Introduction To Physiology MBBS 2023 PDF

Physiology: Definition, History, Subdisciplines, Importance & Functional Organization of the Human Body Associate Professor Menizibeya Welcome Osain MD, MMedSci, Ph.D, DDG, LFIBA, FWCASC Department of Human Physiology Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health S...

Physiology: Definition, History, Subdisciplines, Importance & Functional Organization of the Human Body Associate Professor Menizibeya Welcome Osain MD, MMedSci, Ph.D, DDG, LFIBA, FWCASC Department of Human Physiology Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, FCT – Abuja  Conten ts 1. Members of the Department 3. Subdisciplin 2. Definition/ es/Why History/Organiza study tion of the physiology?/ human body Structure of the course  Members of the Department 1. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Menizibeya Osain Welcome MD, PhD 2. Prof. Dr. Senol Dane MD, PhD 3. Prof. Dr. Goke Ibironke MBBS, MD 4. Dr. Olanipekun Muhammed Akin BSc, MBBS, MSc 5. Dr. Tijani Ahmed Mohammed MBBS 6. Mr. Oluwatosin Oyeniran BSc, MSc, PDE, PhD (In View) 7. Mrs. Nneka A Okwaraku SLT, BMLS 8. Mrs. Fatima Baba Yakubu BA, MA  Assoc. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Senol Dane Prof. Dr. Goke Ibironke Menizibeya Osain MD, PhD BSc, MSc, MBBS, MD Welcome MD, PhD Dr. Akin Olanipekun Muhammed Dr. Tijani Ahmed Mr. Oluwatosin BSc, MBBS, MSc Mohammed MBBS Oyeniran BSc, MSc, PDE, PhD (In View)  What is Задач physiology? и  Physiology is a word formed from the Greek words “physis” meaning nature and “logos” meaning study.  Therefore, physiology can be defined as the study of nature and the essence of life processes.  What is Задач physiology? и  In a broader view, physiology means the study of life processes and functions and their dynamics at the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system and organismal levels.  It is the science of the life of an organism as a whole, its interactions with the environment and the dynamics of life processes.  What is physiology? Physiology can also be defined as the scientific study of functions and mechanisms, which work within a living system. (Recommended definition).  Brief History The word “physiology” was first used by the Greek philosophers more than 2500 years ago to mean “the inquiry into the nature of things”. This view of physiology continued until the Renaissance. During and after the Renaissance, the use of “physiology” included functions of human organs and systems.  Milestones in Physiology Hippocrates Claudius Galen (129–cir. (460–377 BC) 210 AD) Observed that Introduced the humoral & distinct thermal theories of body personality types functions. or temperaments Galen reasoned that the are the result of driving force of digestion differences in the etc. was due to composition and mythical/spiritual forces or animal heat, which allowed movement of food to decompose in the body fluids  Milestones in Physiology 1 2 3 4 René William Claude Walter Descartes Harvey Bernard Bradfor (1596– (1578– (1813– d 1650) 1657) 1878) Cannon (1871 – Milestones in Physiology 5 6 7 8 9 Rudolph Emil du Karl Ernest Santiag Heiden- Bois- Landstei Starling o haim Reymon ner (1866– Ramón (1834– d (1818– (1868– 1927) y Cajal 1897) 1896) 1943) (1852–  Milestone in Physiology Sir Henry Dale (1875-1968) & Professor Otto Loewi (1873–1961) Discovered the first neurotransmitter in 1913 (acetylcholine). This chemical is produced & released by neurons in the brain, and regions were neurons are connected to Sir Henry Dale Prof. Otto Loewi muscles. In 1936, they won the Nobel Milestones in Physiology Eugene Roberts (1920–2016) Reported in 1950 that γ- aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major amino compound in mammalian brain extracts In 1959, it was shown that GABA is Eugene Roberts a major inhibitory Milestones in Physiology Eric Kandel together with Arvid Carlsson & Paul Greengard won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system.” Eric Kandel Paul Greengard Arvid Carlsson (1929) (1925-2019) (1923-2018)  Milestones in Physiology Barry J. Marshall (1951–) & John Robin Warren (1937–) Discovered the bacterium Helicobacter pylori as the causative Barry J. Marshall John Robin Warren agent in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.  Milestones in Physiology: Discovery of Helicobacter pylori as the causative agent in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease Milestones in Physiology Alfred G. Gilman (1941–2015) & Martin Rodbell (1925–1998) Discovered G- proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells. They were awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize  Milestones in Physiology: Discovery of cell reprogramming These scientists discovered that a specialised or mature cell can be induced to develop into any (immature) normal cell type capable of developing into all tissues of the body. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 was awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka “for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to Sir John B. Gurdon Shinya Yamanaka become pluripotent”. Levels of Development of Physiology Levels of Organization Human Body Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organismal level Levels of Organization of the Human Body Chemical level: At this level, the system is viewed as a composition of molecules, which are formed from atoms. Cellular level: At the second level, several molecules come together to form the cell, which is the smallest structural and functional unit of living things. Tissue level: A group of cells performing similar functions forms the tissue. Levels of Organization of the Human Body A group of tissues form an organ. An organ such as the intestine is formed from epithelial, neural, smooth muscle and connective tissues. Different organs work closely together to form organ system level of organization. For instance, the GI system is composed of digestive tract (which is also composed of organs) and the accessory organs. The organismal level of organization comprises many organ systems.  Examples of Organ System Nervous System: brain and spinal cord – all belonging to the central Special nervous system; Senses  Musculoskeletal Cardiovascular System: bones, System: heart & muscles, tendons, circulatory joints, cartilage, system & (?) and ligaments Blood Lymphatic Immune System System Endocrine Reproductive System System Gastrointestina Respiratory l System System Integumentary System  Subdisciplines in physiology Molecular physiology Cellular physiology Organ physiology (e.g. liver, lungs, stomach physiology) System physiology (physiology of the nervous system or neurophysiology, physiology of digestive system, physiology of the circulatory system or cardiovascular physiology, etc.) Developmental physiology, geriatric physiology, physiology of labor, aviation and cosmologic physiology, ecological or environmental physiology, evolutional and comparative physiology.  Subdisciplines in physiology Human physiology, animal physiology, plant physiology, fungal physiology, and microbial (viral, bacterial) physiology. M The study of physiology combines information from other disciplines, including histology, embryology, anatomy, biochemistry, molecular and cellular biology, pharmacology, internal medicine, therapeutics. The study of the mechanisms of occurrence, course and outcome of pathological processes and diseases is called pathological physiology (pathophysiology – applied physiology). Why Study Physiology? Physiology is the fundament or cornerstone of medicine & clinical practice: physiology is a core discipline in medicine, providing firsthand information on the functions of the body & the mechanisms underlying these functions. Thus, “physiology is the inescapable fundament of medicine that attempts to bridge the gap between bench-to-bedside and bedside-to-bench data to provide a logical explanation of the essence of existence” – by Assoc. Prof. Dr. MO Welcome. Why Study Physiology? The most prestigious prize in medicine in the world, Nobel Prize (www.nobelprize.org ), is awarded in Physiology or Medicine. This underscores the importance of physiology in medicine.  Structure of the Course In physiology, you will study the following areas (in modules) Introduction, History, Cell Physiology Module 1 (200 1 Blood Physiology Body Fluid Physiology L) End of Module 1 CA (MCQ, Theory & Practical) Physiology of Muscle and Nerve Module 2 (200 2 fibers (Physiology of Excitable tissues) L) End of Module 2 CA (MCQ, Theory & Practical) Module 3 (200 Respiratory Physiology L) 3 Cardiovascular Physiology End of Module 3 CA (MCQ, Theory & Practical) Gastrointestinal Physiology, Module 4 (200 4 Nutrition, Temperature Regulation L) End of Module 4 CA (MCQ, Theory & Practical) 200 Level Promotional Exam (MCQ, Theory, Practical & Viva)  Structure of the Course In physiology, you will study the following areas (in modules) Module 5 (300 Reproduction 5 Renal Physiology L) End of Module 5 CA (MCQ, Theory & Practical) Module 6 (300 6 Endocrine Physiology L) End of Module 6 CA (MCQ, Theory & Practical) Module 7 (300 Introduction to Neurophysiology 7 Special senses L) End of Module 7 CA (MCQ, Theory & Practical) Module 8 (300 8 Neurophysiology L) End of Module 8 CA (MCQ, Theory & Practical) First Professional MBBS Exam (MCQ, Theory, Practical & Viva) Physiology Practical 1 Main physiology lab 2 Skills lab  Recommended Physiology Textbooks Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition. By John E. Hall. Publisher: Elsevier, 2011, 1091 pages. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 25th Edition. By Kim E. Barrett, Susan M. Barman, Scott Boitano, Heddwen L. Brooks. Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education, 2015, 768 pages. Essentials of Medical Physiology. By K. Text, Written by the Departmental Staff Thank You