and materials are identified per job requirements 2. Tools are classified according to their functions per job requirements. 3. Materials are classified according to their uses for specific construction project. 4. Tools and materials are selected per job requirement. Pretest LO 1 Let us determine how much you already know about the use of plumbing tools. Take this test. Direction: Identify the following materials and tools used in plumbing. Choose your answer from the given in the box. Steel Square Hack Saw Cross-Cut Saw Pipe Cutter Pipe Threader Pipe Reamer Spirit Level Plumb Bob Clamps Bench Vise Pipe Wrench Pipe Vise 1. 2. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 6 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 7 Read the Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 1.1. Information Sheet 1.1 Plumbing Materials and Tools 1. Plumbing Materials  Steel Pipe Characteristics Steel piping is designed for a long list of applications. Steel piping has gained popularity in the petroleum, oil, automobile, shipping and food industries because of its durability and versatility. Schools, hospitals and refineries also widely employ steel piping. 1. Facts o Steel piping can be engineered to any height and strength and is easily modified on-site. There remains a variety of types of steel piping on the market. Common types of steel pipe include standard steel pipe, line steel pipe, structural steel pipe and plumbing tubes. Steel is ductile, bending rather than breaking in the presence of excessive stress. Steel will not morph or lose its strength as time passes. Also, steel is naturally resistant to rot. Applications o Line steel pipes are used to transport liquids and gases that are combustible. Standard steel pipes are used for transporting water, natural gas or steam. Structural steel pipes are often used for drainage piping. Plumbing tubes made of steel are used to move potable water or waterborne waste removal. Properties o Line steel pipes are galvanized, giving the piping corrosion-resistant properties. Standard steel pipes are fabricated to a diameter no greater than 16 inches, according to Steel Pipes & Tubing. Structural steel tubes are constructed into either square or circular shapes. Plumbing tubes are often fabricated thinner than other PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 8 types of steel pipes to allow for easier soldering. Different Types of Pipes PVC PIPE -refers to Poly Vinyl Chloride Plastic material. This is the most common pipe for plumbing system. PE PIPE -refers to Polyethylene Plastic material intended for long span water system installation. CI PIPE -is a heavy metal made of casting on molds to make fixtures. such as sink, tubs and lavatories, covered with a porcelain enamel coating. GI PIPE -is a galvanized iron pipe which is better fitted for plumbing installation than steel pipe. It is constructed of rough iron, dipped in molten zinc and maybe identified by its dull grayishcolor SOLVENT -is an adhesive material usually used externally. TEFLON TAPE -is specifically used for attachment threaded pipe on fittings. ABS CLEANER AND CEMENT -is an adhesive material used by a plumbean when working with ABS pipes. FITTINGS -are made in different forms that are intended for plumbing joints and connections. FAUCET -is a point of installation system where flow of water or gas could be manipulated. MSS-refers to Manufacturer’s Standardization Society. NIPPLE -is a short length of pipe installed between couplings or other fittings. ADAPTOR/ADAPTER-is fittings that joints two different types of pipes together, such as ABS to cast iron or threaded to non- threaded. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 9 2. FITTINGS – are any pipe part used to join two sections of pipes. Characteristics of Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Stainless steel pipe fittings is an alloy based on iron, which combines together the mechanical properties of steels and some specific features of corrosion resistance. These alloys are also liable to tarnish. This means that they have the possibility to passivate, that means to get covered with an invisible layer of oxides that protects the underlying metal from corrosive attacks. stainless steel pipe fittings is the name given to a type of steel with high chromium contents that thanks to this feature does not rust when exposed to water and air. They are a very important class of steels, used in countless applications. In fact, nowadays both stainless steel pipe fittings furniture and construction machinery are very popular. The discovery of this type of steel is due to Harry Brearly, who while was experimenting with various types of alloys for the reeds of guns, noticed that a type of steel with a certain percentage of chromium did not get rusted when exposed to the atmosphere. Later this property was explained by the passivation of chromium, which forms a very thin oxide film on the surface, continuous and stable. The following progresses in metallurgy between the forty and the sixty have extended their development and their applications. They are still refined and adapted to the demands of various industries such as oil/petrochemical, mining, energy, nuclear and food industries. Stainless steel pipe fittings is still refined and adapted to the demands of various industries like petroleum, petrochemical, mining, energy, nuclear, food and obviously building. A lot of machines are built with parts made of steel, from pipes to sheet to steel trolleys. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 10 TYPES of FITTINGS COPPER SUPPLY GALVANIZED SUPPLY PLASTIC SUPPLY PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 11 POLYETHYLENE (PE) AND SPIGOT FITTING PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 12  FIXTURES Plumbing Fixture A plumbing fixture is an exchangeable device which can be connected to an existing plumbing system to deliver and drain away water but which is also configured to enable a particular use. The most common plumbing fixtures are:  Bathtubs  Bidets  Channel drains (also called trench drains)  Drinking fountains  Hose bibbs (connections for water hoses)  Kitchen sinks  Lavatories (also called bathroom sinks)  Showers  Tapware - an industry term for that sub-category of plumbing fixtures consisting of tap valves, also called water taps or faucets and their accessories, such as water spouts and shower heads.  Terminal valves for dishwashers, ice makers, humidifiers, etc.  Urinals  Utility sinks  Water closets- (known as toilets in the USA, loos, flush toilets or lavatories in Britain) Outlets and drains Each of these plumbing fixtures has one or more water outlets and a drain. In some cases, the drain has a device that can be manipulated to block the drain to fill the basin of the fixture. Each fixture also has a flood rim, or level at which water will begin to overflow. Most fixtures also have an overflow, which is a conduit for water to drain away, when the regular drain is plugged, before the water actually overflows at the flood rim level. However, water closets and showers (that are not in bathtubs) usually lack this feature because their drains normally cannot be stopped. Each fixture usually has a characteristic means of connection. Normal plumbing practice is to install a valve on each water supply line before the fixture, and this is most commonly termed a stop or "service valve". The water supply to some fixtures is cold water only (such as water closets and urinals). Most fixtures also have a hot water supply. In some occasional cases, a sink may have both a potable (drinkable) and a non- potable water supply. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 13 Traps and vents This drain cover has a container underneath (which can be taken out for cleaning and revealing another container below) acting as a trap. Water inside the container forms a seal when the cover is in place. Positive air pressure will push the cover up, acting as an early warning device. The underside of the cover (centre image) is kept moist by condensation occurring and insects that go back up the drain pipe get stuck to the walls of the cover. All plumbing fixtures have traps in their drains; these traps are either internal or external to the fixtures. Traps are pipes which curve down then back up; they 'trap' a small amount of water to create a water seal between the ambient air space and the inside of the drain system. This prevents sewer gas from entering buildings. Most water closets, bidets, and many urinals have the trap integral with the fixture itself. The visible water surface in a toilet is the top of the trap's water seal. Each fixture drain, with exceptions, must be vented so that negative air pressure in the drain cannot siphon the trap dry, to prevent positive air pressure in the sewer from forcing gases past the water seal, and to prevent explosive sewer gas buildup. Drains The actual initial drain part in a lavatory or sink is termed a strainer. If there is a removable strainer device that fits into the fixed strainer, it is termed a strainer basket. The initial pipe that leads from the strainer to the trap is termed the tailpiece. Floor-mounted water closets seal to the toilet flange of the drain pipe by means of a wax ring. These are traditionally made out of beeswax. However, their proper sealing depends on proper seating of the water closet, on a firm and secure base (floor), and on proper installation of the closet bolts which secure the closet to the flange, which is in turn supposed to be securely fastened to the floor. