ISL201 Handouts F 2 PDF

Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU Table of contents Lecture Page No. Title No. 1...

Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU Table of contents Lecture Page No. Title No. 1 FAITH 1-11 2 TAQWA 12-18 3 OBEDIENCE OF GOD 19-24 OBEDIENCE OF PROPHETS AND EXECUTIVE 25-30 4 AUTHORITY 5 SINCERITY (IKHLAAS) 31-35 6 MORALITY OF PROPHET 36-41 7 PRACTICAL LAW (Ibadat) 42-46 8 ISLAMIC PRACTICES 47-53 9 KNOWLEDGE AND ITS ISLAMIC CONCEPT 54-61 10 KNOWLEDGE AND ITS ISLAMIC CONCEPT 62-70 11 THE ISLAMIC SOCIAL SYSTEM 71-82 12 THE MANNERS OF MEATING AND TALKING 83-90 13 RESPECT OF PARENTS 91-103 14 BROTHERHOOD 104-112 15 HONESTY AND OBLIGATION 113-123 16 FORGIVENESS 124-130 © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 0 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU LESSON 1 FAITH 1. Definition of faith 2. Basic principles of faith 3. The fruits of faith Basic principles of faith 1. Faith in Allah (Tauheed / oneness of Allah) 2. Faith in prophets (Nubuwwat and Risalat) 3. The life in the Hereafter (Day of judgment) Definition of faith Belief in the special terminology of Islam, means to believe in the Prophets of God as such, that is to acknowledge that for our guidance God had vouchsafed to them knowledge that was beyond the range of our intelligence and understanding, and, on the basis of it, to affirm what was communicated to us by them as from God, and to accept religion brought by them as Divine religion. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FAITH Faith In Allah َ ُُ ‫ُ ه‬ َ ۡ َ ُ‫ِل َول َ ۡم ي‬ ۡ ‫ ل َ ۡم يَ د‬٢‫ٱلص َم ُد‬ ُ ‫ ه‬١‫ٱَّلل أَ َحد‬ ‫ٱَّلل ه‬ ُ ‫﴿قُ ۡل ُه َو ه‬ ﴾٤‫ َول ۡم يَكن َُّلۥ كف ًوا أ َح ُد‬٣‫ول‬ Faith in Allah is based on four premises 1. Allah exists and nobody created Him. 2. He alone is the Lord of the whole Universe. 3. He alone is the Master and He alone is authorized to make any modifications in the universe according to His will. 4. He alone is to be exclusively worshipped and He has no associates. © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 1 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU The existence of Allah The Qur’an has clearly told us that the proof of the existence of Allah lies within ourselves. How can we, then deny something which is writ large on our very foreheads as the proof of its veracity Allah says. َ ُ ُْ ََ ْ ُ َُْ َ ﴾‫ِصون‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫أ‬ ‫م‬ ‫دك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ف‬‫﴿و دف أن‬ “Who have sure faith, and within your own selves, so do you not see?” in the very depths of our hearts, it is etched that Allah exists. When struck with hardships and misfortune, we seek his shelter because of our faithful nature and religious instinct. There are, within us and all around us numerous proofs of His existence. Our sub conscious that is our heart, unconsciously in Him, but our conscious self, that is our reason, accepts His existence. He alone is the Lord of the whole Universe. The second dogma of faith is that Allah is the Sustainer of the whole Universe. It means that you have to believe from the depth of your heart that Allah alone is the Creator of the entire world. He alone created, out of nothing, the living organisms, the heavenly bodies and the entire visible as well as invisible world. He devised such marvelous canons for all these worlds that the Scholars of medicine, chemistry, physics and astronomy, have been able to discover only a few of them. He alone has the Full knowledge about every big or small thing of all these worlds. It is written with Him that how many leaves a tree has, what shape does a leaf carry, or how many germs float in this world and what is their size and volume and what are their constituents. He only knows how many rotating electrons an atom has, what transitory changes occur in them, what the nature of their statics and dynamics is, what forms they take and what the characteristic of their transformation are. He alone is the Master and He alone is authorized to make any modifications in the universe according to His will. Thus, He is the sustainer of the world. He gave from to everything and he looks after them. He makes alteration and changes in their conditions and character. He has predetermined every detail and has placed such proofs in each atom of this universe that every person with sufficient reason can trace Him and seek guidance from him. This is the second dogma of faith and it is obligatory to accept it and believe it. But, does one become a believer by just accepting this as an article of faith? Someone declares before you that Allah alone is the creator of this universe and He alone is the sustainer of everything. Would you accept him as a believer just because of his declaration? Nay, this declaration alone is not enough to be a believer, because many nations of the antiquity made this declaration. The idolaters of the Quresh, whose fetishism © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 2 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU the prophet Muhammad repudiated and those against whom he waged Jihad, also declared Allah the God of Gods and never denied his existence. He alone is to be exclusively worshipped and He has no association. When you admit that Allah exists, is the Sustainer of the worlds, is the lord of the incomparable Kingdom, then it follows out of necessity that there should be no associate with Him in worship nor should anyone besides him be worshipped in any form or shape to be construed as his adversary. By the Grace of Allah, I had the good fortune to arrive at a point in the interpretation of the Surah An-Nas(114), which no other exegesis carries for the guidance of those who admit that Allah exists is the master of all and is the lord of the worlds yet do not display that unadulterated belief in the unity of Allah which indeed is a requirement of the divinity of Allah this Surah says: َ َ ‫ إدلَٰهد ٱنله د‬٢‫اس‬ ﴾٣‫اس‬ ‫ َمل د‬١‫اس‬ ‫دك ٱنله د‬ ‫ب ٱنله د‬ َ ُ ُ ُۡ ‫﴿قل أعوذ بدر د‬ “Thou say I came under the shelter of the Lord of men, The King of men, The God of men”. (114:1-3) Faith In Prophets Definition of Prophet: The Prophets too are human beings; they are not endowed with divinity because Divinity merits only Allah the Peerless; The Prophets, however, have one distinctive feature that the Revelation descends upon them; Allah Almighty says: َ ۡ َۡ َ ُ ۡ َ َ َ َ ‫َ َ ٓ َۡ َ َۡ َۡ َ َ َ ُۡ ۡ َ َ ه ٓ ه ُ ۡ ََۡ ُ ُ َ ه‬ ﴾ ِۗ‫اق‬ ‫﴿وما أرسلنا قبلك مدن ٱلمرسل دني إدَّل إدنهم َلأكلون ٱلطعام ويمشون دِف ٱۡلسو د‬ “And we sent not before thee Messengers but that they ate food and walked in the markets (bazaars).” Faith in the Prophets is based on three premises 1. Islam does not discriminate between Prophets. 