Information Technology Lecture 1 PDF

Faculty of Artificial Intelligence Delta University Information Technology Lecture 1 2024-2025 Weighting of Assessment Mid-Term Examination 20% Absence 10% Quiz1+ Quiz2 30% Final-term E...

Faculty of Artificial Intelligence Delta University Information Technology Lecture 1 2024-2025 Weighting of Assessment Mid-Term Examination 20% Absence 10% Quiz1+ Quiz2 30% Final-term Examination 40% ----------------------------------------------- Total 100 % 2/30 Table of Contents  Chapter 1: Computers: Tools for an Information Age  Chapter 2: Applications Software  Chapter 3: Operating Systems  Chapter 4: The Central Processing Unit  Chapter 5: Networking: Computer Connections  Chapter 6: Numbering Systems  Chapter 7: Computer Programming 3/30 Ch.1: Computers: Tools for an Information Age 4/30 Objectives  Describe the three fundamental measurements of computers.  Describe at least four areas of society in which computers are used.  Identify the basic components of a computer system: input, processing, output, and storage.  List some common input, output, and storage media.  Differentiate between data and information.  Describe the importance of networking.  Explain the importance of the Internet.  Explain the various classifications of computers. 5/30 What Is Computer Literacy?  Awareness  Becoming aware of the importance, and Spread of computers in our society  Knowledge  Learning what computers are and how they work.  Learning some technical Terms.  Interaction  Knowing how to use computers for some simple applications. 6/30 Fundamental Measurements  Speed  Reliability  Storage Capability 7/30 Areas of Society in Which Computers are Used  Education  Teaching  Distance Learning  Registration  Medicine  Monitor patients.  Electronic imaging.  Diagnosis of illnesses. 8/30 Areas of Society in Which Computers are Used (cont.)  An Automation Robotics  Perform jobs that are dangerous for humans  Factory work  Finance  Electronic Banking  ATM  Transport  Railways Control  Air Traffic Control 9/30 Computer System Components  Hardware  Equipment associated with the system  Software  Instructions that tell the hardware what to do  People  Computer programmer: writes software.  User: purchases and uses software.  Often called end-user. 10/30 Hardware: The Basic Components of a Computer  A Computer is a machine that can be programmed to accept data, process it into useful information, and store it away.  Data: raw facts representing people and events.  Information: data that is organized, meaningful, and useful. 11/30 Four Primary Hardware Components 1. Input Devices  The data put into the computer for processing  Common input devices:  Keyboard  Mouse  Scanner  Generates electrical signals  Movement of mouse  Reads special letters, which are translated into ball causes corresponding numbers, and symbols characters. movement of pointer on screen. 12/30 Four Primary Hardware Components (cont.) 2. Processor and Memory 2.1 Processor  Also called central processing unit (CPU).  Center of activity in the computer  Consists of electronic circuits  Interprets and executes program instructions.  Communicates with input, output, and storage devices.  Actually transforms data into information. 13/30 Four Primary Hardware Components (cont.) 2. Processor and Memory 2.2 Memory  Memory (primary storage)  Closely related to, but distinct from processor.  Provides temporary storage.  Used to temporarily hold data  After it is retrieved from input device and before it is processed.  After it is processed and before it is released to output device.  Temporary (volatile) storage  Data in memory lost if power is lost or program closed. 14/30 Four Primary Hardware Components (cont.) 3. Output Devices  The result produced by the CPU.  Common forms of output: text, numbers, graphics, and sounds.  Common output devices:  Screen (monitor)  Printer Can display text, numbers, Produces printed photographs, even video, in reports as instructed full color. by a program. 15/30 Four Primary Hardware Components (cont.) 4. Storage  Provides long-term storage  Separate from memory.  Common media:  Magnetic disks  Optical disks  Magnetic tape o Diskette: 3.5” flexible diskette o Use a laser beam to o Stores large in plastic case. read large volumes of amounts of data o Hard Disk: more storage capacity data inexpensively. inexpensively. and faster access than diskette. - CD-ROMs o Often used for - DVD-ROMs system backup 16/30 Networking  Network: a system that uses communications equipment to connect computers and their resources.  Common network tools  Local Area Network (LAN)  Modem  Electronic Mail  Personal computers in an  A device that allows  Send and receive office are connected so users to communicate messages. users can communicate. with other computers  Can send text, pictures , links to Web sites.  Users can operate computers over telephone lines. independently.  Can attach files for  Required when you collaboration.  Can share resources and don’t have a digital exchange data. connection such as  Messages stored DSL or a cable modem. in “mailbox”. 17/30 The Internet  The largest and most wide network.  Connects users worldwide.  Not actually a network, but a collection of thousands of networks.  Now, much more visually based  Use browser to explore the Internet  World Wide Web (WWW) 18/30 Browser  Software that allows you to use a mouse to explore the Internet.  Click on screen text and/or graphics to move to different locations.  Most commonly used to explore the World Wide Web.  Examples of browsers: - Internet Explorer - Firefox. - Google Chrome 19/30 The World Wide Web (WWW)  The World Wide Web (WWW) - refers to all the public websites or pages that users can access on their local computers and other devices through the Internet.  A subset of the Internet.  Actually, a standard for displaying and transmitting information.  Web site: a location on the Web  Home page: the main page of a Web site 20/30 Getting Connected  To access the Internet, connect to a server computer  Server receives, processes, and transmits information.  Computers use a standard to communicate  Need an Internet Service Provider (ISP) 21/30 Classification of Computers  Personal Computers  Notebook Computers  Handheld Computers  Midrange Computers  Mainframes  Supercomputers 22/30 Personal Computers  Desktop Computers  Also known as PCs, microcomputers, or home computers.  PC Categories Low-end computers  Fine for home users, word processing, simple games, Internet access. Fully powered computers  Good for heavy use of graphics, programming, or action-oriented games. Workstations  Very high-end computers used by engineers and graphic designers. 23/30 Notebook Computers  Small, lightweight computers  Capabilities approach that of desktop computers  Similar processing and memory.  Most have hard disk, and diskette or CD-ROM drive.  Typically more expensive than comparable desktop computers 24/30 Handheld Computers  Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)  Keeps track of appointments, contacts, etc.  Accepts input with hand-held stylus.  Pocket PC  Is a class of personal digital assistant (PDA),  Plus the ability to run stripped-down versions of software such as word processing and spreadsheets. 25/30 Midrange Computers  a class of computer systems which fall in between mainframe computers and microcomputers  Multi-user computers designed to serve the needs of medium-sized organizations  Hundreds or thousands of users connected.  Used for inventory, order-entry, and other company-wide applications. 26/30 Mainframes  Very large and powerful computers  Capable of processing billions of instructions per second.  Capable of handling billions of characters of data.  Often used for applications with many users  Reservations systems  E-mail servers  Are less costly, small in size, and slower in speed than the supercomputers.  Are used as a storage for large database and serve as a maximum number of users  Acts like a server. It offers multiprogramming, many I/O devices, and provides support for large databases. 27/30 Supercomputers  The fastest and most powerful computers  Capable of processing trillions of instructions per second.  Used for very advanced applications requiring huge data manipulation  Weather forecasting  Weapons research  Special effects for movies  Supercomputers are the largest in size and the most costly computers in the world.  Basically focus on faster computing for the mathematical operations that might be complex in nature. 28/30 Personal Computer System 29/30 Next Chapter Chapter 2: Applications Software 30/30 1/20