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 14 PLASTIC DRAIN PEX PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 15 II. PLUMBING TOOLS MEASURING TOOLS- is the activity of obtaining and comparing physical quantities of real-world objects and events. Established standard objects and events are used as units, and the process of measurement gives a number relating the item under study and the referenced unit of measurement. L-SQUARE/STEEL TRY SQUARE PUSH-PULL RULE SQUARE CUTTING TOOLS- is any tool that is used to remove material from the workpiece by means of shear deformation. Cutting may be accomplished by single-point or multipoint tools. Single-point tools are used in turning, shaping, plaining and similar operations, and remove material by means of one cutting edge. Milling and drilling tools are often multipoint tools. Grinding tools are also multipoint tools. HACK SAW CROSS CUT PIPE REAMER SAW PIPE THREADER PIPE CUTTER PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 16 BORING TOOLS-boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled (or cast), by means of a single-point cutting tool, for example as in boring a cannon barrel. Boring is used to achieve greater accuracy of the diameter of a hole, and can be used to cut a tapered hole. ELECTRICAL HAMMER DRILL DRILL AUGER BRACE WITH BITS TESTING TOOLS-used in finding out how well the finished work. SPIRIT LEVEL PLUMB BOB HORSE LEVEL DRIVING TOOLS-driving tools help hand tools and power tools work together, especially important for the variety of drilling tasks that get done in woodworking. SLEDGER HAMMER | CLAW HAMMER | CROW BAR DRILL PRESS SCREW DRIVER PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 17 HOLDING TOOLS-Tool for holding firmly any material that has to be cut. ADJUSTABLE WRENCH CLAMP BENCH VISE PIPE VISE ADJUSTABLE WRENCH PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 18 Self-Check 1.1 A. Directions: Look at the Table below, from the list the appropriate plumbing materials and tools for each of the following activities. 1. Plastic Pipe 11. Pipe Reamer 2. Elbows 12. Threader 3. Fittings 13. L – Square 4. Wrench 14. Water hose 5. Floor drain 15. Auger Brace and Bits 6. Metal Pipes 16. Sledge hammer 7. Couplings 17. Screw driver 8. Faucet 18. Lavatory 9. Telephone shower 19. Cross-Cut Saw 10.Hack saw 20. Clamps 1. Cutting pipes - ____________________________________ 2. Measuring the bend angle of pipes - ____________________________________ 3. Threading pipes - ____________________________________ 4. Testing the levelness of installed pipes - ___________________________________ 5. Connecting two pipes - ____________________________________ PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 19 B. Directions: according to classifications, identify the following plumbing tools. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. C. Directions: List down the materials and tools required by the following task. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet. 1. Repair of defective faucet. 2. Replacement of damaged gate valve. 3. Repair of fitting with leakage. 4. Installation of additional faucet. 5. Changing G.I. pipes with PVC pipes. Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 20 Show that you learned something by doing this activity Activity Sheet 1.1 SELECTING MATERIALS AND TOOLS Directions: Call your teacher and request him to check if you have executed the task based upon his observation. 1. While inside the workplace, your teacher will give you a job order or a particular work to do. 2. Based on the job order, identify all the materials and tools needed. 3. Classify the materials and tools according to their uses. 4. Let the teacher examine the list of the Tools and Materials if they conform to the job requirement. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 21 LEARNING OUTCOME 2 Request appropriate Materials and Tools PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Needed materials and tools are listed as per job requirement.  Materials and tools are requested according to the list prepared.  Requests are done as per company’s standard operating procedures (SOP)  Materials and tools are substituted and provided unavailable without sacrificing cost and quality of work. Read the Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 2.1. Information Sheet 2.1 REQUISITION OF MATERIALS AND TOOLS When making a request of materials and tools, the following forms should be accomplished: PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 22 A. Requisition Slip Name of School: ______________________________________________________________ Address: _____________________________________________________________________ Plumbing Shop Requisition Slip NAME OF PROJECT_______________________________ DATE: ____________________ Purpose___________________________________________ Group: ___________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Balance on Quantity Materials and Unit Price Total Hand Description Requested by: _____________________ Approved: Student’s Name _____________________ ______________________ Foreman Shop Teacher PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 23 B. The following are the terminologies found in a requisition form: 1. Name of Project indicates the task in which the materials will be used. Example: Repair of School Lavatory 2. Balance On Hand indicates the quantity and unit of materials still available in the stockroom 3. Requisition Quantity and Unit is a number and units of materials requested 4. Unit write the unit of measuring quantity 5. Material/ Description write the name of material and description or Specification (e.g. PVC Pipe 12mm X 3m) 6. Unit Price is a price of material per piece or per unit 7. Total is a unit price X Quantity (ex. 3 pc x P30 = P90.00) 8. Barrower is a name and signature of the person requesting tools and materials. 9. Tool Keeper is the one who is responsible to take care the of the tool room 10. Job Order is workings sheet that server as a complete guide of the student to a certain task to be done. 11. Safety Officer is the person in-charge to monitor the safety conditioning of the workplace. 12. Material Officer is a person responsible in the release and retrieve of excess materials. 13. Lead man is a person that leads the group in the specific task. 14. Foreman is a person responsible in the overall operation of the worker in the workplace. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 24 B. Borrower’s Slip Plumbing Shop Barrower’s Slip Date:_____________ Approved by: __________________________________ _______________________________ Tool Keeper Borrower __________________________________ Foreman __________________________________ Shop Teacher PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 25 REQUISITION PROCEDURE In making a request for materials and tools needed, the following StandardOperating Procedure (SOP) should be followed: 1. List down the materials and tools needed as per job requirement. 2. Check for the availability of the needed materials and tools in the stockroom. 3. Accomplish a requisition form 4. Let the shop teacher check the requisition form. 5. Submit the requisition form to the material officer 6. Unavailable requested materials and tools should be substituted without sacrificing the cost and quality of work 7. The material officer will prepare the requested material for issuance to the student. Self-Check 2.1 I. Directions: Fill in the blanks with appropriate term in filling out a requisition form. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet. Choose from the choices below: a. Name of project b. Requisition quantity c. Balance on hand d. Material description e. Borrower 1. The specification of materials is requested for_____. 