ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management Systems - Requirements PDF

ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 5th edition 2015-09-15 Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 1 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements Contents Page Foreword.............................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 5 1 Scope...................................................................................................................................... 10 2 Normative references............................................................................................................. 10 3 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................... 10 4 Context of the organization.................................................................................................. 10 4.1 Understanding the organization and its context........................................................... 10 4.2 Understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties................................... 11 4.3 Determining the scope of the quality management system............................................ 11 4.4 Quality management system and its processes............................................................... 11 5 Leadership............................................................................................................................. 12 5.1 Leadership and commitment.......................................................................................... 12 5.1.1 General......................................................................................................................... 12 5.1.2 Customer focus............................................................................................................. 12 5.2 Policy............................................................................................................................... 13 5.2.1 Establishing the quality policy............................................................................. 13 5.2.2 Communicating the quality policy......................................................................... 13 5.3 Organizational roles, responsibilities and authorities................................................... 13 6 Planning.................................................................................................................................. 13 Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 2 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 6.1 Actions to address risks and opportunities..................................................................... 13 6.2 Quality objectives and planning to achieve them............................................................ 14 6.3 Planning of changes...........................................................................................................14 7 Support.................................................................................................................................... 15 7.1 Resources....................................................................................................................... 15 7.1.1 General.................................................................................................................. 15 7.1.2 People.................................................................................................................... 15 7.1.3 Infrastructure........................................................................................................ 15 7.1.4 Environment for the operation of processes......................................................... 15 7.1.5 Monitoring and measuring resources................................................................... 16 7.1.6 Organizational knowledge..................................................................................... 16 7.2 Competence.................................................................................................................... 17 7.3 Awareness........................................................................................................................ 17 7.4 Communication............................................................................................................... 17 7.5 Documented information................................................................................................. 17 7.5.1 General................................................................................................................... 17 7.5.2 Creating and updating............................................................................................ 18 7.5.3 Control of documented information...................................................................... 18 Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 3 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 8 Operation................................................................................................................................ 19 8.1 Operational planning and control................................................................................... 19 8.2 Requirements for products and services........................................................................ 19 8.2.1 Customer communication..................................................................................... 19 8.2.2 Determining the requirements for products and services.................................... 19 8.2.3 Review of the requirements for products and services........................................ 19 8.2.4 Changes to requirements for products and services............................................. 20 8.3 Design and development of products and services.......................................................... 20 8.3.1 General.................................................................................................................. 20 8.3.2 Design and development planning....................................................................... 20 8.3.3 Design and development inputs............................................................................ 21 8.3.4 Design and development controls........................................................................ 21 8.3.5 Design and development outputs.......................................................................... 21 8.3.6 Design and development changes........................................................................ 22 8.4 Control of externally provided processes, products and services.................................. 22 8.4.1 General................................................................................................................. 22 8.4.2 Type and extent of control.................................................................................... 22 8.4.3 Information for external providers........................................................................ 23 8.5 Production and service provision.................................................................................... Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 4 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 23 8.5.1 Control of production and service provision........................................................ 23 8.5.2 Identification and traceability................................................................................ 23 8.5.3 Property belonging to customers or external providers.................................... 24 8.5.4 Preservation........................................................................................................... 24 8.5.5 Post-delivery activities........................................................................................... 24 8.5.6 Control of changes................................................................................................ 24 8.6 Release of products and services................................................................................... 24 8.7 Control of nonconforming outputs................................................................................. 25 9 Performance evaluation.................................................................................................... 25 9.1 Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation........................................................ 25 9.1.1 General.................................................................................................................. 25 Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 5 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 9.1.2 Customer satisfaction........................................................................................ 25 9.1.3 Analysis and evaluation........................................................................................ 26 9.2 Internal audit.................................................................................................................... 26 9.3 Management review....................................................................................................... 27 9.3.1 General................................................................................................................... 27 9.3.2 Management review inputs.................................................................................. 