2. All Prophets are human beings. 3. Faith in the Miracles of Prophets. Islam does not discriminate between Prophets. There are people among the followers of other prophets who talk disparagingly about prophets other than the ones they follows, but Islam has made it © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 3 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU incumbent that all prophets should be equally respected. If a person talks insolently of any prophet or reproaches him, he violates the dictates of Islam. Allah says: َ ۡ َ‫كتدهدۦ َو ُك ُتبهدۦ َو ُر ُسلدهدۦ ََّل ُن َفر ُق ب‬ ‫ني‬ َ َٰٓ َ َ َ ‫َ ۡ ُ ۡ ُ َ ُ ٌّ َ َ َ ه‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ل‬‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ٱَّلل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ام‬‫ء‬ ‫ُك‬ ‫ون‬ ‫دن‬‫م‬ ‫ؤ‬‫م‬ ‫ٱل‬‫و‬ ‫دۦ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ول ب َما ٓ أُنز َل إ ََلۡهد مدن ه‬ ‫ر‬ ُ ُ‫َ َ َ ه‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ َۚ ‫د‬ ‫د د‬ ‫﴿ءامن ٱلرس د‬ ۡ َ َ َ‫َ ُ ْ َۡ َ َۡ ُ ۡ َ َ ه‬ َ َ ﴾٢٨٥‫ي‬ ُ ‫ص‬ ‫أح ٖد مدن ُّر ُسلدهَۚدۦ َوقالوا َس دمعنا َوأ َطعناۖ غف َرانك َربنا ِإَوَلۡك ٱل َم د‬ “The Messenger accepted what was sent down on him from his Lord and the Muslims too. All of them believed in God and in His Angels and in His Books and His Messengers they say, “We make no division between any one of His Messengers” and they spoke out “We heard and accepted we want thy pardon, Our Lord and unto Thee is our return” In other words, a Muslim loves and respects Moses and Jesus just as he loves and respects the prophet SAW. He reveres them all, like his own prophet SAW, without discrimination. This means that if a Jew becomes a Christian he does not undergo any loss of not believing in Moses; he rather, benefits by believing in both Moses and Jesus. If after this, this Christian becomes a Muslim, he is not at a loss of not believing in the prophet SAW as well as believing in all the prophets and messengers. All Prophets are human beings All Prophets are human beings; they are born like other human beings and die like them. They fall ill like other human beings and recover also like them. They are not any whit different from other human beings so far as the structure of their bodies, the outward appearance of their limbs and organs, the circulation of blood and the function of the heart is concerned. They eat and drink like other human beings. It is only to indicate that they have no features of Divinity which behaves only Allah and is reserved for Him. However, in spite of being human beings, they have one distinction that the Revelation descends on them from Allah. And, this is not an ordinary thing the earlier communities were flabbergasted when the Revelation descended upon man from Allah, on which Allah called their perplexity improper and said. َ َ ‫ه َ َ َ ْ َه‬ َ ‫ج ًبا أَ ۡن أَ ۡو َح ۡي َنا ٓ إ َ ََٰل َر ُجل م ۡدن ُه ۡم أَ ۡن أَنذدر ٱنله‬ َ ‫اس‬ َ َ َ َ ‫ع‬ ‫ند‬ ‫ام ُن ٓوا أن ل ُه ۡم ق َد َم صد ۡد ٍق د‬‫ّش ٱَّلدين ء‬ ‫د د‬ َ ‫اس َوب‬ ‫د‬ ٖ ‫د‬ َ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ان ل ه‬ ‫دلن‬ ‫﴿أك‬ ﴾‫َرب د ده ۡم‬ “Was it a wonder to the people that we revealed to a man from among them: ‘Warn the people and give good tidings to the Believers that they have a true footing with their Lord?’ ٞ َ ُ َ ٓ ‫ ۡ ُ ُ ۡ ُ َ َٰٓ َ ه َ ه‬ٞ َ َ ۠ َ َ ٓ َ ‫ُ ۡ ه‬ ﴾ۖ‫ َوَٰحدد‬ٞ‫َل أن َما إدل َٰ ُهك ۡم إدلَٰه‬‫﴿قل إدنما أنا بّش مدثلكم يوَح إ د‬ © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 4 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU Thou say: I am also a man as you are; the order comes to me that upon you the worship is of One Single Sovereign. ٗ ُ ‫َ ُْٓ ََ َ َ هُ َ َ ٗ ه‬ ﴾‫﴿قالوا أبعث ٱَّلل بّشا رسوَّل‬ They said: “Has God sent forth a mortal as Messenger?” Faith in the Miracles of Prophets When the incidence of Ascension {Mi’raj} took place and the prophet SAW was transported from Makkah to Quds.and he SAW returned the same night the Quresh did not believe it. In their opinion it was impossible because it was inconceivable, with the then available means of transport {camels, horses, etc.}to travel such a long distance and return in the same night but this very impossible thing has not only became possible in our times but has become common…and nobody is amazed at that nor any body denies it. A century or two ago.if the greatest physicist was told that soon people will fly in “ metallic machines” and that they will fly faster than sound ,or that it will be possible to record somebody’s speech, etc, which may be later reproduced at any time, even after his death, even that scholar would have shaken his head in disbelief, whereas, it has become a common thing today which all know. How did all these impossible things become possible after all? It may be said that impossible are of two types: One is the Common impossible {muhal’adi}. Occurrence which we are not used to see while happening and we consider them impossible only because of hat. Its example is the incident of Ascension or other miracles. the second type of “impossible.” is that the occurrence of which is rationally impossible, such as the co- existence of opposites {ijtima-i-diddain} for example, existence and non–existence are opposites of each other, and is impossible for anyone to be present at one place and absent from it at the same time. Similarly, things cannot assume different forms at the same time: a book, while” it is a book, cannot become a morsel of bread at the same time. The rationally impossible “occurrences” are inconceivable but the so-called impossible occurrences in ordinary circumstances have become possible through our scientific knowledge and progress and have become commonplace is it not possible for Allah, the All-Powerful, who originated these laws Himself, to make impossible, possible? Certainly, the Omnipotent Allah is competent to make a thing, impossible in the ordinary circumstances, therefore. If we hear through a true report that a thing impossible under the ordinary circumstances has occurred, we will take it as a real happening and will accept it. The Life In The Hereafter (Day Of Judgment) The life in the Hereafter is the true life. The short- sighted are unable to see it and the feeble–minded do not believe what they are told about it. But one endowed with vision © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 5 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU and possessed of wisdom and comprehension know that the human life passes through stages. There was a time when this very man was lying in the womb of his mother in a contracted and shrunken position and as breathing in this limited world of his. If he could think at that time, he