2. The task in which the materials and tools will be used is_____. 3. The price of the material per piece or per unit is_____. 4. The quantity and unit of materials still available in the stockroom is _____. 5. Name and signature of the person making the request_____. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 26 II. Directions: Arrange the following steps in proper order. Write the letter of the correct sequence on a separate sheet of paper. a. Check for the availability of materials and tools needed in the stockroom b. Submit the accomplished requisition form to the supply officer c. Accomplish a requisition form d. Prepare a list of the materials and tools needed as per job requirements e. Select substitute materials and tools if the requested ones are not available f. Let the shop teacher check the requisition form. g. List down the materials needed as per job requirement Proper order in making a request 1. _________________________ 2. _________________________ 3. _________________________ 4. _________________________ 5. _________________________ 6. _________________________ 7. _________________________ PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 27 LEARNING OUTCOME 3 Receive and inspect materials and tools PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Received and inspected materials and tools as per quantity and specification are based on requisition.  Tools and materials are checked for damages and manufacturing defects.  Materials and tools received are handled with appropriate safety devices.  Materials and tools are set aside to appropriate location nearest to the workplace. Pretest LO 3 Let us determine how much you already know about receiving and inspecting materials and tools. Take this test. Directions: Encircle the best answer from the choices given. 1. What is the importance of material management? A. It provides the best service to the clientele B. It maximizes efficiency C. It helps in monitoring and managing inventories D. All of the above. 2. What happens when the employees are not informed of the Receiving Procedure? A. Productivity and efficiency of the company’s employees are affected. B. Wastage of resources is evident. C. Misunderstanding among and between employees occurs. D. All of the above. 3. Which ensures correctness of deliveries or performance of services? A. Requisition procedure C. Inspection procedure B. Receiving procedure D. any of the above PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 28 4. Which procedure generally finds out inconsistency in the required specifications of materials, tools, and equipment? A. Requisition procedure C. Inspection procedure B. Receiving procedure D. Handling procedure 5. Which shows proper carrying and safekeeping of items? A. Requisition procedure C. Inspection procedure B. Receiving procedure D. Handling procedure Read the Information Sheet 3.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 3.1. Information Sheet 3.1 PROCEDURE IN RECEIVING MATERIALS AND TOOLS After you have made a request, you are now ready to receive the needed materials and tools. A standard operating procedure (SOP) must be followed. In connection to this, the following are safety measures and proper handling of materials and tools: 1. Check if the materials and tools are complete in terms of quantity or unit. 2. Check if the materials and tools are of correct specifications. 3. See to it that the materials and tools are of good working conditions. 4. Check the tools with accessories. See to it that nothing is missing. 5. Check the materials for damages or defects. 6. If any of the following is found, report/ return immediately to the material officer. are not in accordance with specifications.g. faucet without handle or gasket ) 7. Get replacements for those returned materials or tools. 8. Sign an issue receipt or borrower’s slip. It signifies that you have received the materials and tools issued in good conditions. 9. Take the issued materials and tools to the workplace. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 29 Material Management Effective material management is very essential in so many ways for the company or office: First, it provides the best service to the clientele; second, it maximizes efficiency; and, third, it helps in monitoring and managing inventories. Receiving Procedure Procedure for receiving requisitions varies in every office or school shop for certain purposes. Offices make it a point that everything is in proper order and perspective to ensure effectiveness and efficiency. However, it is a must that everybody in the company especially the concerned employees are well-acquainted of the process to avoid or at least minimize waste of resources which is very significant to the company’s success. Below, are samples of Receiving Procedure: PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 30 Fig.1. Receiving Procedure in Matrix Form PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 31 Fig. 2. Receiving Procedure in Schematic Diagram Quality Inspection and Procedure Delivered or issued items out of requisition should be properly inspected for accuracy in terms of quality, specifications, quantity, and functionality or workability. The act which involves monitoring, observing or testing, usually involving product sampling, to insure compliance with the requirements is known as quality inspection. It includes activities such as collecting data from the item or items to ensure quality and preciseness. Once quality inspection has been done, the receiver signs a paper or form to attest to the completeness and compliance with the requisition; otherwise, he is obliged PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 32 to make a report of his inspection findings to persons or authorities concerned for appropriate action. Materials Handling Materials handling operations are carried out in most offices or plants. Each handling task poses unique demands on the worker. However, work places can help workers to perform these tasks safely and easily by implementing and upholding proper policies and procedures. For Industrial plants, regulations under Industrial Establishments (O. Reg. 851/90) made under the Occupational Health and Safety Act should be properly observed.  Hazards To assess the hazards of manual material handling operations, consider the load, the task, the environment in which the task is performed, and the operator. When these factors interact with each other, they can create hazards that result in injuries. A load may be hazardous because of: o Weight o Size o shape (making it awkward to handle) o coupling (type of grip on the load) o slippery or damaged surfaces o absent or inappropriate handles, and o imbalance (i.e., changing centre of gravity) The task or method of handling may be hazardous when it involves: o lifting or lowering –– repetitively –– quickly –– for extended periods of time –– while seated or kneeling –– immediately after prolonged flexion –– shortly after a period of rest o an inability to get close to the load o moving the load over large distances o accuracy and precision required because of –– fragile loads, or –– specific unloading locations o materials positioned too low or too high o hazardous movements or postures (e.g.,twisting, extended bending and reaching) o multiple handling requirements (e.g., lifting, carrying, unloading)  Control Measures The best control measure is to eliminate the need for workers to perform manual handling tasks. Since this is not always possible, design manual handling tasks so that they are within the workers’ capabilities. Considerations include the load itself, the design of the workstation and work practices. Providing mechanical handling devices or aids can often eliminate the task itself or ease the demands on the worker.  Training PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 33 Traditional training has focused on proper lifting methods and safe work procedures. More recently, workplaces have introduced fitness and back education approaches. In combination with job and workplace design changes, these approaches are effective in preventing accidents and injuries. On the job demonstrations and practice sessions are the best methods of training. Cover basic manual materials handling procedures, and the proper use of mechanical aids and techniques. Regularly reinforce the proper techniques to ensure their continued use. The objectives of material handling training are to teach the worker: 1. How to identify hazardous loads or handling tasks 2. The proper selection and use of mechanical handling aids 3. Safe postures and manual lifting techniques to minimize strain 4. Safe lifting techniques Self-Check 3.1 Directions: This part checks whether you have learned the required competencies for this particular module. Simply encircle the best answer from the choices given. 