27 9.3.3 Management review outputs............................................................................... 27 10 Improvement..................................................................................................................... 28 10.1 General........................................................................................................................... 28 10.2 Nonconformity and corrective action............................................................................ 28 10.3 Continual improvement................................................................................................. 28 Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 6 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements Annex A (informative) Clarification of new structure, terminology and concepts.................. 29 Annex B (informative) Other International Standards on quality management and quality management systems developed by ISO/TC 176 Bibliography Note: Annex B and Bibliography are not included in this copy Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 7 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html. The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee ISO/TC 176, Quality management and quality assurance, Subcommittee SC 2, Quality systems. This fifth edition cancels and replaces the fourth edition (ISO 9001:2008), which has been technically revised, through the adoption of a revised clause sequence and the adaptation of the revised quality management principles and of new concepts. It also cancels and replaces the Technical Corrigendum ISO 9001:2008/Cor.1:2009. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 8 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements Introduction 0.1 General The adoption of a quality management system is a strategic decision for an organization that can help to improve its overall performance and provide a sound basis for sustainable development initiatives. The potential benefits to an organization of implementing a quality management system based on this International Standard are: a) the ability to consistently provide products and services that meet customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements; b) facilitating opportunities to enhance customer satisfaction; c) addressing risks and opportunities associated with its context and objectives; d) the ability to demonstrate conformity to specified quality management system requirements. This International Standard can be used by internal and external parties. It is not the intent of this International Standard to imply the need for: — uniformity in the structure of different quality management systems; — alignment of documentation to the clause structure of this International Standard; — the use of the specific terminology of this International Standard within the organization. The quality management system requirements specified in this International Standard are complementary to requirements for products and services. This International Standard employs the process approach, which incorporates the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle and risk-based thinking. The process approach enables an organization to plan its processes and their interactions. The PDCA cycle enables an organization to ensure that its processes are adequately resourced and managed, and that opportunities for improvement are determined and acted on. Risk-based thinking enables an organization to determine the factors that could cause its processes and its quality management system to deviate from the planned results, to put in place preventive controls to minimize negative effects and to make maximum use of opportunities as they arise (see Clause A.4). Consistently meeting requirements and addressing future needs and expectations poses a challenge for organizations in an increasingly dynamic and complex environment. To achieve this objective, the organization might find it necessary to adopt various forms of improvement in addition to correction and continual improvement, such as breakthrough change, innovation and re- organization. In this International Standard, the following verbal forms are used: — “shall” indicates a requirement; — “should” indicates a recommendation; — “may” indicates a permission; Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 9 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements — “can” indicates a possibility or a capability. Information marked as “NOTE” is for guidance in understanding or clarifying the associated requirement. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 10 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 0.2 Quality management principles This International Standard is based on the quality management principles described in ISO 9000. The descriptions include a statement of each principle, a rationale of why the principle is important for the organization, some examples of benefits associated with the principle and examples of typical actions to improve the organization’s performance when applying the principle. The quality management principles are: — customer focus; — leadership; — engagement of people; — process approach; — improvement; — evidence-based decision making; — relationship management. 0.3 Process approach 0.3.1 General This International Standard promotes the adoption of a process approach when developing, implementing and improving the effectiveness of a quality management system, to enhance customer satisfaction by meeting customer requirements. Specific requirements considered essential to the adoption of a process approach are included in 4.4. Understanding and managing interrelated processes as a system contributes to the organization’s effectiveness and efficiency in achieving its intended results. This approach enables the organization to control the interrelationships and interdependencies among the processes of the system, so that the overall performance of the organization can be enhanced. The process approach involves the systematic definition and management of processes, and their interactions, so as to achieve the intended results in accordance with the quality policy and strategic direction of the organization. Management of the processes and the system as a whole can be achieved using the PDCA cycle (see 0.3.2) with an overall focus on risk-based thinking (see 0.3.3) aimed at taking advantage of opportunities and preventing undesirable results. The application of the process approach in a quality management system enables: a) understanding and consistency in meeting requirements; b) the consideration of processes in terms of added value; c) the achievement of effective process performance; d) improvement of processes based on evaluation of data and information. Figure 1 gives a schematic representation of any process and shows the interaction of its elements. The monitoring and measuring check points, which are necessary for control, are specific to each process and will vary depending on the related risks. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 11 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 0.3.2 Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle The PDCA cycle can be applied to all processes and to the quality management system as a whole. Figure 2 illustrates how Clauses 4 to 10 can be grouped in relation to the PDCA cycle. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 12 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements The PDCA cycle can be briefly described as follows: — Plan: establish the objectives of the system and its processes, and the resources needed to deliver results in accordance with customers’ requirements and the organization’s policies, and identify and address risks and opportunities; — Do: implement what was planned; — Check: monitor and (where applicable) measure processes and the resulting products and services against policies, objectives, requirements and planned activities, and report the results; — Act: take actions to improve performance, as necessary. 0.3.3 Risk-based thinking Risk-based thinking (see Clause A.4) is essential for achieving an effective quality management system. The concept of risk-based thinking has been implicit in previous editions of this International Standard including, for example, carrying out preventive action to eliminate potential nonconformities, analysing any nonconformities that do occur, and taking action to prevent recurrence that is appropriate for the effects of the nonconformity. To conform to the requirements of this International Standard, an organization needs to plan and implement actions to address risks and opportunities. Addressing both risks and opportunities establishes a basis for increasing the effectiveness of the quality management system, achieving improved results and preventing negative effects. Opportunities can arise as a result of a situation favourable to achieving an intended result, for example, a set of circumstances that allow the organization to attract customers, develop new products and services, reduce waste or improve productivity. Actions to address opportunities can also include consideration of associated risks. Risk is the effect of uncertainty and any such uncertainty can have positive or negative effects. A positive deviation arising from a risk can provide an opportunity, but not all positive effects of risk result in opportunities. 