would have considered this state as his real life and would have never agreed to leave it and emerge from the womb of his mother, unless forcibly removed from it. If he were able to speak, he would have considered his emergence as his death and would have construed it as being buried in a dark dungeon, although it was his birth, which meant that be was to inhabit this vast and wide world after leaving the womb of his mother. In the same way we consider death banishment from his world, although that too is a kind of our rebirth and progress to a very comfortable life, that is, transfer to purgatory or limbo {Barzakh} which is a temporary halting place between this material and transitory world and the eternal world of the Hereafter. It is related that a Companion once enquired from the Prophet, “O Messenger of God, who will God raise up his creatures from the dead? Is there anything like it here in this world which may be cited as example ?,The Prophet replied, Has it never accrued to your that your may have passed by a stretch of land in your country and found it dry and bereft of all vegetation ,and then ,on coming upon it again ,after sometime ,discovered that it was covered lavishly with fresh ,green grass?. The Companion replied, “Yes”, may master. It has. The Prophet remarked. This typifies resurrection. God will rise from the dead in the same manner. The fruits of faith The fruit of faith is that mental attitude which the prophet {SWS} epitomized in one of his famous remarks, which is so comprehensive, positive and eloquent that no other remark can match it. In fact, these all_ comprehensive remarks are a testimony to his prophet hood. Defining kindness, {ihsan} he said: {Worship Allah as if you are seeing Him because if your do not see Him He surely sees you} One of the fruits of faith is to remember Allah at all times. I once read about a pious man {whose meaning I do not remember} How his mystic initiation began. He had a devoted and virtuous uncle He asked his uncle, one day, that he too wanted to be as devoted to Allah as he {the uncle} was and requested his uncle to guide him to such deeds as would make him virtuous. His uncle told him “Repeat thrice a day that Allah is watching me and is aware of everything ‘He continued this practice for a week. after which his uncle ordered him to repeat the same words thrice after every prayer. He started that practice as well and spent another week in it. Then his uncle ordered him to repeat these words mentally, instead of © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 6 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU orally. The man continued this practice and as a result of this he always remembered Allah and never became oblivious of Him. Allah, in the Qur’an, has not emphasized anything more than his remembrance and He has appreciated those who invoke Him more than anyone else. © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 7 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU Verses and Ahadith of Lesson 1 Verses ُ َ َ ُ ُ ُ‫هُ ه َ ُ َۡ َ ۡ َ َۡ ُ َۡ َ َۡ َ ُ ه‬ َ َ ُ‫ُۡ ُ ه‬ ﴾٤‫ ولم يكن َّلۥ كفوا أحد‬٣‫ لم ي دِل ولم يول‬٢‫ ٱَّلل ٱلصمد‬١‫﴿قل ه َو ٱَّلل أحد‬ ً “Say you; He is Allah, the one. Allah the Independent, care free. He begot none' nor was He begotten. And nor anyone is equal to Him”. (112:1-4) َ ُ ُْ ََ ْ ُ َُْ َ ﴾‫ِصون‬ ‫﴿و دف أنفسدكم أفال تب د‬ “And within your own selves, so do you not see?” (Az-Zariyat: 21) ‫ه‬ َٰ َ ‫ه‬ َ ‫ه‬ َ ُ ُ َ ُۡ ﴾٣‫اس‬ ‫ إدلهد ٱنل د‬٢‫اس‬ ‫دك ٱنل د‬ ‫ مل د‬١‫اس‬ ‫ب ٱنل د‬ ‫﴿قل أعوذ بدر د‬ “Thou say I came under the shelter of the Lord of men, The King of men, The God of men”. (114:1-3) َ ۡ َۡ َ ُ ۡ َ َ َ َ ‫َ َ ٓ َۡ َ َۡ َۡ َ َ َ ُۡ ۡ َ َ ه ٓ ه ُ ۡ ََۡ ُ ُ َ ه‬ ﴾ ِۗ‫اق‬ ‫﴿وما أرسلنا قبلك مدن ٱلمرسل دني إدَّل إدنهم َلأكلون ٱلطعام ويمشون دِف ٱۡلسو د‬ “And we sent not before thee Messengers but that they ate food and walked in the markets (bazaars).” (Al-Furqan: 20) َ ُ ُ َ ُ َُ َ َٰٓ َ َ َ ‫َ ۡ ُ ۡ ُ َ ُ ٌّ َ َ َ ه‬ ‫ه‬ ۡ َ َ ُ َٓ ُ ُ‫َ َ َ ه‬ ‫ون ُك ءامن بدٱَّللد وملئدكتدهدۦ وكتبدهدۦ ورسلدهدۦ َّل‬ َۚ ‫نزل إدَلهد مدن ربدهدۦ وٱلمؤمدن‬ ‫﴿ءامن ٱلرسول بدما أ د‬ ۡ َ َ َ‫َ ُ ْ َۡ َ َۡ ُ ۡ َ َ ه‬ َ َ َۡ ُ َُ ُ ‫ص‬ ﴾٢٨٥‫ي‬ ‫نف درق بَني أح ٖد مدن ُّر ُسلدهَۚدۦ َوقالوا َس دمعنا َوأ َطعناۖ غف َرانك َربنا ِإَوَلۡك ٱل َم د‬ “The Messenger accepted what was sent down on him from his Lord and the Muslims too. All of them believed in God and in His Angels and in His Books and His Messengers they say, “We make no division between any one of His Messengers” and they spoke out “We heard and accepted we want thy pardon, Our Lord and unto Thee is our return” (Al-Baqarah: 285) َ‫ام ُن ٓوا ْ أَ هن ل َ ُه ۡم قَ َدم‬ َ ‫دين َء‬ َ ‫ج ًبا أَ ۡن أَ ۡو َح ۡي َنا ٓ إ َ ََٰل َر ُجل م ۡدن ُه ۡم أَ ۡن أَنذدر ٱنله‬ َ ‫اس َوب َ دّش هٱَّل‬ َ ‫اس َع‬ ‫ه‬ َ َ َ ‫﴿أكان ل دلن د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ٖ ‫د‬ َ ‫صد ۡدق ع‬ ﴾‫دند َرب د ده ۡم‬ ٍ “Was it a wonder to the people that we revealed to a man from among them: ‘Warn the people and give good tidings to the Believers that they have a true footing with their Lord?” (Yunas: 2) ٞ َ ُ َ ٓ ‫ ۡ ُ ُ ۡ ُ َ َٰٓ َ ه َ ه‬ٞ َ َ ۠ َ َ ٓ َ ‫ُ ۡ ه‬ ﴾ۖ‫ َوَٰحدد‬ٞ‫َل أن َما إدل َٰ ُهك ۡم إدلَٰه‬‫﴿قل إدنما أنا بّش مدثلكم يوَح إ د‬ “Thou say: I am also a man as you are; the order comes to me that upon you the worship is of One Single Sovereign”. (Al-Kahf: 110) © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 8 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU ٗ ُ ‫َ ُْٓ ََ َ َ هُ َ َ ٗ ه‬ ﴾‫﴿قالوا أبعث ٱَّلل بّشا رسوَّل‬ They said: “Has God sent forth a mortal as Messenger?” (Al-Isra: 94) ُ ُ َ َ ُ َُ َ ُ َ َ ً ۡ َ َ ََ َٓ ُُٓ َۡ ٓ َ ‫ه‬ ﴾٨٢‫﴿إدنما أمرهۥ إدذا أراد شيا أن يقول َّلۥ كن فيكون‬ “Verily, His Command, when He intends a thing, is only that He says to it, "Be!" and it is!” (Yaseen: 82) ﴾‫دني‬ ََُۡ َ َ ‫ه‬ َ َۡ َ ُۡ ٞۡ َ ََ۠ َ َ ٖ ‫﴿قال أنا خي مدنه خلقت دِن مدن نارٖ وخلقتهۥ مدن ط‬ "(Iblis) said: "I am better than him (Adam), You created me from fire, and him You created from clay." (Al-A’raf: 12) ۡ َ ُ‫ه‬ ُ ُ ُ ُُۡ َۡ ۡ ُ ُ َ ٓ َ ْ ُُۡ َۡ ‫﴿ د هَّللد َما ِف ه‬ ‫ٱَّللۖ ف َيغف ُدر‬ ‫وه ُيَاس ۡدبكم بدهد‬‫ِف أنفسدكم أو ُتف‬ ‫ۡرض ِإَون تبدوا ما د‬ َ َ ‫ٱلس َم َٰ َو َٰ د‬ ِۗ ‫ت وما دِف ٱۡل د‬ ‫د‬ َ ۡ َ ُ َٰ َ َ ُ ‫َ َ َ ٓ ُ َ ُ َ ُ َ َ َ ٓ ُ َ ه‬ ﴾٢٨٤‫َشءٖ قددير‬ ‫ُك‬ ‫ل دمن يشاء ويعذدب من يشاء وٱَّلل لَع د‬ To Allah belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is on the earth, and whether you disclose what is in your own selves or conceal it, Allah will call you to account for it. Then He forgives whom He wills and punishes whom He wills. And Allah is Able to do all things. (Al-Baqarah: 284) ٗ َٗ ٓ ‫َ ه‬ َ ۡ ‫ َ ۡ ُ َ ُ ۡ َ َ َ َ ه‬ٞ َ َٰٓ َ َ َۡ َ َ ‫ُ ه‬ ﴾٩٥‫ٱلس َماءد َملٗك هر ُسوَّل‬ ‫َننلَا َعل ۡي دهم مدن‬ ‫ۡرض ملئدكة يمشون مطمئدن دني ل‬‫﴿قل ل ۡو َكن دِف ٱۡل د‬ Say: "If there were on the earth, angels walking about in peace and security, We should certainly have sent down for them from the heaven an angel as a Messenger." (Al-Isra: 95) َ ُ ﴾‫﴿ َوبدٱٓأۡلخ َدرة د ه ۡم يُوق ُدنون‬ And they believe with certainty in the Hereafter. (Al-Baqarah: 4) ٗ َ َ َ َۡ ۡ ٗ ۡ ‫﴿ َف َمن َي ۡع َم ۡل م ۡدث َق َال َذ هر ٍة َخ‬ ﴾٨‫ َو َمن َي ۡع َمل مدثقال ذ هرة ٖ شا يَ َر ُهۥ‬٧‫يا يَ َر ُهۥ‬ So whosoever does good equal to the weight of an atom (or a small ant), shall see it.