1. What is the importance of material management? A. It provides the best service to the clientele. B. It maximizes efficiency. C. It helps in monitoring and managing inventories. D. All of the above. 2. What happens when the employees are not informed of the Receiving Procedure? A. Productivity and efficiency of the company’s employees are affected. B. Wastage of resources is evident. C. Misunderstanding among and between employees occurs. D. All of the above 3. Which ensures correctness of deliveries or performance of services? A. Requisition procedure C. Inspection procedure B. Receiving procedure D. Any of the above 4. Which procedure that generally finds out inconsistency in the required specifications of materials, tools, and equipment? A. Requisition procedure C. Inspection procedure B. Receiving procedure D. Handling procedure 5. Which shows proper carrying and safekeeping of items? A. Requisition procedure C. Inspection procedure B. Receiving Procedure D. Handling procedure PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 34 Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? Directions: Call your teacher and request him to check if you have executed the task based upon his observation. Show that you learned something by doing this activity Activity Sheet 3.1 DONE NOT DONE UNCERTAIN 1. Materials are identified and listed based on job requirements. _______ _______ _______ 2. Quantity and specifications of materials and tools issued are _______ _______ _______ checked. 3. Materials and tools are checked for _______ _______ _______ damages or defects. 4. Defective materials and tools are _______ _______ _______ returned and replaced. 5. Materials and tools are properly _______ _______ _______ issued. RECEIVING MATERIALS AND TOOLS Directions: Using the materials to be used in requesting materials and tools do the following task. Procedure: 1. Secure a job order from your teacher. 2. Make a list of materials and tools needed based on the job order. 3. Check for the availability of materials and tools in the stockroom. 4. Accomplish and submit a requisition form to the supply officer. 5. Accomplish the barrower slip and submit to the tool keeper. 6. Wait till the supply officer has prepared the needed materials and tools. 7. Receive the materials and tools by followingthe procedure discussed in Information Sheet #3.1 PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 35 Show that you learned something by doing this activity Activity Sheet 3.1 I. Directions: Call your teacher and request him to check if you have executed the task based upon his observation. __________ 1. Materials and tools are issued only after proper requisition process. __________ 2. Materials and tools should be checked before receiving. __________ 3. When the materials or tools are found to be defective, better ignore it. __________ 4. Sign an issue receipt to indicate that the materials and tools received are of good working conditions. __________ 5. To be able to work efficiently, the received materials and tools should be stored to a place far from your work area. II. Directions: Call your teacher and request him to check if you have executed the task based upon his observation. DONE NOT DONE UNCERTAIN 1. Materials are identified and listed based on job requirements. _______ _______ _______ 2. Quantity and specifications of materials and tools issued are _______ _______ _______ checked. 3. Materials and tools are checked for _______ _______ _______ damages or defects. 4. Defective materials and tools are _______ _______ _______ returned and replaced. 5. Materials and tools are properly _______ _______ _______ issued. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 36 Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest and relax a while then move on to the next lesson. Good luck! REFERENCES LO 1  Barba, Joshua A. , Plumbing, ConvergeLink Books Corp., Philippines, 2006  Better Homes and Gardens Plumbing, Meredith Books Desmoines, Iowa, 2003  www.wikipedia.com LO 2  Burghardt , Henry D. et al, Machine Tool Operation, 5th Edition, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York , 1963  Fajardo Jr. , Max B , Plumbing Design and Estimate, 5138 Trading Philippines , 1975  www.google.com.ph LO 3  Matthias Jr. , AJ and Smith , Esles Sr., How to Design and Install Plumbing , 4th Edition, Navotas Press, Philippines  Morgan , Robert E , The Complete Handbook of Plumbing, TAB Books Inc., Phils. , 1962  www.google.com.ph  http://www.virginia.edu/integratedsystem/howdoi/HTML/PRO5007U.h tml  http://www.accountingformanagement.com/controlling_and_costing_ materials.htm  http://search.yahoo.com/search;_ylt=A0oG7jK6RkRP5GgAi_VXNyo A?p=Receiving%20Procedure%20of%20Requisitioned%20Materials &fr2=sb-top&fr=yfp-t-701  http://www.sixsigmaspc.com/dictionary/quality-inspection.html  http://www.iapa.ca/pdf/manmat.pdf PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 37 LESSON 2 LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of this Lesson you are expected to do the following: LO 1. select measuring instrument; and LO 2. carry out mensurations and calculations. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 38 Accuracy -means correctness, exactness, precision. Area -is any of space especially of ground or surface that is distinguishable from its surrounding in appearance or in certain distinctive features Clearance - is the space, allowance or gap between working part of an object. English System -is the old way of measurement that replaced the metric system. Height -may be used with reference whether high or low by a standard of companion. Instrument - is a device that measures or controls something. Length - refers to how long an object is Measurement - refers to the size, length, quantity or rate of something that has been measured. Mensurations -the calculation of geometric quantities such as length, area and volume from dimensions and angles that are already known. Metric System -is the System of measurement which uses 10 as its multiple in all its conversion is it in distance, volume, weight etc. PPE - is an acronym that stands for Personal Protective Equipment Pressure - is the force acting on a surface divided by the area over which it acts. Volume -refers to the magnitude size intent, dimension, areas, and bulk, mass the total amount of something. Weight -refers to the total quality of heaviness and things determined by their mass or control acts efforts to lift or move them. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 39 LEARNING OUTCOME 1 Select measuring instrument PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Accurate measurements are obtained according to job requirements.  Identified and converted systems of measurement are according to job requirements.  Measured work pieces are according to job requirements. Pretest LO 1 Let us determine how much you already know about perform estimation. Take this test. Measuring Instruments in Plumbing Matching Type: Match the definition in Column A with the term Column B. COLUMN A COLUMN B 1. A tool used to measure the outside diameter of a pipe. a. Outside Caliper b. L-Square 2. A tool which is made up of steel having divisions in metric c. Pull Push Rule system used for layout. d. Try Square e. Inside Caliper 3. A measuring tools used to measure the inside diameters or width of pipe and slots. 4. A tool intended to measure the angle, if necessary. 5. A tool used to measure the length of a pipe. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 40 Read the Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 1.1. Information Sheet 1.1 Measuring Instruments Measuring Tools Inside Caliper is used to measure the internal size of an object. Outside Caliper is used to measure the external size of an object PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 41 Steel Square is a tool that carpenters and other tradesman use consisting of a large arm and a smaller arm which meet at an angle 90˚.Today the steel square is more commonly referred to as the framing square. TRY SQUARE is a wood working or a metal working tool used for marking/measuring a piece of wood. It is primarily used to measure the accuracy of right angle (90˚ degrees) tried on any surface so as to check its straightness or correspondence to an adjoining surface. PULL PUSH RULE (Tape Measure) is a flexible tape measure which is available in lengths up to 50 feet. Other tapes that are 12 to 25 feet are usually considered adequate. Most tapes have an automatic power return that is useful but not necessary. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 42 Proper Handling of Measuring Instruments How to Handle Measuring Tool Each measuring tool has its specific way of handling. This must be followed by every student user to maintain its usefulness. Listed below are some of the measuring tools, there are also safety measures to be observed in handling each tool. Measuring Tools Inside Caliper is adjusted by rotating the screw to measure holes and diameters Avoid using tip of the inside caliper to open the cover of any can. Avoid dropping it to maintain its accuracy in taking measurements. Outside Caliper is a tool used to measure the external size of an object Outside Caliper is a tool used to measure the external size of an object PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 43 Steel Square is a tool that a carpenter and other tradesman use. It consists of a large arm and a smaller arm which meet at an angle of 90˚.Today the steel square is more commonly referred to as the framing square. Hold the tool firmly and cautiously. See to it that it won‟t drop. It has a sharp pointed end and dangerous. TRY SQUARE is a wood working or a metal working tool used for marking/measuring a piece of wood. It is primarily used to measure the accuracy of right angle (90˚ degrees) tried on any surface so as to check its straightness or correspondence to an adjoining surface. Hold the try-square properly to maintain its straight edges which are used to get the desired angle. Don‟t use it for other purposes. Put it in its proper place. PULL PUSH RULE (Tape Measure) is a flexible tape measure available in lengths up to 50 feet. Other tapes that are 12 to 25 feet are usually considered adequate. Most tapes have an automatic power return that is useful but not necessary. Hold the tip of the pull push rule when removing it from its housing. Put it slowly to avoid cut from the steel tape. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 44 Self-Check 1.1 Measuring Instruments in Plumbing I. Matching Type: Match the definition in Column A with the term Column B. COLUMN A COLUMN B 1. A tool used to measure the outside diameter of a pipe. a. Outside Caliper b. L-Square 2. A tool which is made up of steel having divisions in metric c. Pull Push Rule system used for layout. d. Try Square e. Inside Caliper 3. A measuring tools used to measure the inside diameters or width of pipe and slots. 4. A tool intended to measure the angle, if necessary. 5. A tool used to measure the length of a pipe. After this activity proceed to next page please. Competent_____ Not Competent______ Students Name: ______________________________ Date: ___________ Teacher‟s Name: ______________________________ Date: ___________ II. Directions: On a blank sheet. Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false. A. ______ 1. The steel tape in the housing of pull push rule should be avoided. ______ 2. It is safe to bend a try square. ______ 3. Any user can keep the tools at any place. ______ 4. Holding the outside caliper tightly make difficult adjustments. ______ 5. To get the desired data measuring tools should be handled properly. B. Essay Directions: Explain how the following tools are handled properly. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 45 1. Pull push rule 2. Try square 3. Frame square 4. Outside caliper 5. Inside caliper Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? LEARNING OUTCOME 2 Carry out mensurations and calculations PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Object or component to be measured are identified, classified and interpreted according to the appropriate regular geometric shape.  Measuring tools are selected/identified as per object to be measured or job requirements.  Correct specifications are obtained from relevant sources.  Measuring instruments are selected according to job requirements.  Alternative measuring tools are used without sacrificing cost and quality of work.  Measurements are obtained according to job requirements. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 46 Pretest LO 2 Let us determine how much you already know about calculation. Take this test. Direction: Convert the following measurements as required in the given. 1). 64 cm - ---------------------- inches 2). 59 yards - --------------------- feet 3). 95.5 dm - --------------------- meter 4). 19 inches - ------------------- centimetre 5). 47 feet - ----------------------- inches 6). 4 m - ----------------------cm 7). 9 yards - --------------------- feet 8). 5.5 dm - --------------------- meter 9). 9meters - ------------------- centimetre 10). 7 feet - ----------------------- inches PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 47 Read the Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 2.1. Information Sheet 2.1 LINEAR MEASUREMENT (International System) 1 meter = 1.0936 yards Metric System Basic Measurement 1 statute = 5280 feet 1 kilometer = 3281 feet LINEAR MEASURE 1 foot = 12 inches 1 rod = 165 feet 1 mile = 5280 feet 1 Centimeter = 10 Millimeters 1 meter = 39.37 inches 1 Decimeter = 10 Centimeters 10 millimeters = 1 centimeter 1 Meter = 10 Decimeters 10 centimeters = 1 decimeter 1 Decameter = 10 Meters 10 decimeters = 1 meter 1 Hectometer = 10 Decameter 1000 meters = 1 kilometer = 3,281 ft. 100 hectometer = 1 kilometer = 3,28.1 ft. 1 Kilometer = 1000 Meters LINEAR CONVERSION TABLE SQUARE MEASURE (AREA) Inches Centimeters 1 Sq. Centimeter = 100 Sq. Millimeters 0.3937 1 2.5399.7874 2 5.0799 1 Sq. Meter = 10,000 Sq. Centimeters 1.1811 3 7.6199 1 Acre = 100 Sq. Meters 1.5748 4 10.1599 1 Hectare = 100 Acres 1.9685 5 12.6999 = 10,000 Sq. Meter 2.3622 6 15.2399 2.7559 7 17.7799 1 Sq. Kilometer = 100 Hectares 3.1496 8 20.3199 = 1,000,000 Sq. Meters 3.5433 9 22.8599 CUBIC MEASURE (VOLUME) Feet Centimeters 1 Cubic Centimeter = 1000 Cu. Millimeters 3.2808 1 0.3048 6.5617 2.6069 1 Cubic Decimeters = 1000 Cu. Centimeters 9.8425 3.9144 1 Cubic Meter = 1000 Cu. Decimeters 13.1234 4 1.2192 16.4042 5 1.5240 CAPACITY MEASURE (LIQUID) 19.6850 6 1.8288 1 Centiliter = 10 Milliliters 22.9658 7 2.1336 26.2467 8 2.4384 1 Deciliter = 10 Centiliters 29.5275 9 2.7432 1 Liter = 10 Deciliters 1 Deciliter = 10 Liters Feet Centimeters 1 Hectoliter = 10 Decaliters 1.0936 1 0.9144 2.1872 2 1.8288 1 Kiloliter = 10 Hectoliters 3.2808 3 2.7432 = 100 Liters 4.3744 4 3.6576 5.4681 5 4.5720 METRIC CONVERSION 6.5616 6 5.4864 IN TERMS OF LINEAR 7.6553 7 6.4008 8.7489 8 7.3152 1 inch = 25.400 millimeters 9.8425 9 8.2296 1 mm = 0.03937 inch PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 48 1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 cm = 0.3937 inch 1 foot = 12 inches 1 inch = 0.08333 foot 1 foot = 0.333 yard 1 yard = 3 feet 1 foot = 0.30481 meter 1 meter = 3.2809 feet 1 yard = 36 inches 1 yard = 91.44 centimeters 1 centimeter = 0.9144 meter METRIC CONVERSION METRIC CONVERSION IN TERMS OF SQ. MEASURE IN TERMS OF VOLUME 1 sq. in. = 6.4516 sq. cm. 1 cu. in = 0.00051787 cu. ft. 1 sq. cm. = 0.15500 sq. ft. 1 cu. ft. = 1728 cu. inches 1 sq. ft. = 144 sq. ft. 1 cu. in. = 0.004329 gallons 1 sq. in. = 0.0094 sq. ft. 1 gallon = 231 cu. inches 1 sq. ft. = 929.03 sq. cm. 1 cu. in. = 16.93 cu. m. 1 sq. cm. = 0.00180 sq. ft. 1 cu. cm. = 0.06102 cu. in. 1 sq. ft. = 0.092903 sq. m. 1 cu. in = 0.00001639 cu. m. 1 sq. m. = 10.764 sq. ft. 1 cu. in = 61023 cu. m. 1 sq. yd = 9 sq. ft. 1 cu. ft. = 1728 cu. inches 1 sq. ft. = 0.1111 sq. yd. 1 cu. in = 0.0005787 cu. ft. 1 sq. yd = 0.83612 sq. m. 1 cu. ft. = 7481 gallons 1 sq. m. = 1.196 sq. yd. 1 gallon = 0.1337 cu. ft. 640 acres = 1 sq. mile 1 cu. ft. = 0.0283 cu. m. 30-1/4 sq. yd. = 1 sq. pole 1 cu. m. = 35.31 cu. ft. 40 sq. pole = 1 rod 1 cu. ft. = 28.32 liters 1 rod = 1 acre 1 liter = 0.03531 cu. ft. 1 cu. yd = 27 cu. ft. AREA 1 cu. ft. = 0.300873 cu. yd 1 pint = 0.4732 liters Sq. Inches Sq. Centimeters 1 liter = 2.11327 pints 0.1550 1 6.4515 1 quart = 2 pints 0.3100 2 12.9030 1 pint = 0.50 quarts 0.4650 3 19.3545 1 quart = 0.25 gallons 0.6200 4 25.8060 1 gallon = 4 quarts 0.7750 5 32.2575 1 quart = 57.75 cu. inches 0.9300 6 38.7090 1 cu. in = 0.17316 quarts 1.0850 7 45.1605 1 quart = 0.03342 cu. ft. 1.2400 8 51.6120 1 cu. ft. = 29.9222 quarts 1.3950 9 58.0635 1 quart = 0.9464 liter 1 liter = 1.057 quarts Sq. Feet Sq. Meters 1 gallon = 231 cu. inches 10.7638 1 0.0930 1 cu. in. = 0.004329 gallons 21.5276 2 0.1860 1 gallon = 3.78 liters 32.2914 3 0.2790 1 liter = 0.2642 gallon 43.0552 4 0.3720 1 kiloliter = 1,000 liters 53.8190 5 0.4650 = 1.308 cu. Yards 64.5828 6 0.5580 =264.18 gallons 75.3466 7 0.6510 1 hectoliter = 100 liters 86.1104 8 0.7440 = 2.838 bushels 96.8742 9 0.8370 =26.418 gallons PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 49 1 liter = 0.908 quart or 1.057 Sq. Yards Sq. Meters quarts 1.1960 1 0.8361 1 centiliter = 0.01 liter 2.3920 2 1.6723 = 0.0610 cu. Inch 3.5880 3 2.5084 =338 ft. ounce 4.7840 4 3.3445 1 milliliter = 0.001 liter 5.9800 5 4.1806 = 0.061 cu. inch 7.1760 6 5.0168 =.271 ft. dram 8.3720 7 5.8529 1000 cu. millimeters = 1 cu. centimeter 9.5680 8 6.6890 1000 cu. centimeters = 1 cu. decimeter 10.7640 9 7.5252 1000 cu. decimeters = 1 cu. meter 728 cu. inches = 1 cu. foot 27 cu. feet = 1 cu. yard 128 cu. ft. = 1 core of wd 24-1/4 cu. ft. = 1 ph of stone Cubic Inches Cubic Centimeters 0.0610 1 16.3871 OUNCES TO POUNDS 0.1220 2 32.7742 2.2046 1 0.4536 0.1830 3 49.1613 4.4092 2 0.9072 0.2440 4 65.5484 6.6139 3 1.3608 0.3050 5 81.9355 8.8185 4 1.8144 0.3660 6 98.3226 11.0231 5 2.2680 0.4270 7 114.7097 13.2277 6 2.7215 0.4880 8 131.0968 15.4323 7 3.1751 0.5490 9 147.4839 17.6370 8 3.6287 19.8416 9 4.0823 Cubic Feet Cubic Meters 35.3145 1 0.0283 TROY (WEIGHT) 70.6289 2 0.0566 24 Grains = 1 Penny-Weight 105.9434 3 0.0850 12 Ounces = 1 Ounce Weight 141.2578 4 0.1133 12 Ounces = 1 Pound 176.5723 5 0.1416 211.8867 6 0.1699 AVOIRDUPOIS (WEIGHT) 247.2042 7 0.1982 16 Drams = 1 Ounce 282.5156 8 0.2266 16 Ounces = 1 Pound 317.8301 9 0.2550 100 Pounds = 1 Short Hundred Weight 112 Pounds = 1 Long Hundred Weight WEIGHT CONVERSION IN METRIC 20 Hundred = 1 Ton Weight 1 Kilogram = 100 Grams = 2.205 Pounds APOTHECARIES (WEIGHT) 1 Hectogram = 10 Grams 20 Grains = 1 Scruple = 3.527 Ounces 3 Scruples = 1 Dram 1 Gram = 0.035 Ounce 8 Drams = 1 Ounce 1 Centigram = 0.01 Gram 12 Ounces = 1 Ton Weight =.154 Grain (Troy) 1 Milligram = 0.001 Gram (gr.) LIQUID MEASUREMENT = 0.015 Grain (Troy) Pint to Liters 1 Ounce = 28.35 Grams 2.1134 1 0.4732 1 Gram = 0.03537 Ounce (oz.) 4.2268 2 0.9464 1 Ounce = 0.2835 Kilogram (kg.) 6.3402 3 1.4196 PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 50 1 Kilogram = 35.274 Ounces. 8.4536 4 1.8928 1 Pound = 16 Ounces 10.5670 5 2.3660 1 Ounce = 0.0625 Pounds 12.6804 6 2.8392 1 Pound = 453.6 Grams 14.7938 7 3.3124 1 Gram = 0.002205 Pounds 16.9072 8 3.7856 1 Pound =.4536 Joules Gram 19.0206 9 4.2588 OUNCES TO POUNDS 0.03573 1 28.3495 0.0705 2 56.6990 0.1058 3 85.0486 0.1429 4 113.3980 0.1787 5 141.7475 0.2144 6 170.0970 0.2501 7 198.4465 0.2858 8 226.7960 0.3216 9 255.1455 PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 51 IDENTIFY MEASURING TOOL AND INSTRUMENT IN MEASURING OBJECTS BASIC MEASURING TOOLS Graduations on a Rule INCHES HALVES QUARTERS EIGHTHS SIXTEENTH S PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 52 THIRTY- SECONDS READING FOURTHS ON A RULE READING FOURTHS ON A RULE PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 53 BASIC TYPES OF OBJECTS ON ITS REGULAR GEOMETRIC SHAPE Types of Geometric Figures a. Square - Figure having four sides of equal length and four right angles b. Rectangle - Figure with two parallel ends of equal length,two parallel sides of equal length, and four right angles. c. Triangle - Figure having three sides and three angles d. Circle - Flat, round figure formed by one curved line, all points of which are equidistant from center point e. Rhombus - Figure having no right angles and four sides of equal length f. Parallelogram - Figure such as a square, rectangle or rhombus with two parallel ends of equal length and two parallel sides of equal length. g. Trapezoid - Figure with only one pair of parallel opposite sides. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 54 Units of Measure and their Equivalents: a. Inch (“) - Equal to one-twelfth of a foot (1/12) or one thirty-sixth of a yard (1/36 yard) b. Foot („) - Equal to twelve inches (12”) or one-third of a yard (1/3 yard) c. Yard - Equal to three feet (3‟) or thirty-six inches (36”) d. Rod - Equal to sixteen and one-half feet (161/2) e. Mile - Equal to five thousand, two hundred and eighty feet (5280‟) 12 inch 3 ft PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 55 Self-Check 2.1 Metric System 10 millimeter – 1 centimeter 10 centimeter – 1 decimeter 10 decimeter – 1 meter English System 12 inches – 1 foot 3 feet - 1 yard Metric – English 1 millimeter – 0.03993 inches 1 inch – 2.54 centimeter 1 foot – 0.3048 millimeter 1 yard – 0.9144 millimeter Using the given conversion table above solve for the desire units 1. 64 cm - ---------------------- inches 2. 59 yards - --------------------- feet 3. 95.5 dm - --------------------- meter 4. 19 inches - ------------------- centimeter 5. 47 feet - ----------------------- inches PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 56 Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest and relax a while then move on to the next lesson. Good luck! REFERENCES LO1  Barba, Joshua A., Plumbing, ConvergeLink Books Corp., Philippines, 2006.  Better Homes and Gardens Plumbing, Meredith Books Desmoines, Iowa, 2003  www.google.com.ph LO 2  Burghardt , Henry D. et al, Machine Tool Operation, 5th Edition, Mc Graw Hill Book Co., New York , 1963  Fajardo Jr. , Max B , Plumbing Design and Estimate, 5138 Trading Philippines , 1975  www.google.com.ph PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 57 LESSON 3 30 30 0 0 a l t base A H h h B CONE PYRAMID LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of this Lesson you are expected to do the following: LO 1. Analyze signs, symbols and data LO 2. Interpret technical drawing PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 58 Analyze – to examine something in great detail in order to understand it better or Block Diagram – showing the basic form or lay-out of plumbing diagram in block form labeled Blueprint – a photographic print of technical drawing with white lines and blue backgrounds. Construct – to build or assemble something by putting together separate parts in an Data – factual information obtain from experiments or survey. Basis for making calculation Dimension – measurement of one or more direction such as length, width, and height. discover more about it. Electrical – involving electric cables or circuits powered by electricity. Interpret – to ascribe particular meaning of significance to something. Mechanical – a system involving the pipe lines, and mechanical component of or drawing conclusions. Ordered way. Pictorial Diagram – showing the basic form or lay-out of pictures of actual component. Plan – method of doing something that is work out in advance. Refrigeration and Air conditioning technology. Schematic Diagram – showing the basic form or lay-out of plumbing symbols. Sign – something that indicates the rule to follow. Symbol – something that represents abstraction with the names of plumbing components. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 59 LEARNING OUTCOME 1 Analyze signs, symbols and data PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 1. Sign, symbols, and data are identified according to job specifications. 2. Sign, symbols and data are determined according to classification or as appropriate in drawing.  PLAN  SIGN AND SYMBOLS  PAPER  PENCIL  BALLPEN  RULER  TRIANGLE  ERASER  CORRECTION LIQUID  OSLO PAPER  SHARPENER  COMPASS PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 60 Pretest LO. 1 Let us determine how much you already know about Analyze Symbols and Data.. Take this test. IDENTIFICATION Direction: Identify the plumbing symbols in each item. Write your answer on the space provided before each number. 1. _________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________ PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 61 Directions: Match column A to column B COLUMN A COLUMN B ____1. Long break line a. Very light line used to “block in” an object. These lines are made so light that little or no erasing is needed. They serve as base for darkening in the permanent line ____2. Dimension line b. Heavy, solid line used to frame in the drawing ____3. Centerline c. A medium line used to show edges and contours visible to the eye. ____4. Invisible line d. A medium line used to show edges and contours not visible to the eye. ____5. Visible line e.A light line used as axis of symmetry. Used for center of circle and arcs. Sometimes the symbol is shown ____6. Borderline f. Light thin lines used to show the sizes of the object. Extension lights start about 1/16” from visible or object line. The dimension line is broken near the center for the dimension. ____7. Construction line g. Wavy line draws freehand for the same purpose as long break. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 62 Read the Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 3.1. , 2.2 Information Sheet 3.1 PLUMBING SYMBOLS PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 63 Information Sheet 3.2 Alphabets of Lines In sketching orthographic drawing, certain conventional lines are used for a definite purpose. These lines are commonly called Alphabet of Lines. USES OF ALPHABET OF LINES Construction line Very light line used to “block in” an object. These lines are made so light that little or no erasing is needed. They serve as base for darkening in the permanent line Borderline Heavy, solid line used to frame in the drawing Visible line A medium line used to show edges and contours not visible to the eye. Invisible line A medium line used to show edges and contours not visible to the eye. Centerline A light line used as axis of symmetry. Used for center of circle and arcs. Sometimes the symbol is shown Dimension line Light thin lines used to show the sizes of the object. Extension lights start about 1/16” from visible or object line. The dimension line is broken near the center for the dimension. Long break line Wavy line draws freehand for same purpose as long break. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 64 Self-Check 3.1 Direction: Enumerate at least 10 plumbing signs and symbols 1. ________________________ 2. ________________________ 3. ________________________ 4. ________________________ 5. ________________________ 6. ________________________ 7. ________________________ 8. ________________________ 9. ________________________ 10. ________________________ Self-Check 3.2 Direction: Enumerate the different kinds of lines. 1. ________________________ 2. ________________________ 3. ________________________ 4. ________________________ 5. ________________________ 6. ________________________ 7. ________________________ 8. ________________________ 9. ________________________ 10. ________________________ Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 65 Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest and relax a while then move on to the next lesson. Good luck! REFERENCES LO1  Barba, Joshua A., Plumbing, ConvergeLink Books Corp., Philippines, 2006.  Better Homes and Gardens Plumbing, Meredith Books Desmoines, Iowa, 2003  www.google.com.ph LO 2  Burghardt , Henry D. et al, Machine Tool Operation, 5th Edition, Mc Graw Hill Book Co., New York , 1963  Fajardo Jr. , Max B , Plumbing Design and Estimate, 5138 Trading Philippines , 1975  www.google.com.ph PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 66 LEARNING OUTCOME 2 Interpret Technical Drawing PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Necessary tools, materials and equipment are identified according to the plan.  Components, assemblies or object are recognized as per job requirement.  Dimensions and specification are identified according to job requirements.  Freehand sketch is produced in accordance with job requirements.  Plumbing Symbols  Blueprint  Plumbing Plan  Pencil  Ruler  Eraser  Plumbing manuals PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 67 Pretest LO 2 Let us determine how much you already know about technical drawings plans and plumbing plans B. True or False. Directions: Write letter T if the statement is true, and letter F, if it’s false. ____________1. Blueprint is a framework gives you a solid foundation to build your project on top of, with an easy-to-use grid, sensible typography, useful plug-in, and even a style sheet for printing. ____________2. Mechanical Plan is a drawing done to scale using specialized instruments showing the actual part of an object. ____________3. Electrical Plan is a drawing done to scale using specialized instruments. ____________4.Sign and Symbol is very much important to plan of the worker. ____________5.Schematic Diagram is the design that follows of the technician when there is a problem encounter. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 68 Read the Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 2.1. Information Sheet 2.1 PLUMBING PARTS AND FITTINGS WITH SYMBOLS PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 69 Information Sheet 2.2 PROPER INSTALLATION/LAYOUT OF INSULATED VENTILLATION PIPES AND PROPER INSTALLATION/LAY OUT OF LAVATORY,BATH TAB, TOILET BOWL, KITCHEN SINK AND LAUNDRY APPLIANCE PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 70 Self-Check 2.1 Draw the following signs, signals, symbols and barricades used in building construction: 1. Under Construction 2. Exit 3. Slippery When Wet 4. Directional signs 5. Danger Keep Out Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 71 Show that you learned something by doing this activity Assignment Sheet 2.1 Draw the plumbing lay out of residential unit with the following : Kitchen Sink Toilet Bowl Bath Tab Laundry Appliances Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest and relax a while then move on to the next lesson. Good luck! REFERENCES LO2  Giesecke, Mitchell and Spencer, Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1999  German M. Manaois, Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing: 1983  Esguerra and Molino, Exploratory Drafting; Abiva Publishing: 1980  Stirling, Norman, Introduction to Technical Drawing, Metric Edition  http://www.images.search.yahoo.com/search/image  PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 72 LESSON 4 LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of this Lesson you are expected to do the following: LO 1. Check conditions of tools and equipment LO 2. Perform basic preventive maintenance PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 73 Condemned Unfunctional tools or equipment that are to be disposed Dull Unsharpened cutting and tools. Equipment A power tool usually run by motor. Grind to wear down, polish, or sharpen by friction. Lubricant A good solvent cleaner Maintenance The act of keeping tools and equipment in good working condition. P.P.E Personal Protective Equipment Repair The process of fixing tool or equipment to make it serviceable again. Sharpening the process of sharpening of tools cutting edge or fine point Solvent A substance, usually a liquid, capable of dissolving another substance PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 74 LEARNING OUTCOME 1 Check conditions of tools and equipment PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Tools and equipment are identified according to classification/specification and job requirements.  Non-functional tools and equipment are segregated and labeled according to classification.  Safety of tools and equipment are observed in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.. Pretest LO 1 Let us determine how much you already know about checking conditions of tools and equipments. Take this test. Direction: Given the choices below, identify the following tools and equipment used in plumbing. PLUMB BOB OR PLUMMET PULL PUSH RULE (Tape Measure) TRY SQUARE Steel Square Outside Caliper Inside Caliper CLAMP BENCH VISE BASIN WRENCH 1. It is a tool used for testing and surveying to position a point on the ground that is not readily visible. 2. It is a flexible tape measure which is available in lengths up to 50 feet. 3. Itis a wood working or a metal working tool used for marking/measuring a piece of wood. It is primarily used to measure the accuracy of right angle (90˚ degrees) tried on any surface so as to check its straightness or correspondence to an adjoining surface. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 75 4. It is a tool used by carpenters and other tradesman. It consists of a large arm and a smaller arm that meet at an angle of 90˚. 5. It is a tool used to measure the external size of an object. 6. It is a tool used to measure the internal size of an object 7. It is a tool used to grip and hold an object firmly such as wood, paper, plastic, and some metals for a short period time. 8. It is a tool with a mechanical screw apparatus used for holding or clamping a work piece to allow work to be performed on it using anchor. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 76 Read the Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 1.1. Information Sheet 1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT BORING TOOLS COLD CHISEL is a tool made from hexagon or octagon-shaped steel and is commonly called cold chisel steel. Its convenient size is for handling. One end is shaped for cutting operations. ELECTRIC DRILL is a power tool that rotates a replaced drill bit to make a hole in wood, plastic or metal. Alternately, a screw driver tip can be installed to turn screw. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 77 HAND DRILL is a tool used with drills or bits found around the tang. The tang is the end of the bit of which is held in the brace. CUTTING TOOLS CROSSCUT SAW is a type of cutting tool used to cut the grain of the wood. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 78 HACKSAW is a tool used for cutting metal, plastic or pipe. PIPE CUTTER is a tool used for cutting pipe and tube. PIPE REAMER is a tool used for cleaning the inside portion of the pipe and tube to remove the burst and chips. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 79 PIPE THREAD is a tool used for threading the pipe. PIPE THREAD is a tool used for threading the pipe. DRIVING TOOLS CLAW HAMMER is a tool used for pulling and driving the nails from some other object. Generally, a hammer is associated with woodworking but is not limited to use for any purpose. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 80 CROW BAR is a tool consisting of a metal bar with a single curved end and flattened points, often with a small fissure on one or both ends for removing nails. SCREW DRIVER is a tool used to insert and tighten, or to loosen and remove screw. The screw driver comprises a head or tip which engages with a screw, a mechanism to apply torque by rotating the tip, and some way to position and support screw driver. (Screw drives types: Triple Square, Spanner head, Torque, Tri wing, Robertson, Hex Allen, Torx, Pozidive, Crosshead, Flat) PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 81 HOLDING TOOLS ADJUSTABLE SPANNER/WRENCH, ADJUSTABLE ANGLE HEAD WRENCH is a tool which can be used to loosen and tighten a nut or bolt. It has a “jaw” of adjustable-size, which allows different sizes of nut and bolt. BASIN WRENCH is a specialized tool which allows one to reach tight spot under sink and basin. The jaw of the basin wrench can not only be adjusted to accommodate nuts of different sizes, but it can also be flipped over the opposite side to keep it turning without removing the wrench. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 82 BENCH VISE is a tool with a mechanical screw apparatus used for holding or clamping a work piece to allow work to be performed on it which uses an anchor. Bench vise or vice has one fixed jaw and another, parallel, jaw which is moved towards or away from the fixed jaw by the screw. CLAMP is a tool used to grip and hold an object firmly such as wood, paper, plastic and some metals for a short period time. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 83 PIPE WRENCH OR STILLSON WRENCH is an adjustable wrench used for turning soft iron pipes fittings with a rounded surface. The design of the adjustable jaw allows it to rock in the frame such that any forward pressure on the handle tends to pull the jaw tighter together. Measuring Tools Inside Caliperis a tool used to measure the internal size of an object. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 84 Outside Caliperis a tool used to measure the external size of an object. Steel Square is a tool used by carpenters and other tradesman. It consists a large arm and a smaller arm that meet at an angle of 90˚.Today the steel square is commonly referred to as the framing square. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 85 TRY SQUARE is a woodworking or a metal working tool used for marking/measuring a piece of wood. It is primarily used to measure the accuracy of right angle (90˚ degrees) tried on any surface so as to check its straightness or correspondence to an adjoining surface. PULL PUSH RULE (Tape Measure) is a flexible tape measure which is available in lengths up to 50 feet. Other tapes that are 12 to 25 feet are usually considered adequate. Most tapes have an automatic power return that is useful but not necessary. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 86 TESTING TOOLS PLUMB BOB OR PLUMMET is a tool used for testing and surveying to position a point on the ground that is not readily visible. Plumb bob is a weight with a pointed tip at the bottom that is suspended from a string and used as a vertical reference line. TESTING TOOLS CARPENTERS’ SQUARE - a steel square used by carpenters; larger than a try square. Square-a hand tool consisting of two straight arms at right angles. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 87 Self-Check 1.1 Directions: Call your teacher and request him to check if you have executed the task. You will be evaluated based upon his observation. You have 40 minutes to complete this exercise. Teacher’s Checklist Acceptability YES NO 1. Tools were classified correctly. 2. Demonstrated correct use of tools. 3. Applied safety measures in holding tools. 4. Recorded the damage accurately. 5. Organized the tools properly. After this activity, proceed to next page please. Competent_______ Not Competent________ Students Name: ____________________________________Date: ___________ Teacher’s Name: _____________________________________Date: ____________ Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 88 Show that you learned something by doing this activity LO 1. : CHECK OF CONDITION OF TOOLS TITLE: CHECKING CONDITION OF TOOLS INTRODUCTON: Non-functional tools and equipment must be reported and filled up in the report card. The following tools and equipment are used in checking the condition of tools. Given below is a sample on how to fill up the Record Card. CLASSIFICATION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT: Boring tools Cutting Tools Holding tools Measuring tools Testing tools  Supporting materials: Inventory sheet Report Cards BAR CODE LEGEND P BOR.T – 0008 – AUGER BIT P- Plumbing tools (shop name) BOR.T- Classification of tools 0008- Code no. in the tool panel AUGER BIT- Name of tools QUANTITY UNIT NAME OF CODE CONDITION REMARKS TOOLS 2 PCS AUGER BIT PBOR.T 0001- Broken Replaced #1 A. BIT thread 1 pc Claw Hammer PDRI.T 0002 Loose Repair #2 Claw hammer Handle 1 pc C – Clamp # 4 P Hold.T. 0004 Broken Repair CClmp Handle 1 pc Inside Caliper P.Meas.T 0008 Loose Legs Repair #8 In.Cal. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 89 RECORD CARD NAME:________________________________________ DATE:_____________________ YR/SEC:______________________________________ STUDENT NO:_____________ SHOP TEACHER:_____________________________ SHOP NAME:______________ Classification of tools BORING TOOLS QUANTITY UNIT NAME OF CODE CONDITION REMARKS TOOLS DRIVING TOOLS QUANTITY UNIT NAME OF CODE CONDITION REMARKS TOOLS HOLDING TOOL QUANTITY UNIT NAME OF CODE CONDITION REMARKS TOOLS MEASURING TOOLS QUANTITY UNIT NAME OF CODE CONDITION REMARKS TOOLS PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 90 LEARNING OUTCOME 2 Perform basic preventive maintenance PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Lubricants are identified according to types of equipment.  Tools and equipment are lubricated according to preventive maintenance schedule or manufacturer’s specifications.  Tools are cleaned and lubricated according to standard procedures.  Defective equipment and tools are inspected and replaced according to manufacturer’s specifications.  Work place is cleaned and kept in safe state in line with OSHC regulations.  OSHC regulations are followed and aaply in the workplace Pretest LO 2 Let us determine how much you already know about safely keep / dispose materials and outfit. Take this test. Directions: Write T if the statement is true and F, if it is false. ____________1. Safety goggles must be worn anytime the power tools are being used in the work area. ____________2. Ear protection should be worn when operating tools with high noise level. ____________3. Loose clothing should be worn around when operating power tools. ____________4.The pockets of pants are so designed to carry sharp tools thus preventing damage to the cutting edge. ____________5. The dust collection system is a large vacuum that should only be operated at clean-up time. ____________6. Certain glues and most finishes are toxic. Prolonged exposure to their fumes should be avoided. ____________7. Used rags should be placed in the metal container except when in use. ____________8. Tools should be returned to their storage location after use. ____________9. When debris accumulates on the floor it should be put into the trash container. ____________10. Mirror cuts and splinters need not be reported to the teacher. PLUMBING K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 91 Read the Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 2.1. Information Sheet 2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS Before using the tools and equipment in the installation of pipes, you have to know first the types of lubricants to be used. In this manner, you can prevent rusting and malfunctioning of the tools and equipment. There are four types of lubricants and these are liquid including emulsion and suspension, so

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