0.4 Relationship with other management system standards This International Standard applies the framework developed by ISO to improve alignment among its International Standards for management systems (see Clause A.1). This International Standard enables an organization to use the process approach, coupled with the PDCA cycle and risk-based thinking, to align or integrate its quality management system with the requirements of other management system standards. This International Standard relates to ISO 9000 and ISO 9004 as follows: — ISO 9000 Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabulary provides essential background for the proper understanding and implementation of this International Standard; — ISO 9004 Managing for the sustained success of an organization — A quality management approach provides guidance for organizations that choose to progress beyond the requirements of this International Standard. Annex B provides details of other International Standards on quality management and quality management systems that have been developed by ISO/TC 176. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 13 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements This International Standard does not include requirements specific to other management systems, such as those for environmental management, occupational health and safety management, or financial management. Sector-specific quality management system standards based on the requirements of this International Standard have been developed for a number of sectors. Some of these standards specify additional quality management system requirements, while others are limited to providing guidance to the application of this International Standard within the particular sector. A matrix showing the correlation between the clauses of this edition of this International Standard and the previous edition (ISO 9001:2008) can be found on the ISO/TC 176/SC 2 open access web site at: www.iso.org/tc176/sc02/public. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 14 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements Quality management systems — Requirements 1 Scope This International Standard specifies requirements for a quality management system when an organization: a) needs to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide products and services that meet customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, and b) aims to enhance customer satisfaction through the effective application of the system, including processes for improvement of the system and the assurance of conformity to customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. All the requirements of this International Standard are generic and are intended to be applicable to any organization, regardless of its type or size, or the products and services it provides. NOTE 1 In this International Standard, the terms “product” or “service” only apply to products and services intended for, or required by, a customer. NOTE 2 Statutory and regulatory requirements can be expressed as legal requirements. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 9000:2015, Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabulary 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 9000:2015 apply. 4 Context of the organization 4.1 Understanding the organization and its context. The organization shall determine external and internal issues that are relevant to its purpose and its strategic direction and that affect its ability to achieve the intended result(s) of its quality management system. The organization shall monitor and review information about these external and internal issues. NOTE 1 Issues can include positive and negative factors or conditions for consideration. NOTE 2 Understanding the external context can be facilitated by considering issues arising from legal, technological, competitive, market, cultural, social and economic environments, whether international, national, regional or local. NOTE 3 Understanding the internal context can be facilitated by considering issues related to values, culture, knowledge and performance of the organization. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 15 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 4.2 Understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties. Due to their effect or potential effect on the organization’s ability to consistently provide products and services that meet customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, the organization shall determine: a) the interested parties that are relevant to the quality management system; b) the requirements of these interested parties that are relevant to the quality management system. The organization shall monitor and review information about these interested parties and their relevant requirements. 4.3 Determining the scope of the quality management system. The organization shall determine the boundaries and applicability of the quality management system to establish its scope. When determining this scope, the organization shall consider: a) the external and internal issues referred to in 4.1; b) the requirements of relevant interested parties referred to in 4.2; c) the products and services of the organization. The organization shall apply all the requirements of this International Standard if they are applicable within the determined scope of its quality management system. The scope of the organization’s quality management system shall be available and be maintained as documented information. The scope shall state the types of products and services covered, and provide justification for any requirement of this International Standard that the organization determines is not applicable to the scope of its quality management system. Conformity to this International Standard may only be claimed if the requirements determined as not being applicable do not affect the organization’s ability or responsibility to ensure the conformity of its products and services and the enhancement of customer satisfaction. 4.4 Quality management system and its processes 4.4.1 The organization shall establish, implement, maintain, and continually improve a quality management system, including the processes needed and their interactions, in accordance with the requirements of this International Standard. The organization shall determine the processes needed for the quality management system and their application throughout the organization, and shall: a) determine the inputs required and the outputs expected from these processes; b) determine the sequence and interaction of these processes; c) determine and apply the criteria and methods (including monitoring, measurements and related performance indicators) needed to ensure the effective operation and control of these processes; d) determine the resources needed for these processes and ensure their availability; e) assign the responsibilities and authorities for these processes; f) address the risks and opportunities as determined in accordance with the requirements of 6.1; Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 16 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements g) evaluate these processes and implement any changes needed to ensure that these processes achieve their intended results; h) improve the processes and the quality management system. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 17 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 4.4.2 To the extent necessary, the organization shall: a) maintain documented information to support the operation of its processes; b) retain documented information to have confidence that the processes are being carried out as planned. 5 Leadership 5.1 Leadership and commitment 5.1.1 General Top management shall demonstrate leadership and commitment with respect to the quality management system by: a) taking accountability for the effectiveness of the quality management system; b) ensuring that the quality policy and quality objectives are established for the quality management system and are compatible with the context and strategic direction of the organization; c) ensuring the integration of the quality management system requirements into the organization’s business processes; d) promoting the use of the process approach and risk-based thinking; e) ensuring that the resources needed for the quality management system are available; f) communicating the importance of effective quality management and of conforming to the quality management system requirements; g) ensuring that the quality management system achieves its intended results; h) engaging, directing and supporting persons to contribute to the effectiveness of the quality management system; i) promoting improvement; j) supporting other relevant management roles to demonstrate their leadership as it applies to their areas of responsibility. NOTE Reference to “business” in this International Standard can be interpreted broadly to mean those activities that are core to the purposes of the organization’s existence, whether the organization is public, private, for profit or not for profit. 5.1.2 Customer focus Top management shall demonstrate leadership and commitment with respect to customer focus by ensuring that: a) customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements are determined, understood and consistently met; b) the risks and opportunities that can affect conformity of products and services and the ability to enhance customer satisfaction are determined and addressed; c) the focus on enhancing customer satisfaction is maintained. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 18 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 5.2 Policy 5.2.1 Establishing the quality policy Top management shall establish, implement and maintain a quality policy that: a) is appropriate to the purpose and context of the organization and supports its strategic direction; b) provides a framework for setting quality objectives; c) includes a commitment to satisfy applicable requirements; d) includes a commitment to continual improvement of the quality management system. 5.2.2 Communicating the quality policy The quality policy shall: a) be available and be maintained as documented information; b) be communicated, understood and applied within the organization; c) be available to relevant interested parties, as appropriate. 5.3 Organizational roles, responsibilities and authorities Top management shall ensure that the responsibilities and authorities for relevant roles are assigned, communicated and understood within the organization. Top management shall assign the responsibility and authority for: a) ensuring that the quality management system conforms to the requirements of this International Standard; b) ensuring that the processes are delivering their intended outputs; c) reporting on the performance of the quality management system and on opportunities for improvement (see 10.1), in particular to top management; d) ensuring the promotion of customer focus throughout the organization; e) ensuring that the integrity of the quality management system is maintained when changes to the quality management system are planned and implemented. 6 Planning 6.1 Actions to address risks and opportunities. 6.1.1 When planning for the quality management system, the organization shall consider the issues referred to in 4.1 and the requirements referred to in 4.2 and determine the risks and opportunities that need to be addressed to: a) give assurance that the quality management system can achieve its intended result(s); b) enhance desirable effects; c) prevent, or reduce, undesired effects; d) achieve improvement. 6.1.2 The organization shall plan: a) actions to address these risks and opportunities; b) how to: 1) integrate and implement the actions into its quality management system processes (see 4.4); 2) evaluate the effectiveness of these actions. Actions taken to address risks and opportunities shall be proportionate to the potential impact on the conformity of products and services. NOTE 1 Options to address risks can include avoiding risk, taking risk in order to pursue an opportunity, eliminating the risk source, changing the likelihood or consequences, sharing the risk, or retaining risk by informed decision. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 19 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements NOTE 2 Opportunities can lead to the adoption of new practices, launching new products, opening new markets, addressing new customers, building partnerships, using new technology and other desirable and viable possibilities to address the organization’s or its customers’ needs. 6.2 Quality objectives and planning to achieve them. 6.2.1 The organization shall establish quality objectives at relevant functions, levels and processes needed for the quality management system. The quality objectives shall: a) be consistent with the quality policy; b) be measurable; c) take into account applicable requirements; d) be relevant to conformity of products and services and to enhancement of customer satisfaction; e) be monitored; f) be communicated; g) be updated as appropriate. The organization shall maintain documented information on the quality objectives. 6.2.2 When planning how to achieve its quality objectives, the organization shall determine: a) what will be done; b) what resources will be required; c) who will be responsible; d) when it will be completed; e) how the results will be evaluated. 6.3 Planning of changes When the organization determines the need for changes to the quality management system, the changes shall be carried out in a planned manner (see 4.4). The organization shall consider: a) the purpose of the changes and their potential consequences; b) the integrity of the quality management system; c) the availability of resources; d) the allocation or reallocation of responsibilities and authorities. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 20 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 7 Support 7.1 Resources 7.1.1 General The organization shall determine and provide the resources needed for the establishment, implementation, maintenance and continual improvement of the quality management system. The organization shall consider: a) the capabilities of, and constraints on, existing internal resources; b) what needs to be obtained from external providers. 7.1.2 People The organization shall determine and provide the persons necessary for the effective implementation of its quality management system and for the operation and control of its processes. 7.1.3 Infrastructure The organization shall determine, provide and maintain the infrastructure necessary for the operation of its processes and to achieve conformity of products and services. NOTE Infrastructure can include: a) buildings and associated utilities; b) equipment, including hardware and software; c) transportation resources; d) information and communication technology. 7.1.4 Environment for the operation of processes The organization shall determine, provide and maintain the environment necessary for the operation of its processes and to achieve conformity of products and services. NOTE A suitable environment can be a combination of human and physical factors, such as: a) social (e.g. non-discriminatory, calm, non-confrontational); b) psychological (e.g. stress-reducing, burnout prevention, emotionally protective); c) physical (e.g. temperature, heat, humidity, light, airflow, hygiene, noise). These factors can differ substantially depending on the products and services provided. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 21 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 7.1.5 Monitoring and measuring resources 7.1.5.1 General The organization shall determine and provide the resources needed to ensure valid and reliable results when monitoring or measuring is used to verify the conformity of products and services to requirements. The organization shall ensure that the resources provided: a) are suitable for the specific type of monitoring and measurement activities being undertaken; b) are maintained to ensure their continuing fitness for their purpose. The organization shall retain appropriate documented information as evidence of fitness for purpose of the monitoring and measurement resources. 7.1.5.2 Measurement traceability When measurement traceability is a requirement, or is considered by the organization to be an essential part of providing confidence in the validity of measurement results, measuring equipment shall be: a) calibrated or verified, or both, at specified intervals, or prior to use, against measurement standards traceable to international or national measurement standards; when no such standards exist, the basis used for calibration or verification shall be retained as documented information; b) identified in order to determine their status; c) safeguarded from adjustments, damage or deterioration that would invalidate the calibration status and subsequent measurement results. The organization shall determine if the validity of previous measurement results has been adversely affected when measuring equipment is found to be unfit for its intended purpose, and shall take appropriate action as necessary. 7.1.6 Organizational knowledge The organization shall determine the knowledge necessary for the operation of its processes and to achieve conformity of products and services. This knowledge shall be maintained and be made available to the extent necessary. When addressing changing needs and trends, the organization shall consider its current knowledge and determine how to acquire or access any necessary additional knowledge and required updates. NOTE 1 Organizational knowledge is knowledge specific to the organization; it is generally gained by experience. It is information that is used and shared to achieve the organization’s objectives. NOTE 2 Organizational knowledge can be based on: a) internal sources (e.g. intellectual property; knowledge gained from experience; lessons learned from failures and successful projects; capturing and sharing undocumented knowledge and experience; the results of improvements in processes, products and services); b) external sources ( e.g. standards; academia; conferences; gathering knowledge from customers or external providers). Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 22 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 7.2 Competence The organization shall: a) determine the necessary competence of person(s) doing work under its control that affects the performance and effectiveness of the quality management system; b) ensure that these persons are competent on the basis of appropriate education, training, or experience; c) where applicable, take actions to acquire the necessary competence, and evaluate the effectiveness of the actions taken; d) retain appropriate documented information as evidence of competence. NOTE Applicable actions can include, for example, the provision of training to, the mentoring of, or the re-assignment of currently employed persons; or the hiring or contracting of competent persons. 