(8)And whosoever does evil equal to the weight of an atom (or a small ant), shall see it. (Al-Zilzal: 7-8 ) َ َ ‫ إدلَٰهد ٱنله د‬٢‫اس‬ ﴾٣‫اس‬ ‫ َمل د‬١‫اس‬ ‫دك ٱنله د‬ ‫ب ٱنله د‬ َ ُ ُ ُۡ ‫﴿قل أعوذ بدر د‬ Say: "I seek refuge with (Allah) the Lord of mankind, 2. “The King of mankind, 3. "The Ilah (God) of mankind, (An-Naas, 1-3) © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 9 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU َ ۡ َۡ َ ُ ۡ َ َ َ َ ‫َ َ ٓ َۡ َ َۡ َۡ َ َ َ ُۡ ۡ َ َ ه ٓ ه ُ ۡ ََۡ ُ ُ َ ه‬ ﴾ِۗ‫اق‬ ‫﴿وما أرسلنا قبلك مدن ٱلمرسل دني إدَّل إدنهم َلأكلون ٱلطعام ويمشون دِف ٱۡلسو د‬ And We never sent before you (O Muhammad SAW) any of the Messengers but verily, they ate food and walked in the markets. (Al-Furqan: 20) َ‫ام ُن ٓوا ْ أَ هن ل َ ُه ۡم قَ َدم‬ َ ‫دين َء‬ َ ‫ج ًبا أَ ۡن أَ ۡو َح ۡي َنا ٓ إ َ ََٰل َر ُجل م ۡدن ُه ۡم أَ ۡن أَنذدر ٱنله‬ َ ‫اس َوب َ دّش هٱَّل‬ َ ‫اس َع‬ ‫ه‬ َ َ َ ‫﴿أكان ل دلن د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ٖ ‫د‬ َ ‫صد ۡدق ع‬ ﴾‫دند َرب د ده ۡم‬ ٍ Is it wonder for mankind that We have sent Our Inspiration to a man from among themselves (i.e. Prophet Muhammad SAW) (saying): "Warn mankind (of the coming torment in Hell), and give good news to those who believe (in the Oneness of Allah and in His Prophet Muhammad SAW) that they shall have with their Lord the rewards of their good deeds?" (Yunas: 2) ٞ َٰ َ ٞ َٰ َ ۡ ُ ُ َٰ َ ٓ َ ‫ ۡ ُ ُ ۡ ُ َ َٰٓ َ ه َ ه‬ٞ َ َ ۠ َ َ ٓ َ ‫ُ ۡ ه‬ ﴾ۖ‫﴿قل إدنما أنا بّش مدثلكم يوَح إدَل أنما إدلهكم إدله وحدد‬ Say (O Muhammad SAW): "I am only a man like you. It has been inspired to me that your Ilah (God) is One Ilah (God i.e. Allah). (Al-kahaf, 110) ٗ ُ ‫َ ُْٓ ََ َ َ هُ َ َ ٗ ه‬ ﴾‫﴿قالوا أبعث ٱَّلل بّشا رسوَّل‬ They said: "Has Allah sent a man as (His) Messenger?" (Al-Isra, 94) Ahadith ْ َ‫ َوإِ َذا َف َسد‬،‫ إِ َذا َص ُل َح ْت َص ُل َح ا ْل َج َسدُ ُك ُّل ُه‬،ً‫ َوإِ َّن فِي ا ْل َج َس ِد ُم ْض َغة‬،‫﴿ َأ ََل‬ ‫ َأ ََل‬،‫ت َف َسدَ ا ْل َج َسدُ ُك ُّل ُه‬ ِ ُ ‫َوه َي ا ْل َق ْل‬ ﴾‫ب‬ Beware! There is a piece of flesh in the body if it becomes good (reformed) the whole body becomes good but if it gets spoilt the whole body gets spoilt and that is the heart. (Bukhari, Muslim) ﴾‫ب لِنَ ْف ِس ِه‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ ‫ح‬ ِ ِ َّ ‫ ََل ُي ْؤم ُن َأ َحدُ ك ُْم َحتَّى ُي‬:‫ َع ِن النَّبِ ِّي ﷺ َق َال‬،‫س‬ ُّ ‫ب ِلَخيه َما ُيح‬ ٍ ‫﴿ َع ْن َأ َن‬ Anas narrated that the Prophet (SAW) said: "None of you believes until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself." َ ‫ ََل ُي ْؤمِ ُن َأ َحدُ ك ُْم َحتَّى َي ُك‬:‫ول اهَّللِ ﷺ‬ ‫ون َه َوا ُه َت َب ًعا ل ِ َما ِج ْئ ُت‬ ُ ‫ َق َال َر ُس‬:‫ َق َال‬،‫﴿ َع ْن َع ْب ِد اهَّللِ ْب ِن َع ْم ٍرو‬ ﴾‫بِ ِه‬ © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 10 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU Amr bin al-’Aas (may Allah be pleased with him) who said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, “None of you [truly] believes until his desires are subservient to that which I have brought”. ‫صحيح‬ َ ‫ ا ْل ُم ْسلِ ُم َم ْن َسلِ َم ا ْل ُم ْسلِ ُم‬:‫ َع ِن النَّبِي ﷺ‬،‫﴿ َع ْن َع ْب ِد اهَّللِ ْب ِن َع ْم ٍرو‬ ﴾‫ون مِ ْن ل ِ َسانِ ِه َو َي ِد ِه‬ ِّ ‫ كتاب االيمان‬،‫ابلخاري‬ The Messenger of Allah (saw) said, “the most excellent among the Muslims One from whose tongue and hands the other Muslims are secure." َ ‫اإليمان بِ ْض ٌع َو َسب ُع‬ ﴾ً‫ون ُش ْع َبة‬ ُ :‫َّبي ﷺ َق َال‬ ّ ‫﴿ َع ْن أبي هريرة رضي اهَّلل عنه عن الن‬ Abu Hurairah (May Allah be pleased with him): The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "Imaan has over seventy branches. ﴾‫س َأ ْج َم ِعي َن‬ ِ ‫ب إِ َل ْي ِه مِ ْن َوال ِ ِد ِه َو َو َل ِد ِه َوالنَّا‬ َ ‫س َق َال َق َال النَّبِي ﷺ ََل ُي ْؤمِ ُن َأ َحدُ ك ُْم َح َّتى َأك‬ َّ ‫ُون َأ َح‬ ُّ ٍ ‫﴿ َع ْن َأ َن‬ ‫صحيح البخاري‬ It is reported on the authority of Anas b. Malik that the Messenger of Allah said: None of you is a believer till I am dearer to him than his child, his father and the whole of mankind. © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 11 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU LESSON 2 TAQWA (Fear of Allah) Definition of Taqwa The Messenger of Allah, ‫ ﷺ‬said: Taqwa is here," and he pointed to his chest. Allah says: َ ‫ورا‬ ُ ‫ََ ۡ َ ه‬ ٗ ُ‫ك ۡم ن‬ َ ۡ ‫دك ۡم ك ۡدفلَ ۡني مدن هر‬ ‫ۡحتدهدۦ ويجعل ل‬ ُ ُۡ ْ َ ‫ام ُنوا ْ هٱت ُقوا ْ ه‬ ‫ٱَّلل َو َءام ُدنوا ب د َر ُس د‬ ‫وَّلدۦ يؤت‬ َ ‫﴿يََٰٓأ ُّي َها هٱَّل‬ َ ‫دين َء‬ ‫د‬ ُ َ ۡ َ ُ َ ) 28 ‫ت ۡمشون بدهدۦ َويَغف ۡدر لك ۡ َۚم﴾ (سورة احلد يد آيت‬ “O Believers! Fear ye God, (Have Taqwa) and believe in His Messenger; He will give you two portions from His Mercy and will place in you light, which you will walk with and He will forgive you.” (57:28) Allah, the Almighty also says: ُ َ ۡ ُ َ َ ۡ ُ َ ۡ َ َُ ٗ َُۡ ۡ ُ ‫َهُ ْ هَ ََۡ ه‬ ْ ٓ ُ َ َ َ ‫ََٰٓ َ ُّ َ ه‬ ﴾‫يات دك ۡم َويَغف ۡدر لك ۡم‬ ‫﴿يأيها ٱَّلدين ءامنوا إدن تتقوا ٱَّلل َيعل لكم فرقانا ويكفدر عنكم س د‬ )29 ‫(سورة اَّلنفال آيت‬ “O Believers! If you will be fearing God He shell decree a decision for you and acquit you of your sins and forgive you” (8:29) Al-Haafidh Ibn Katheer (d.777H) said: “Ibn Abbaad, as-Suddee, ‘Ikrimah, ad- Dahhaak, Qataadah and Muqaatil Ibn Mayan all said about “Furqaan” that it means: a way out (from difficulty). Mujaahid added: “A way out (from difficulty) both in this world and in the Hereafter”. In a narration from Ibn ‘Abbas he said it means: salvation; and in another narration from him: being helped. Muhammad bin Ishaaq said that it means: a criterion to judge between truth and falsehood. This explanation from Ibn Ishaaq is the most general of what has already preceded and it is a necessary consequence of it. Since whoever has Taqwa of Allah by obeying His commands and abandoning what he has prohibited, will be given the ability to recognize truth from falsehood. Concept of Taqwa (Piety) Taqwa means: to cleanse or purify the heart and the soul. Some Aayaat in Sort ush- Shams in which Allah says proves this fact: © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 12 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU ٓ ‫َ ه‬ َ ۡ َ ‫ه‬ ‫َ ه‬ ََ َ َۡ ‫َ ه‬ َ ‫ٱلش ۡمس َو ُض‬ ‫ٱلس َماءد َو َما‬‫ و‬٤‫ َوٱَلۡ دل إدذا َيغشى َٰ َها‬٣‫ َوٱنله َهارد إدذا َجلى