7.3 Awareness The organization shall ensure that persons doing work under the organization’s control are aware of: a) the quality policy; b) relevant quality objectives; c) their contribution to the effectiveness of the quality management system, including the benefits of improved performance; d) the implications of not conforming with the quality management system requirements. 7.4 Communication The organization shall determine the internal and external communications relevant to the quality management system, including: a) on what it will communicate; b) when to communicate; c) with whom to communicate; d) how to communicate; e) who communicates. 7.5 Documented information 7.5.1 General The organization’s quality management system shall include: a) documented information required by this International Standard; b) documented information determined by the organization as being necessary for the effectiveness of the quality management system. NOTE The extent of documented information for a quality management system can differ from one organization to another due to: — the size of organization and its type of activities, processes, products and services; — the complexity of processes and their interactions; — the competence of persons. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 23 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 7.5.2 Creating and updating When creating and updating documented information, the organization shall ensure appropriate: a) identification and description (e.g. a title, date, author, or reference number); b) format (e.g. language, software version, graphics) and media (e.g. paper, electronic); c) review and approval for suitability and adequacy. 7.5.3 Control of documented information 7.5.3.1 Documented information required by the quality management system and by this International Standard shall be controlled to ensure: a) it is available and suitable for use, where and when it is needed; b) it is adequately protected (e.g. from loss of confidentiality, improper use, or loss of integrity). 7.5.3.2 For the control of documented information, the organization shall address the following activities, as applicable: a) distribution, access, retrieval and use; b) storage and preservation, including preservation of legibility; c) control of changes (e.g. version control); d) retention and disposition. Documented information of external origin determined by the organization to be necessary for the planning and operation of the quality management system shall be identified as appropriate, and be controlled. Documented information retained as evidence of conformity shall be protected from unintended alterations. NOTE Access can imply a decision regarding the permission to view the documented information only, or the permission and authority to view and change the documented information. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 24 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 8 Operation 8.1 Operational planning and control The organization shall plan, implement and control the processes (see 4.4) needed to meet the requirements for the provision of products and services, and to implement the actions determined in Clause 6, by: a) determining the requirements for the products and services; b) establishing criteria for: 1) the processes; 2) the acceptance of products and services; c) determining the resources needed to achieve conformity to the product and service requirements; d) implementing control of the processes in accordance with the criteria; e) determining, maintaining and retaining documented information to the extent necessary: 1) to have confidence that the processes have been carried out as planned; 2) to demonstrate the conformity of products and services to their requirements. The output of this planning shall be suitable for the organization’s operations. The organization shall control planned changes and review the consequences of unintended changes, taking action to mitigate any adverse effects, as necessary. The organization shall ensure that outsourced processes are controlled (see 8.4). 8.2 Requirements for products and services 8.2.1 Customer communication Communication with customers shall include: a) providing information relating to products and services; b) handling enquiries, contracts or orders, including changes; c) obtaining customer feedback relating to products and services, including customer complaints; d) handling or controlling customer property; e) establishing specific requirements for contingency actions, when relevant. 8.2.2 Determining the requirements for products and services When determining the requirements for the products and services to be offered to customers, the organization shall ensure that: a) the requirements for the products and services are defined, including: 1) any applicable statutory and regulatory requirements; 2) those considered necessary by the organization; b) the organization can meet the claims for the products and services it offers. 8.2.3 Review of the requirements for products and services 8.2.3.1 The organization shall ensure that it has the ability to meet the requirements for products and services to be offered to customers. The organization shall conduct a review before committing to supply products and services to a customer, to include: a) requirements specified by the customer, including the requirements for delivery and post-delivery activities; b) requirements not stated by the customer, but necessary for the specified or intended use, when known; c) requirements specified by the organization; Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 25 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements d) statutory and regulatory requirements applicable to the products and services; e) contract or order requirements differing from those previously expressed. The organization shall ensure that contract or order requirements differing from those previously defined are resolved. The customer’s requirements shall be confirmed by the organization before acceptance, when the customer does not provide a documented statement of their requirements. NOTE In some situations, such as internet sales, a formal review is impractical for each order. Instead, the review can cover relevant product information, such as catalogues. 8.2.3.2 The organization shall retain documented information, as applicable: a) on the results of the review; b) on any new requirements for the products and services. 8.2.4 Changes to requirements for products and services The organization shall ensure that relevant documented information is amended, and that relevant persons are made aware of the changed requirements, when the requirements for products and services are changed. 8.3 Design and development of products and services 8.3.1 General The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a design and development process that is appropriate to ensure the subsequent provision of products and services. 8.3.2 Design and development planning In determining the stages and controls for design and development, the organization shall consider: a) the nature, duration and complexity of the design and development activities; b) the required process stages, including applicable design and development reviews; c) the required design and development verification and validation activities; d) the responsibilities and authorities involved in the design and development process; e) the internal and external resource needs for the design and development of products and services; f) the need to control interfaces between persons involved in the design and development process; g) the need for involvement of customers and users in the design and development process; h) the requirements for subsequent provision of products and services; i) the level of control expected for the design and development process by customers and other relevant interested parties; j) the documented information needed to demonstrate that design and development requirements have been met. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 26 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 8.3.3 Design and development inputs The organization shall determine the requirements essential for the specific types of products and services to be designed and developed. The organization shall consider: a) functional and performance requirements; b) information derived from previous similar design and development activities; c) statutory and regulatory requirements; d) standards or codes of practice that the organization has committed to implement; e) potential consequences of failure due to the nature of the products and services. Inputs shall be adequate for design and development purposes, complete and unambiguous. Conflicting design and development inputs shall be resolved. The organization shall retain documented information on design and development inputs. 