َٰ َها‬٢‫ َوٱلق َم در إدذا تلى َٰ َها‬١‫حى َٰ َها‬ ‫د‬ ‫﴿و‬ ََۡ َ َۡ َ َ ُ ُ َ َ َۡ َ َ َۡ َۡ َ ‫ ق ۡد أفل َح َمن‬٨‫ورها َوتق َوى َٰ َها‬ ‫ فألهمها فج‬٧‫ َونف ٖس َو َما َس هوى َٰ َها‬٦‫حى َٰ َها‬ َ ‫ۡرض َو َما َط‬ ‫ َوٱۡل د‬٥‫بَنى َٰ َها‬ ) 10 ‫ تا‬1 ‫﴾ (سورة الشمس آيت‬١٠‫اب َمن د هسى َٰ َها‬ َ َ ‫ َوقَ ۡد َخ‬٩‫َز هكى َٰ َها‬ “By the sun and its rising sunshine, and by the moon when it comes after the sun, and by the day when it brightens, it, and by the night when it enshrouds it, and by the heaven and as He made it, and by the earth and as he extended (outspread) it, and by the soul and as He shaped it, then He inspired it understanding of licentiousness and warding off! Verily prospered he who purified it, and failed he who threw it into dust. [91:1-10] Among the missions of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬Allah sent him with the command to purify the souls of the Muslims in particular and of mankind in general. Allah (T) says: ٗ َُ َ ُۡ َ‫وَّل م ۡدن ُه ۡم َي ۡتلُوا ْ َعلَ ۡيه ۡم َء َايَٰتدهدۦ َويُ َزك ديه ۡم َويُ َعل ُدم ُه ُم ٱلۡك َدتَٰب‬ َ ‫ُ ه‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫دين رس‬ۧ ‫﴿ه َو ٱَّلدي َب َعث دِف ٱۡلم د‬ َ ۡ ۡ ) 2 ‫َوٱحل دك َمة﴾ (سورة اجلمعة آيت‬ “It is he who rose up from among the illiterate a Messenger from among them recites to them His verses and Book and the Wisdom and before that they had been laying in manifest forgetfulness.” (62-2) In this ayah the word Hikmah is often translated as wisdom. Imam Shafi', one of the greatest scholars of Islam, said that when Allah mentions Hikmah in the Qur’an it refers to the Sunnah of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. In addition to this ayah, we see that the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was sent with three tasks: 1. To teach the Qur’an. 2. To teach the Sunnah. 3. To show the means of purifying the soul. This purification is obtained by doing the proper acts of 'ibaadah and by avoiding sins and disobedience. Conditions for Attaining Taqwa How does a person know that his acts of 'ibaadah are helping him to achieve Taqwa? To develop Taqwa, one must fulfill the following conditions: 1) Ikhlaas, sincere intention that the act is performed purely for the pleasure of Allah, out of love for Him, while hoping for His reward and mercy, as well as fearing His anger and punishment if He is disobeyed. © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 13 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU 2) To do the deed in accordance with the authentic Sunnah. To have the necessary knowledge of the 'ibaadah, that is being performed. To know how the Prophet...performed the action and proper times for the performance of that action. Concerning Ikhlaas, it must be present both before and after performing the deed, with no riyaa or sum'ah (doing things to be seen or heard by people). For instance, after doing a good deed, someone tells others, “Look at all the good I have been doing ", or “I’m such a marvelous person because I do such and such". This formula, if used to achieve Taqwa, is scientific, in that if you follow it, while fulfilling all of its conditions and their rights, you will achieve Taqwa Insha’a Allah. Significance of Taqwa (Piety) in the Qur'an When we look at the various practices and teachings of Islam with regards to acts of worship, we find most of them, if not all, guiding people towards this state of Taqwa. For example, with regards to fasting. َ ُ َ ُ ‫ُ َ ه‬ َ َ ‫لَع ٱ هَّل‬ ََ َ ُ َ َ ُ َ ُ ََ ُ ْ ُ َ َ ‫ََٰٓ َ ُّ َ ه‬ ﴾١٨٣‫دين مدن ق ۡبل دك ۡم ل َعلك ۡم ت هتقون‬ ‫دين َءامنوا كت َدب عل ۡيك ُم ٱ د‬ ‫لصيام كما كت دب‬ ‫﴿يأيها ٱَّل‬ "O you who believe, fasting has been prescribed for you as it was for those before you in order that you may be of those who have Taqwa." This concept of Taqwa, wherein one seeks to protect oneself from the wrath of Allah by doing the things, which are pleasing to Him, one can only do so if one is conscious of Allah. This is why the term Taqwa is also expressed in English as God-consciousness. And when we look with regards to salah, we find Allah saying, "Establish the prayer for my remembrance." So salah, and virtually all aspects of `ibaadah, serve to keep us in a state of consciousness of Allah in that when a person is conscious of Him, aware that He is watching, then that person would not seek to do the things which would not be pleasing to Allah. It is when we forget Allah that Satan finds the opening, he is able to approach us, suggest evil and we fall into evil. A Muslim surrenders before Almighty Allah and does what he is ordered to do and refrains from what he is told to keep away from. Taqwa, the fear of Almighty Allah, is the only force that can restrain man from evil and wickedness. It is this fear of Almighty God that keeps the heart of a believer awake and enables him to distinguish right from wrong. Besides, Taqwa is the only virtue that brings honor to a believer, man or woman, in the Islamic society. The Holy Qur'an says: ُ َ َ ۡ َ ‫َ َ َ ُ َ َٰ َ َ َ ۡ َ َٰ ُ ۡ ُ ُ ٗ َ َ َ ٓ َ َ َ َ ُ َۚ ٓ ْ ه‬ ۡ‫كم‬ ُ َٰ َ ۡ َ َ ‫ََٰٓ َ ُّ َ ه ُ ه‬ ‫﴿يأيها ٱنلاس إدنا خلقنكم مدن ذك ٖر وأنَث وجعلنكم شعوبا وقبائدل ِلد عارفوا إدن أكرم‬ ُ ََۡ ‫َ ه‬ )13 ‫دند ٱَّللد أتقىَٰك ۡ َۚم﴾ (سورة احلجرات آيت‬‫ع‬ © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 14 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU “O mankind, we have created you of a male and a female and appointed your castes and tribes that you may recognize one another. Verily he has greater respect with God who is possessed of greater courtesy” (49-13) Justice and Taqwa are two principles that emerge as necessary corollaries from the doctrines of Oneness of Allah, which according to the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah, is the basic article of faith, whereas the discipline and the dos and the don'ts of the canon law are merely its outward expression, or means to the attainment of divinely ordained ends of man in its collective as well as individual existence. In Islam, being just is considered to be a necessary condition or being pious and God-fearing, the basic characteristics of a Muslim. The Holy Qur'an says: َ ُ َ َ ‫ٱَّلل إ هن ه‬ ُ ‫ٱَّلل َخب‬ )8 ‫ي ب د َما ت ۡع َملون﴾ (سورة المائده آيت‬ ‫ٱعددلُوا ْ ُه َو أَقۡ َر ُب ل ه‬ َ ‫دلت ۡق َو َٰ َ ه ُ ْ ه‬ ۡ ‫د‬ ‫ىۖ وٱتقوا َۚ د‬ ﴿ “Do justice _ that is nearer to piety, and fear you God. Allah is well aware of what you do.” The Holy Qur'an aims to create an ideal society based on Taqwa for the good of the entire humanity. Allah says: )110 ‫اس﴾ (سورة آل عمران آيت‬ ‫تل ه‬ ‫دلن د‬ ۡ ‫ي أُ همة أُ ۡخر َج‬ ُ ‫﴿ ُك‬ َ ۡ ‫نت ۡم َخ‬ ‫ٍ د‬ "You are the best community created for the good of mankind." (3:110) The fear of Almighty Allah, the root of all wisdom, find