8.3.4 Design and development controls The organization shall apply controls to the design and development process to ensure that: a) the results to be achieved are defined; b) reviews are conducted to evaluate the ability of the results of design and development to meet requirements; c) verification activities are conducted to ensure that the design and development outputs meet the input requirements; d) validation activities are conducted to ensure that the resulting products and services meet the requirements for the specified application or intended use; e) any necessary actions are taken on problems determined during the reviews, or verification and validation activities; f) documented information of these activities is retained. NOTE Design and development reviews, verification and validation have distinct purposes. They can be conducted separately or in any combination, as is suitable for the products and services of the organization. 8.3.5 Design and development outputs The organization shall ensure that design and development outputs: a) meet the input requirements; b) are adequate for the subsequent processes for the provision of products and services; c) include or reference monitoring and measuring requirements, as appropriate, and acceptance criteria; d) specify the characteristics of the products and services that are essential for their intended purpose and their safe and proper provision. The organization shall retain documented information on design and development outputs. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 27 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 8.3.6 Design and development changes The organization shall identify, review and control changes made during, or subsequent to, the design and development of products and services, to the extent necessary to ensure that there is no adverse impact on conformity to requirements. The organization shall retain documented information on: a) design and development changes; b) the results of reviews; c) the authorization of the changes; d) the actions taken to prevent adverse impacts. 8.4 Control of externally provided processes, products and services 8.4.1 General The organization shall ensure that externally provided processes, products and services conform to requirements. The organization shall determine the controls to be applied to externally provided processes, products and services when: a) products and services from external providers are intended for incorporation into the organization’s own products and services; b) products and services are provided directly to the customer(s) by external providers on behalf of the organization; c) a process, or part of a process, is provided by an external provider as a result of a decision by the organization. The organization shall determine and apply criteria for the evaluation, selection, monitoring of performance, and re-evaluation of external providers, based on their ability to provide processes or products and services in accordance with requirements. The organization shall retain documented information of these activities and any necessary actions arising from the evaluations. 8.4.2 Type and extent of control The organization shall ensure that externally provided processes, products and services do not adversely affect the organization’s ability to consistently deliver conforming products and services to its customers. The organization shall: a) ensure that externally provided processes remain within the control of its quality management system; b) define both the controls that it intends to apply to an external provider and those it intends to apply to the resulting output; c) take into consideration: 1) the potential impact of the externally provided processes, products and services on the organization’s ability to consistently meet customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements; 2) the effectiveness of the controls applied by the external provider; d) determine the verification, or other activities, necessary to ensure that the externally provided processes, products and services meet requirements. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 28 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 8.4.3 Information for external providers The organization shall ensure the adequacy of requirements prior to their communication to the external provider. The organization shall communicate to external providers its requirements for: a) the processes, products and services to be provided; b) the approval of: 1) products and services; 2) methods, processes and equipment; 3) the release of products and services; c) competence, including any required qualification of persons; d) the external providers’ interactions with the organization; e) control and monitoring of the external providers’ performance to be applied by the organization; f) verification or validation activities that the organization, or its customer, intends to perform at the external providers’ premises. 8.5 Production and service provision 8.5.1 Control of production and service provision The organization shall implement production and service provision under controlled conditions. Controlled conditions shall include, as applicable: a) the availability of documented information that defines: 1) the characteristics of the products to be produced, the services to be provided, or the activities to be performed; 2) the results to be achieved; b) the availability and use of suitable monitoring and measuring resources; c) the implementation of monitoring and measurement activities at appropriate stages to verify that criteria for control of processes or outputs, and acceptance criteria for products and services, have been met; d) the use of suitable infrastructure and environment for the operation of processes; e) the appointment of competent persons, including any required qualification; f) the validation, and periodic revalidation, of the ability to achieve planned results of the processes for production and service provision, where the resulting output cannot be verified by subsequent monitoring or measurement; g) the implementation of actions to prevent human error; h) the implementation of release, delivery and post-delivery activities. 8.5.2 Identification and traceability The organization shall use suitable means to identify outputs when it is necessary to ensure the conformity of products and services. The organization shall identify the status of outputs with respect to monitoring and measurement requirements throughout production and service provision. The organization shall control the unique identification of the outputs when traceability is a requirement, and shall retain the documented information necessary to enable traceability. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 29 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 8.5.3 Property belonging to customers or external providers The organization shall exercise care with property belonging to customers or external providers while it is under the organization’s control or being used by the organization. The organization shall identify, verify, protect and safeguard customers’ or external providers’ property provided for use or incorporation into the products and services. When the property of a customer or external provider is lost, damaged or otherwise found to be unsuitable for use, the organization shall report this to the customer or external provider and retain documented information on what has occurred. NOTE A customer’s or external provider’s property can include materials, components, tools and equipment, premises, intellectual property and personal data. 8.5.4 Preservation The organization shall preserve the outputs during production and service provision, to the extent necessary to ensure conformity to requirements. NOTE Preservation can include identification, handling, contamination control, packaging, storage, transmission or transportation, and protection. 8.5.5 Post-delivery activities The organization shall meet requirements for post-delivery activities associated with the products and services. In determining the extent of post-delivery activities that are required, the organization shall consider: a) statutory and regulatory requirements; b) the potential undesired consequences associated with its products and services; c) the nature, use and intended lifetime of its products and services; d) customer requirements; e) customer feedback. NOTE Post-delivery activities can include actions under warranty provisions, contractual obligations such as maintenance services, and supplementary services such as recycling or final disposal. 8.5.6 Control of changes The organization shall review and control changes for production or service provision, to the extent necessary to ensure continuing conformity with requirements. The organization shall retain documented information describing the results of the review of changes, the person(s) authorizing the change, and any necessary actions arising from the review. 8.6 Release of products and services The organization shall implement planned arrangements, at appropriate stages, to verify that the product and service requirements have been met. The release of products and services to the customer shall not proceed until the planned arrangements have been satisfactorily completed, unless otherwise approved by a relevant authority and, as applicable, by the customer. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 30 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements The organization shall retain documented information on the release of products and services. The documented information shall include: a) evidence of conformity with the acceptance criteria; b) traceability to the person(s) authorizing the release. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 31 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 8.7 Control of nonconforming outputs 8.7.1 The organization shall ensure that outputs that do not conform to their requirements are identified and controlled to prevent their unintended use or delivery. The organization shall take appropriate action based on the nature of the nonconformity and its effect on the conformity of products and services. This shall also apply to nonconforming products and services detected after delivery of products, during or after the provision of services. The organization shall deal with nonconforming outputs in one or more of the following ways: a) correction; b) segregation, containment, return or suspension of provision of products and services; c) informing the customer; d) obtaining authorization for acceptance under concession. Conformity to the requirements shall be verified when nonconforming outputs are corrected. 8.7.2 The organization shall retain documented information that: a) describes the nonconformity; b) describes the actions taken; c) describes any concessions obtained; d) identifies the authority deciding the action in respect of the nonconformity. 9 Performance evaluation 9.1 Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation 9.1.1 General The organization shall determine: a) what needs to be monitored and measured; b) the methods for monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation needed to ensure valid results; c) when the monitoring and measuring shall be performed; d) when the results from monitoring and measurement shall be analysed and evaluated. The organization shall evaluate the performance and the effectiveness of the quality management system. The organization shall retain appropriate documented information as evidence of the results. 9.1.2 Customer satisfaction The organization shall monitor customers’ perceptions of the degree to which their needs and expectations have been fulfilled. The organization shall determine the methods for obtaining, monitoring and reviewing this information. NOTE Examples of monitoring customer perceptions can include customer surveys, customer feedback on delivered products and services, meetings with customers, market-share analysis, compliments, warranty claims and dealer reports. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 32 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 9.1.3 Analysis and evaluation The organization shall analyse and evaluate appropriate data and information arising from monitoring and measurement. The results of analysis shall be used to evaluate: a) conformity of products and services; b) the degree of customer satisfaction; c) the performance and effectiveness of the quality management system; d) if planning has been implemented effectively; e) the effectiveness of actions taken to address risks and opportunities; f) the performance of external providers; g) the need for improvements to the quality management system. NOTE Methods to analyse data can include statistical techniques. 9.2 Internal audit 9.2.1 The organization shall conduct internal audits at planned intervals to provide information on whether the quality management system: a) conforms to: 1) the organization’s own requirements for its quality management system; 2) the requirements of this International Standard; b) is effectively implemented and maintained. 9.2.2 The organization shall: a) plan, establish, implement and maintain an audit programme(s) including the frequency, methods, responsibilities, planning requirements and reporting, which shall take into consideration the importance of the processes concerned, changes affecting the organization, and the results of previous audits; b) define the audit criteria and scope for each audit; c) select auditors and conduct audits to ensure objectivity and the impartiality of the audit process; d) ensure that the results of the audits are reported to relevant management; e) take appropriate correction and corrective actions without undue delay; f) retain documented information as evidence of the implementation of the audit programme and the audit results. NOTE See ISO 19011 for guidance. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 33 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 9.3 Management review 9.3.1 General Top management shall review the organization’s quality management system, at planned intervals, to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy, effectiveness and alignment with the strategic direction of the organization. 9.3.2 Management review inputs The management review shall be planned and carried out taking into consideration: a) the status of actions from previous management reviews; b) changes in external and internal issues that are relevant to the quality management system; c) information on the performance and effectiveness of the quality management system, including trends in: 1) customer satisfaction and feedback from relevant interested parties; 2) the extent to which quality objectives have been met; 3) process performance and conformity of products and services; 4) nonconformities and corrective actions; 5) monitoring and measurement results; 6) audit results; 7) the performance of external providers; d) the adequacy of resources; e) the effectiveness of actions taken to address risks and opportunities (see 6.1); f) opportunities for improvement. 9.3.3 Management review outputs The outputs of the management review shall include decisions and actions related to: a) opportunities for improvement; b) any need for changes to the quality management system; c) resource needs. The organization shall retain documented information as evidence of the results of management reviews. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 34 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements 10 Improvement 10.1 General The organization shall determine and select opportunities for improvement and implement any necessary actions to meet customer requirements and enhance customer satisfaction. These shall include: a) improving products and services to meet requirements as well as to address future needs and expectations; b) correcting, preventing or reducing undesired effects; c) improving the performance and effectiveness of the quality management system. NOTE Examples of improvement can include correction, corrective action, continual improvement, breakthrough change, innovation and re-organization. 10.2 Nonconformity and corrective action 10.2.1 When a nonconformity occurs, including any arising from complaints, the organization shall: a) react to the nonconformity and, as applicable: 1) take action to control and correct it; 2) deal with the consequences; b) evaluate the need for action to eliminate the cause(s) of the nonconformity, in order that it does not recur or occur elsewhere, by: 1) reviewing and analysing the nonconformity; 2) determining the causes of the nonconformity; 3) determining if similar nonconformities exist, or could potentially occur; c) implement any action needed; d) review the effectiveness of any corrective action taken; e) update risks and opportunities determined during planning, if necessary; f) make changes to the quality management system, if necessary. Corrective actions shall be appropriate to the effects of the nonconformities encountered. 10.2.2 The organization shall retain documented information as evidence of: a) the nature of the nonconformities and any subsequent actions taken; b) the results of any corrective action. 10.3 Continual improvement The organization shall continually improve the suitability, adequacy and effectiveness of the quality management system. The organization shall consider the results of analysis and evaluation, and the outputs from management review, to determine if there are needs or opportunities that shall be addressed as part of continual improvement. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 35 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements Annex A (informative) Clarification of new structure, terminology and concepts A.1 Structure and terminology The clause structure (i.e. clause sequence) and some of the terminology of this edition of this International Standard, in comparison with the previous edition (ISO 9001:2008), have been changed to improve alignment with other management systems standards. There is no requirement in this International Standard for its structure and terminology to be applied to the documented information of an organization’s quality management system. The structure of clauses is intended to provide a coherent presentation of requirements, rather than a model for documenting an organization’s policies, objectives and processes. The structure and content of documented information related to a quality management system can often be more relevant to its users if it relates to both the processes operated by the organization and information maintained for other purposes. There is no requirement for the terms used by an organization to be replaced by the terms used in this International Standard to specify quality management system requirements. Organizations can choose to use terms which suit their operations (e.g. using “records”, “documentation” or “protocols” rather than “documented information”; or “supplier”, “partner” or “vendor” rather than “external provider”). Table A.1 shows the major differences in terminology between this edition of this International Standard and the previous edition. Table A.1 — Major differences in terminology between ISO 9001:2008 and ISO 9001:2015 ISO 9001:2008 ISO 9001:2015 Products Products and services Exclusions Not used (See Clause A.5 for clarification of applicability) Management representative Not used (Similar responsibilities and authorities are assigned but no requirement for a single management representative) Documentation, quality manual, Documented information documented procedures, records Work environment Environment for the operation of processes Monitoring and measuring equipment Monitoring and measuring resources Purchased product Externally provided products and services Supplier External provider A.2 Products and services Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 36 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements ISO 9001:2008 used the term “product” to include all output categories. This edition of this International Standard uses “products and services”. “Products and services” include all output categories (hardware, services, software and processed materials). Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 37 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements The specific inclusion of “services” is intended to highlight the differences between products and services in the application of some requirements. The characteristic of services is that at least part of the output is realized at the interface with the customer. This means, for example, that conformity to requirements cannot necessarily be confirmed before service delivery. In most cases, products and services are used together. Most outputs that organizations provide to customers, or are supplied to them by external providers, include both products and services. For example, a tangible or intangible product can have some associated service or a service can have some associated tangible or intangible product. A.3 Understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties Subclause 4.2 specifies requirements for the organization to determine the interested parties that are relevant to the quality management system and the requirements of those interested parties. However, 4.2 does not imply extension of quality management system requirements beyond the scope of this International Standard. As stated in the scope, this International Standard is applicable where an organization needs to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide products and services that meet customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, and aims to enhance customer satisfaction. There is no requirement in this International Standard for the organization to consider interested parties where it has decided that those parties are not relevant to its quality management system. It is for the organization to decide if a particular requirement of a relevant interested party is relevant to its quality management system. A.4 Risk-based thinking The concept of risk-based thinking has been implicit in previous editions of this International Standard, e.g. through requirements for planning, review and improvement. This International Standard specifies requirements for the organization to understand its context (see 4.1) and determine risks as a basis for planning (see 6.1). This represents the application of risk-based thinking to planning and implementing quality management system processes (see 4.4) and will assist in determining the extent of documented information. One of the key purposes of a quality management system is to act as a preventive tool. Consequently, this International Standard does not have a separate clause or subclause on preventive action. The concept of preventive action is expressed through the use of risk-based thinking in formulating quality management system requirements. The risk-based thinking applied in this International Standard has enabled some reduction in prescriptive requirements and their replacement by performance- based requirements. There is greater flexibility than in ISO 9001:2008 in the requirements for processes, documented information and organizational responsibilities. Although 6.1 specifies that the organization shall plan actions to address risks, there is no requirement for formal methods for risk management or a documented risk management process. Organizations can decide whether or not to develop a more extensive risk management methodology than is required by Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 38 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements this International Standard, e.g. through the application of other guidance or standards. Not all the processes of a quality management system represent the same level of risk in terms of the organization’s ability to meet its objectives, and the effects of uncertainty are not the same for all organizations. Under the requirements of 6.1, the organization is responsible for its application of risk-based thinking and the actions it takes to address risk, including whether or not to retain documented information as evidence of its determination of risks. A.5 Applicability This International Standard does not refer to “exclusions” in relation to the applicability of its requirements to the organization’s quality management system. However, an organization can review the applicability of requirements due to the size or complexity of the organization, the management model it adopts, the range of the organization’s activities and the nature of the risks and opportunities it encounters. The requirements for applicability are addressed in 4.3, which defines conditions under which an organization can decide that a requirement cannot be applied to any of the processes within the scope of its quality management system. The organization can only decide that a requirement is not applicable if its decision will not result in failure to achieve conformity of products and services. A.6 Documented information As part of the alignment with other management system standards, a common clause on “documented information” has been adopted without significant change or addition (see 7.5). Where appropriate, text elsewhere in this International Standard has been aligned with its requirements. Consequently, “documented information” is used for all document requirements. Where ISO 9001:2008 used specific terminology such as “document” or “documented procedures”, “quality manual” or “quality plan”, this edition of this International Standard defines requirements to “maintain documented information”. Where ISO 9001:2008 used the term “records” to denote documents needed to provide evidence of conformity with requirements, this is now expressed as a requirement to “retain documented information”. The organization is responsible for determining what documented information needs to be retained, the period of time for which it is to be retained and the media to be used for its retention. A requirement to “maintain” documented information does not exclude the possibility that the organization might also need to “retain” that same documented information for a particular purpose, e.g. to retain previous versions of it. Where this International Standard refers to “information” rather than “documented information” (e.g. in 4.1: “The organization shall monitor and review the information about these external and internal issues”), there is no requirement that this information is to be documented. In such situations, the organization can decide whether or not it is necessary or appropriate to maintain documented information. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 39 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 40 of 41 ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management Systems – Requirements A.7 Organizational knowledge In 7.1.6, this International Standard addresses the need to determine and manage the knowledge maintained by the organization, to ensure the operation of its processes and that it can achieve conformity of products and services. Requirements regarding organizational knowledge were introduced for the purpose of: a) safeguarding the organization from loss of knowledge, e.g. — through staff turnover; — failure to capture and share information; b) encouraging the organization to acquire knowledge, e.g. — learning from experience; — mentoring; — benchmarking. A.8 Control of externally provided processes, products and services All forms of externally provided processes, products and services are addressed in 8.4, e.g. whether through: a) purchasing from a supplier; b) an arrangement with an associate company; c) outsourcing processes to an external provider. Outsourcing always has the essential characteristic of a service, since it will have at least one activity necessarily performed at the interface between the provider and the organization. The controls required for external provision can vary widely depending on the nature of the processes, products and services. The organization can apply risk- based thinking to determine the type and extent of controls appropriate to particular external providers and externally provided processes, products and services. Discussion Document - For Training Purpose Only Page 41 of 41

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