expression in the individual's awareness of the impact that his actions or failure to act will at the various stages or levels of his social connections and relationship have on others. It is admitted that the primary concern of Islam is to develop the personality of the individual as a God fearing man, and equip him with the talent to live in peace with him and peace with others. In Surah Al Imran, Taqwa is bracketed with steadfastness and patience, and in Surah Baqarah with making peace among mankind. Even in conducting wars, when mere values are generally overlooked, Muslims have to abide by the dictates of Taqwa. This condition of heart transforms both the thinking and the action of man. The Holy Qur'an repeatedly asks us to observe Taqwa, to abide by the decisions of the Prophet, to act up to the injunctions of the Shariah, and to refrain from prohibited acts, and to attain glory. © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 15 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU Verses and Ahadith of Lesson 2 Verses ُ ‫ََ ۡ َ ه‬ ٗ‫ك ۡم نُورا‬ َ ۡ‫ه‬ َۡ ۡ ۡ ُ ُۡ ُ َ ْ ُ َ َ َ ‫ََٰٓ َ ُّ َ ه َ َ َ ُ ْ ه ُ ْ ه‬ ‫ني مدن رۡحتدهدۦ ويجعل ل‬ ‫وَّلدۦ يؤت دكم كدفل د‬ ‫﴿يأيها ٱَّلدين ءامنوا ٱتقوا ٱَّلل وءامدنوا بدرس د‬ ُ َ ۡ َ ُ َ ﴾‫ت ۡمشون بدهدۦ َويَغف ۡدر لك ۡ َۚم‬ “O Believers! Fear ye God, (Have Taqwa) and believe in His Messenger; He will give you two portions from His Mercy and will place in you light, which you will walk with and He will forgive you.” (57:28) ۡ ُ َ ۡ ۡ َ َ ۡ ُ َ َ ۡ ُ َ ۡ َ ُ َ ٗ َ ۡ ُ ۡ ُ ‫ََٰٓ َ ُّ َ ه َ َ َ ُ ٓ ْ َ ه ُ ْ ه َ َ ۡ َ ه‬ ﴾‫﴿يأيها ٱَّلدين ءامنوا إدن تتقوا ٱَّلل َيعل لكم فرقانا ويكفدر عنكم س ديات دكم ويغفدر لكم‬ )29 ‫(سورة اَّلنفال آيت‬ “O Believers! If you will be fearing God He shell decree a decision for you and acquit you of your sins and forgive you”. (8:29) ٓ ‫َ ه‬ َ ۡ َ ‫ه‬ ‫َ ه‬ ََ َ َۡ ‫َ ه‬ َ ‫ٱلش ۡمس َو ُض‬ ‫ٱلس َماءد َو َما‬‫ و‬٤‫ َوٱَلۡ دل إدذا َيغشى َٰ َها‬٣‫ َوٱنله َهارد إدذا َجلى َٰ َها‬٢‫ َوٱلق َم در إدذا تلى َٰ َها‬١‫حى َٰ َها‬ ‫د‬ ‫﴿و‬ ََۡ َ َۡ َ َ ُ ُ َ َ َََۡ َۡ َۡ َ ‫ ق ۡد أفل َح َمن‬٨‫ورها َوتق َوى َٰ َها‬ ‫ فألهمها فج‬٧‫ َونف ٖس َو َما َس هوى َٰ َها‬٦‫حى َٰ َها‬ َ ‫ۡرض َو َما َط‬ ‫ َوٱۡل د‬٥‫بَنى َٰ َها‬ )10 ‫ تا‬1 ‫﴾ (سورة الشمس آيت‬١٠‫اب َمن د هسى َٰ َها‬ َ َ ‫ َوقَ ۡد َخ‬٩‫َز هكى َٰ َها‬ “By the sun and its rising sunshine, and by the moon when it comes after the sun, and by the day when it brightens, it, and by the night when it enshrouds it, and by the heaven and as He made it, and by the earth and as he extended (outspread) it, and by the soul and as He shaped it, then He inspired it understanding of licentiousness and warding off, Verily prospered he who purified it, and failed he who threw it into dust”. [91:1-10] ٗ َُ َ ُۡ َ َٰ‫وَّل م ۡدن ُه ۡم َي ۡتلُوا ْ َعلَ ۡيه ۡم َء َايَٰتدهدۦ َويُ َزك ديه ۡم َويُ َعل ُدم ُه ُم ٱلۡك َدت‬ َ ‫ُ ه‬ ‫ب‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫دين رس‬ۧ ‫﴿ه َو ٱَّلدي َب َعث دِف ٱۡلم د‬ َ ۡ ۡ ) 2 ‫َوٱحل دك َمة﴾ (سورة اجلمعة آيت‬ “It is he who rose up from among the illiterate a Messenger from among them recites to them His verses and Book and the Wisdom and before that they had been laying in manifest forgetfulness.” (62-2) َ ُ َ ُ ‫ُ َ ه‬ َ َ ‫لَع هٱَّل‬ ََ َ ُ َ َ ُ َ ُ ََ ُ ْ ُ َ َ ‫ََٰٓ َ ُّ َ ه‬ ﴾١٨٣‫دين مدن ق ۡبل دك ۡم ل َعلك ۡم ت هتقون‬ ‫دين َءامنوا كت َدب عل ۡيك ُم د‬ ‫ٱلصيام كما كت دب‬ ‫﴿يأيها ٱَّل‬ )183 ‫ آيت‬:‫(سورة البقرة‬ "O you who believe, fasting has been prescribed for you as it was for those before you in order that you may be of those who have Taqwa." © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 16 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU ُ َ َ ۡ َ ‫َ َ َ ُ َ َٰ َ َ َ ۡ َ َٰ ُ ۡ ُ ُ ٗ َ َ َ ٓ َ َ َ َ ُ َۚ ٓ ْ ه‬ ۡ‫كم‬ ُ َٰ َ ۡ َ َ ‫ََٰٓ َ ُّ َ ه ُ ه‬ ‫﴿يأيها ٱنلاس إدنا خلقنكم مدن ذك ٖر وأنَث وجعلنكم شعوبا وقبائدل ِلد عارفوا إدن أكرم‬ ُ ََۡ ‫َ ه‬ )13 ‫دند ٱَّللد أتقىَٰك ۡ َۚم﴾ (سورة احلجرات آيت‬‫ع‬ “O mankind, we have created you of a male and a female and appointed your castes and tribes that you may recognize one another. Verily he has greater respect with God who is possessed of greater courtesy” (49-13) َ ُ َ َ ‫ٱَّلل إ هن ه‬ ُ ‫ٱَّلل َخب‬ )8 ‫ي ب د َما ت ۡع َملون﴾ (سورة المائده آيت‬ ‫ٱعددلُوا ْ ُه َو أَقۡ َر ُب ل ه‬ َ ‫دلت ۡق َو َٰ َ ه ُ ْ ه‬ ۡ ‫د‬ ‫ىۖ وٱتقوا َۚ د‬ ﴿ “Do justice _ that is nearer to piety, and fear you God. Allah is well aware of what you do.” )110 ‫اس﴾ (سورة آل عمران آيت‬ ‫تل ه‬ ‫دلن د‬ ۡ ‫ي أُ همة أُ ۡخر َج‬ ُ ‫﴿ ُك‬ َ ۡ ‫نت ۡم َخ‬ ‫د‬ ٍ "You are the best community created for the good of mankind." (3:110) ۡ ‫ َوأَ هما َمن ََب َدل َو‬٧‫ى‬ َٰ َ ‫ٱس َت ۡغ‬ ٨‫ِن‬ َ ۡ ُ‫ّس ُهۥ ل دلۡي‬ َٰ ‫ّس‬ ُ ‫ فَ َس ُنيَ د‬٦‫ِن‬ ُ ۡ ‫ َو َص هد َق ب‬٥‫ق‬ َٰ َ ‫ٱحل ۡس‬ َ َ َٰ َ ‫﴿فَأ هما َم ۡن أ ۡع َط َٰى َو هٱت‬ ‫د‬ ﴾٩‫ِن‬ ُۡ ‫بب‬ َٰ َ ‫ٱحل ۡس‬ َ ‫ََ ه‬ ‫وك ذ د‬ “Then as for him who gave (in charity) and feared God. And testified the best, We shall soon provide him facility. And as for him who stinted and became independent, And belied the best” (92:5-9) َ َُ َ ‫ام ُنوا ْ هٱت ُقوا ْ ه‬ ﴾‫ٱَّلل َح هق تقاتدهد‬ َ ‫﴿يََٰٓأ ُّي َها هٱَّل‬ َ ‫دين َء‬ “O believers! Fear Allah, as rightly He is to be feared” (3:102) ﴾‫ٱس َت َط ۡع ُت ۡم‬ َ ‫ٱت ُقوا ْ ه‬ ۡ ‫ٱَّلل َما‬ ‫َ ه‬ ‫﴿ف‬ “Therefore, fear Allah as much as you can” ۡ ‫ه‬ َ ‫ِب َم ۡن َء‬ ‫ك ۡم ق َدب َل ٱل ۡ َم ّۡشق َوٱل ۡ َم ۡغرب َو َلَٰك هدن ٱل ۡ ه‬ ُ َ ُ ُ ْ ُّ َ ُ َ ‫ه ۡ َ ۡ ه‬ ‫ام َن بدٱَّللد َوٱَلَ ۡو دم ٱٓأۡلخ ددر‬ ‫د‬ ‫د د‬ ‫د د‬ ‫﴿ليس ٱل دِب أن تولوا وجوه‬ ‫دني َو ۡٱب َن ه‬ َ ‫سك‬ َ َ ۡ َ َٰ َ َٰ َ َ ۡ َ َٰ َ ۡ ُ ۡ َ ُ ‫لَع‬ َٰ ََ َ َۡ َ ََ َ ‫َ ه‬ َ ۡ َ َ َٰٓ َ َ ۡ َ ‫يل‬ ‫د د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ٱلس‬ َٰ ‫م‬ ‫ٱل‬‫و‬ ‫َم‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ٱَل‬ ‫و‬ ‫َب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ٱل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬‫ذ‬ ‫دۦ‬ ‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ب‬‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫ٱل‬ ‫اَت‬ ‫ء‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ۧ ‫دد‬ ‫ب‬‫ٱنل‬‫و‬ ‫ب‬ َٰ ‫وٱلملئدكةد وٱلك د‬ ‫دت‬ َ ‫ٱلصِب‬ َٰ ‫ون ب َع ۡه دده ۡدم إ َذا َع َٰ َه ُد ۖوا ْ َو ه‬ َ ُ ُ ۡ َ َ َٰ َ ‫َ َ َ َ ه َ َٰ َ َ َ َ ه‬ َ َ َ ٓ ‫َ ه‬ ‫ين دِف‬ ‫دد‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫اب وأقام ٱلصلوة وءاَت ٱلزكوة وٱلموف‬ ‫ٱلرق د‬ ‫وٱلسائدل دني و دف د‬ َ ُ ۡ ُ َ َٰٓ َ ُ ْ ُ َ ‫ك هٱَّل‬ َ َٰٓ َ ْ ُ ۡ َ ۡ َ َ ‫ۡ َ ۡ َ ٓ د َ ه ه ٓ د‬ ﴾١٧٧‫دين َص َدق ۖوا َوأ ْولئدك ه ُم ٱل ُم هتقون‬ ‫س أولئ د‬ ِۗ ‫ٱۡلأساء وٱلَّضاء وحدني ٱۡلأ د‬ “The real righteousness is not this that you turn your face towards East or West; yes, the real virtue is this that one has faith in Allah and the Last day and the angels and the Book and the Prophets and gives his dear wealth for love of Allah to kindred and orphans and the needy and the wayfarer and the © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 17 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU beggars and for redeeming necks, and establishes prayer and pays poor due (Zakat); and the performer of their promises when make promise and the patients in tribulation and adversity and at time of crusade;-These are they, who proved truth of their talks and they are only God-fearing”. (2:177) ٗ ٗ َ ْ ُ ُ َ ‫ََٰٓ َ ُّ َ ه َ َ َ ُ ْ ه ُ ْ ه‬ ﴾٧٠‫ٱَّلل َوقولوا ق ۡوَّل َسدديدا‬ ‫﴿يأيها ٱَّلدين ءامنوا ٱتقوا‬ “O believers! fear Allah and say the right word”. (33:70) ۡ َۡ ُ ُ‫َهُ ْ هَ ََۡ ه ُ ۡ َُۡ ٗ َُ َ ۡ َ ُ ۡ َ َ ُ ۡ ََۡ ۡ َ ُ ۡ َ ه‬ ‫ٱَّلل ذو ٱلفض دل‬‫﴿إدن تتقوا ٱَّلل َيعل لكم فرقانا ويكفدر عنكم س ديات دكم ويغفدر لكم و‬ ۡ ﴾٢٩‫ٱل َعظدي دم‬ “If you will fear Allah, He will grant you that by which you may be able to distinguish between right and wrong and will remove off your evils and will forgive you. And Allah is owner of great Grace”. (8:29) ُ ََۡ َ ُ ۡ َ ۡ ُُۡ ََ ٗ َۡ ‫ََ َه هَ ََۡ ه‬ َۚ ‫ وي ۡرزقه مدن حيث َّل ُيتس‬٢‫﴿ومن يت دق ٱَّلل َيعل َُّلۥ َم َرجا‬ ﴾‫دب‬ “And he who fears Allah, Allah will make a way for his deliverance. And will provide for him whence he expects not”. (65:2-3) Ahadith ‫الح َيا ُء َفا ْف َع ْل َما ِش ْئ َت‬ َ ‫إِ َذا َفا َت َك‬ "When you have lost your modesty, then do whatever you wish" َ ‫ َفإِن ََّك إِ ْن َل َت َرا ُه َفإِ ّن ُه َي َر‬،‫اهَّلل كأن ََّك َت َرا ُه‬ ‫اك‬ َ َ‫أن َت ْع ُبد‬ ْ "It is to worship Allah [SWT] as if you can see Him, for although you cannot see Him, He can see you” (Bukhari). © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 18 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU LESSON 3 OBEDIENCE OF GOD Definition of Obedience ‫ طاع يطاع‬Each of these verb mean be rendered, he was or became obedient or he obeyed. The affirmation of creation and command “for Allah alone in the Holy Qur’an: َ ۡ ‫دين َظلَ ُم َۚوا ْ َو‬ َ ‫ٱحل ۡم ُد د هَّللد َرب ٱلۡ َعَٰلَم‬ ﴾٤٥‫ني‬ ‫د‬ َ ‫﴿ َف ُق دط َع َداب ُر ٱلۡ َق ۡو دم هٱَّل‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ “So the roof of those wrong-doers and unjust people was cut down; and all praises belong to God alone who is the Lord of the Universe.” (7:45) Certainly, one who affirms that Allah is the creator must logically affirm that command is his alone, because the one who created mankind is the one who knows mankind, worldly interests and what may guarantee success for them in the next world. In fact, it would be absurd to expect that any one other then the inventor of an entirely new piece of machinery would be able to explain how to use or repair it. Allah ordered the Muslims to obey Him, and to obey His Prophet and those in positions of leadership: ۡ َ ‫دنك ۡمۖ فَإن تَ َنَٰ َز ۡع ُت ۡم دِف‬ ُ ‫َشءٖ فَ ُر ُّد‬ ُ َ ُ ‫ََٰٓ َ ُّ َ ه َ َ َ ُ ٓ ْ َ ُ ْ ه َ َ َ ُ ْ ه‬ ۡ َ‫ول َوأُ ْوِل ۡٱۡل‬ ‫وه‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫د‬ ‫﴿يأيها ٱَّلدين ءامنوا أطديعوا ٱَّلل وأطديعوا ٱلرس‬ ً َۡ َ َ َ َ ۡ ‫ُ ُ ُۡ َ ه‬ ‫َ ه‬ ﴾٥٩‫ َوأ ۡح َس ُن تأوديال‬ٞ‫نت ۡم تؤم ُدنون بدٱَّللد َوٱَلَ ۡو دم ٱٓأۡلخ ددرِۚ ذَٰل دك خ ۡي‬‫ٱلر ُسو دل إدن ك‬ ‫ٱَّللد َو ه‬ ‫إدَل‬ “O Believers! Obey God and obey the Messenger and the Rulers who are from amongst you; if you should quarrel on anything, refer it to God and the Messenger, if you believe in Allah and the Last Day. It is fairer and much better in its result.” (4:59) To obey Allah is to follow His book, and to obey the Prophet is to follow the Sunnah. Indeed, the command to obey is repeated twice in the above-mentioned verse in order to emphasize that obedience is owed separately to each one of the two. That reason for this is that the Sunnah is in fact divine revelation, which the Prophet was charged with delivering. The command is not, it may be noted, repeated in the verse before “those among you who have been entrusted with authority”, which means that obedience to them is conditional upon their orders being in accordance with the Quran and Sunnah. This point is emphasized by a Hadith related by Imams Bukhari and Muslim on the authority of Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, in which the Prophet, ‫ﷺ‬, said, © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 19 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU “Hearing and obeying are the duties of a Muslim, in what he likes and dislikes, as long as he is not ordered to commit a misdeed. If he is ordered to commit a misdeed, then he is not to hear and not to obey”. Imam Muslim related on the authority of Abu Hurairah that the Prophet of Allah, ‫ﷺ‬, said: “After me you shall be ruled by rulers; the righteous ruler will rule you righteously, and the shameless will rule you shamelessly. Then, hear them and obey them in all that is in keeping with the truth”. Allah most High ordered the believers to refer all disputed matters to Allah and His Prophet. Moreover, He linked obedience to this command to faith itself by saying: ٞ‫ٱَّللد َو ۡٱَلَ ۡو دم ٱٓأۡلخدر َذَٰل َدك َخ ۡي‬ ‫ُ ُۡ ُۡ ُ َ ه‬ ُ ‫َ ۡ َ ُ ُّ ُ َ ه َ ه‬ ُۡ ۡ َ ََ َ ِۚ‫د‬ ‫﴿فإدن تنَٰزعتم دِف َشءٖ فردوه إدَل ٱَّللد وٱلرسو دل إدن كنتم تؤمدنون ب د‬ ً َۡ َ ﴾٥٩‫َوأ ۡح َس ُن تأوديال‬ “If you should quarrel on anything, refer it to God and the Messenger, if you believe in Allah and the Last Day. It is fairer and much better in its result.” Of course, the meaning of referring such a matter to Allah is that it be referred to the Quran; while the meaning of referring it to the Prophet is that it be referred to the Sunnah. Indeed, the Quran and Sunnah constitute the comprehensive source of legislation in Islam, as has been previously mentioned. In addition, Allah linked obedience to this command with faith so as to indicate that no claim to complete faith may be accepted from one who does not refer disputed matters to the Shariah for a ruling. Thus, faith in the principle of legitimacy and acting in accordance with it are the necessary outcome of faith in Allah and the Last Day. Allah Most High explained that to refer disputed matters to Allah and His prophet is better for this Ummah than interpretations not directly based on revelation. Allah Most High said: ً َۡ َ َ َ َ ﴾٥٩‫ َوأ ۡح َس ُن تأوديال‬ٞ‫﴿ذَٰل دك خ ۡي‬ This is good for you and the best interpretation. (4:59). This verse shows that law may not be framed by reason alone, because reason is not a legislator. Thus, goodness lies in the implementation of Allah’s law. Allah also explained that the claim to faith in that which was revealed by Allah to his Prophet, ‫ﷺ‬, and to the Prophet before him, when made by those who govern in accordance with man-made laws and statutes which prevent the implementation of the Shariah and the arbitral decision of His Prophet, is a false claim. Thus, the requirements of faith are that the believers rely upon the arbitration of Allah’s Shariah, and not upon man-made laws. © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 20 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU Allah Most High swore by His own person that those who claim to believe in Him yet do not implement His Shariah are not truthful in their claims. Thus, true faith requires that the Shariah be made an arbitrator, that its decision is accepted without rancor, and that it be gladly implemented and executed. َ ۡ ُّ ُ َ َ ‫ُ ۡ َ ُ ْ ه َ َ ه ُ َ َ َ َ ه ۡ ْ َ ه ه‬ َ ‫كَٰفدر‬ ﴾٣٢‫ين‬‫د‬ ‫﴿قل أطديعوا ٱَّلل وٱلرسول ۖفإدن تولوا فإدن ٱَّلل َّل ُيدب ٱل‬ Allah Most High informed us that those who do not rule in accordance with what He has revealed are indeed disbelievers, tyrants and wrongdoers. © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 21 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU Verses and Ahadith of Lesson 3 Verses ۡ ُ َۡ َ ََ ُ ُ ۡ ‫ٱجل هن َو ۡ َ ه‬ ‫ٱۡلنس إدَّل دَلَعبد د‬ ﴾٥٦‫ون‬ ‫د‬ ‫﴿وما خلقت د‬ And I (Allah) created not the jinns and humans except they should worship Me (Alone). (Az-Zariyat: 56) ٓ َ ُۡ َ ‫َ ْ َ ه‬ ﴾‫﴿ِإَون ت ُع ُّدوا ن ۡدع َمة ٱَّللد َّل ُت ُصوها‬ And if you would count the graces of Allah, never could you be able to count them. (An-Nahl: 18) ُٞ َ ‫ُك قَ ۡد َعل َدم َص َالتَ ُهۥ َوت َ ۡسب‬ ﴾‫يح ُه‬‫د‬ ﴿ Of each one He (Allah) knows indeed his Salat (prayer) and his glorification, [or everyone knows his Salat (prayer) and his glorification], (An-Noor: 41) َۡ َ َ َ ُ ُ َ َ َََۡ َۡ ﴾٨‫ فألهمها فجورها وتقوىها‬٧‫﴿ َونف ٖس َو َما َس هوى َٰ َها‬ َ َٰ َ And by Nafs (Adam or a person or a soul, etc.), and Him Who perfected him in proportion; Then He showed him what is wrong for him and what is right for him; (Ash-Shams: 7, 8) َ َ ُ ‫ام‬ ﴾٧٦‫نتم بدهدۦ كَٰف ُدرون‬ ٓ ‫ِب ٓوا ْ إنها ب هٱَّل‬ َ ‫دي َء‬ َُ‫ك‬ۡ َ ۡ َ ‫َ َ ه‬ ‫﴿قال ٱَّلدين ٱست‬ ‫د د‬ Those who were arrogant said: "Verily, we disbelieve in that which you believe in. (Al-A’raf: 76) َ َٰ َ ۡ َ ْ ُ َ ۡ ََ ُ َ ۡ ‫ََ َ َُۡ ُ ه‬ ﴾٧٨‫﴿فأخذتهم ٱلرجفة فأصبحوا دِف داردهدم جث د دمني‬ So the earthquake seized them, and they lay (dead), prostrate in their homes. (Al-A’raf: 78) َ َ ۡ َََ ۡ َۡ َ ُۡ َ َٰ ﴾٦٩‫﴿وٱتل علي دهم نبأ إدبرهديم‬ And recite to them the story of Ibrahim (Abraham). (Ash-Shou,ra: 69) َ ُ َ ‫َ ٓ ه ُ ُّ ه‬ ۡ َ ۡ َ َ ُ َ َٓۡ َ ََۡ ﴾٥٢‫ۡس بدعدباددي إدنكم متبعون‬ ‫وَس أن أ د‬َٰٓ ‫﴿۞وأوحينا إ د ََٰل م‬ And We inspired Musa (Moses), saying: "Take away My slaves by night, verily, you will be pursued. (Ash-Shou,ra: 52) َ ُ‫ۡ َ َ َُ ۡ َ ُ ُ ۡ ُ ََ َه‬ َ ‫ت ََعد ٱل ۡ ُم ۡر َسل‬ ۡ َ‫﴿ َك هذب‬ ﴾١٢٤‫ إدذ قال لهم أخوهم هود أَّل تتقون‬١٢٣‫دني‬ © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 22 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU 'Ad (people) belied the Messengers. When their brother Hud said to them: "Will you not fear Allah and obey Him? (Ash-Shou,ra: 123,124) َ ُ ‫ۡ َ َ َ ُ ۡ َ ُ ُ ۡ َ َٰ َ َ َ ه‬ َ ‫ود ٱل ۡ ُم ۡر َسل‬ ُ َُ ۡ َ‫َ ه‬ ﴾١٤٢‫ إدذ قال لهم أخوهم صل دح أَّل تتقون‬١٤١‫دني‬ ‫﴿كذبت ثم‬ Thamud (people) belied the Messenger. When their brother Salih (Saleh) said to them: "Will you not fear Allah and obey Him? (Ash-Shou,ra: 141,142) ُ ََ َ‫َ هُ ْ ه‬ ﴾١٣١‫ون‬ ‫﴿فٱتقوا ٱَّلل وأطديع د‬ So fear Allah, keep your duty to Him, and obey me. (Ash-Shou,ra: 131) ۡ ُ َ َٰ َ ۡ َ ْ ٓ ُ ۡ ُ َ َ َ ُ ‫َٰٓ َ ُّ َ ه َ َ َ ُ ٓ ْ َ ُ ْ ه َ َ َ ُ ْ ه‬ ﴾٣٣‫﴿يأيها ٱَّلدين ءامنوا أطديعوا ٱَّلل وأطديعوا ٱلرسول وَّل تب دطلوا أعملكم‬ O you who believe! Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger (Muhammad SAW) and render not vain your deeds. (Muhammad: 33) ‫ه ُ َ ََ ۡ ََ َ ه‬ ﴾ۖ‫﴿ همن يُ دطعد ٱلرسول فقد أطاع ٱَّلل‬ َ He who obeys the Messenger (Muhammad SAW), has indeed obeyed Allah. (An-Nisa: 80) َٰ َ َ َ َ ۡ ُ َ َ ََُۡ ٓ َ ‫ََۡ د‬ َٰ َ َ ٓ ‫﴿إ د د‬ ﴾‫ى‬ َۚ ‫ّن أرى دِف ٱلمنام أ دّن أذَبك فٱنظر ماذا تر‬ I have seen in a dream that I am slaughtering you (offer you in sacrifice to Allah), so look what you think. (As-Sa’ffat: 102) َ ُۡ َ َۡۡ َ ََ َ َ ُ ‫﴿قال يَٰٓأب د‬ ﴾ۖ ‫ت ٱفعل ما تؤمر‬ He said: "O my father! Do that which you are commanded. (As-Sa’ffat: 102) ﴾١٠٣‫ني‬ َ ۡ ُ‫ََهَٓۡ ََ ََه‬ ‫﴿فلما أسلما وتلهۥ ل دلجب د د‬ Then, when they had both submitted themselves (to the Will of Allah), and he had laid him prostrate on his forehead (or on the side of his forehead for slaughtering); (As-Sa’ffat: 103) ً ۡ َ ُ َ ۡ َ َ ٞ ۡ َ َ َٰ َ ﴾٥٩‫﴿ذل دك خي وأحسن تأوديال‬ This is good for you and the best interpretation. (4:59) © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 23 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU Hadith ٍ ‫ب َمسير َة‬ )‫ (صحيح بخاري‬.‫شهر‬ ِ ‫بالر ْع‬ ُّ ‫ت‬ ُ ‫ن ُِص ْر‬ Allah made me victorious by awe (of frightening my enemies) for a distance of one month's journey. © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 24 Islamic Studies – ISL201 VU LESSON 4 OBEDIENCE OF PROPHETS AND EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY Definition of Obedience ‫طاع يطاع‬ Each of these verb mean be rendered, he was or became obedient or he obeyed. As the life of a Muslim must be directed upon a full and unreserved co-operation between his spiritual and his bodily Self, so the leadership of out Prophet embraces life as a compound entity, as sum total of moral and practical, individual and social manifestations. This is the deepest meaning of Sunnah. The Qur’an says: ْ َ َ ُ ۡ َ ۡ ُ َٰ َ َ َ َ ُ ُ ُ َ ُ ُ ‫َ َ ٓ َ َ َٰ ُ ُ ه‬ ﴾‫ٱنت ُه َۚوا‬‫﴿وما ءاتىكم ٱلرسول فخذوه وما نهىكم عنه ف‬ “Whatever the Prophet enjoins you, accept; and whatever he forbids you, avoid" "The Jews have been split up into seventy-one sects, the Christians into seventy–two sects, and the Muslims will be split up into seventy–three sects" (jami, at–Tirmidhi). In this connection it may be mentioned that in Arabian usage the number 70 very often stands for "many," and does not necessarily denote that actual, arithmetical figure. So, the Prophet obviously intended to say that the sects and divisions among the Muslims would be very many, even more than those among the Jews and Christians. And he added. َ َ ‫َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ ۡ ُ َ َ ه َٰ ُ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ ۡ َ ُ ۡ ُ ه َ َ ُ ْ ٓ َ ُ ۡ َ َ ٗ ه‬ َ‫ض ۡيت‬ ‫س دهم حرجا دمما ق‬ ‫َيدوا دِف أنف د‬ ‫﴿فال وربدك َّل يؤمدنون حَّت ُيكدموك فديما شجر بينهم ثم َّل د‬ ﴾٦٥‫ديما‬ٗ ‫َوي ُ َسل ُدموا ْ ت َ ۡسل‬ “Nay, by thy Sustainer! They do not attain to faith until they make thee (O Muhammad) a judge of what is in dispute between them and find in themselves no dislike of what thou decides, and submit with (full) submission” And: ُۡ ٞ ‫ ه‬ٞ ُ َ ُ‫ُۡ ۡ ُ ُ هُ ََۡ ۡ َ ُ ۡ ُُ َ ُ ۡ َ ه‬ ‫ قل‬٣١‫ديم‬ ‫وِن ُيبدبكم ٱَّلل ويغفدر لكم ذنوبك َۚم وٱَّلل غفور رح‬ ُ ‫ُ ُ ۡ ُ ُّ َ ه َ َ ه‬ ُۡ