Inorganic Chemistry Lecture Notes PDF

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURE 👩🏻‍🔬 (PRE FINALS - FINALS) ANTIOXIDANTS, GLASSES AND WATER 2HNO2 + 2KI + H2SO4 → I2 +2NO↑ + 2H2O + K2SO4 I. Antioxidants...

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURE 👩🏻‍🔬 (PRE FINALS - FINALS) ANTIOXIDANTS, GLASSES AND WATER 2HNO2 + 2KI + H2SO4 → I2 +2NO↑ + 2H2O + K2SO4 I. Antioxidants ○ Preservative ➔ Reduction-Oxidation (RedOx) Reactions Carcinogenic due to the formation of Ce 4+ + Fe 2+ ⇌ Ce 3+ + Fe 3+ N-nitrosamines Reduction/Oxidizing Agent: Ce + e → Ce 4+ - 3+ ○ Antidote for cyanide poisoning Oxidation/Reducing Agent: Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e- Mechanism : Sodium Nitrite convert ➔ Free Radicals hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which ◆ Highly reactive, short-lived organic and binds to cyanide inorganic molecules that result from normal Promote the formation of physiological metabolism in living systems methemoglobin ◆ Unstable ; has unpaired electron Methemoglobin has a high affinity to ➔ Effect of Free radicals? cyanide (CN-) ◆ Damage cells Formation of cyanmethemoglobin (less leading to various diseases such as toxic) hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart NaNO2 + Hemoglobin → Methemoglobin failure, diabetes, neurological diseases, HCN + Methemoglobin → Cyanomethemoglobin and cancerogenesis ★ Cyanide poisoning ○ Mechanism of Toxicity binds to cytochrome oxidase Inhibits electron transport chain (ATP will not be produced) Decrease utilization of oxygen (hypoxia) ★ Sodium thiosulfate ○ Act as antioxidant to solutions containing ➔ Antioxidants iodides ◆ any compound that can counteract ○ Antidote for cyanide poisoning unstable molecules called free radicals that Mechanism : provides sulfur donor for damage DNA, cell membranes, and other rhodanese enzymes to convert cyanide parts of cells. to thiocyanate ◆ they act as a natural "off" switch for the free A - absorption radicals. D - distribution ◆ Vitamin C - natural antioxidant M - metabolism E - excretion ANTIOXIDANTS ★ Sodium dioxide ★ Sodium nitrite ○ Synonym : Sulfurous anhydride ○ Can act both as reducing or oxidizing agent ○ Has a characteristic of burning sulfur → ○ Reducing property: Suffocating odor KClO3 + 3HNO2 → 3HNO3 + KCl ○ In neutral to alkaline condition, it is ○ Oxidizing property (in acidic condition and converted to bisulfite: neutral to alkaline condition): SO2 + OH- → HSO3-  ○ Produces acidic solution: Preservative in Diluted Hydroiodic Acid SO2 + H₂O ⇌ H2SO3 and Ferric Iodide Syrup ○ Antioxidant for injectable preparations in HPH2O2 + 2I2 + 2H2O → 4HI + H3PO4 single or multiple dose containers ○ It acts to reduce free iodine and ferric ion ★ Sodium bisulfite back to iodide and ferrous ion, respectively. ○ Synonyms : Sodium Hydrogen Sulfite, ★ Nitrogen Sodium Acid Sulfite ○ Inert gas ○ Odor of sulfur dioxide (SO2) ○ Provides an inert atmosphere for ○ Both sulfite and bisulfite are neutralized by oxidation-sensitive pharmaceuticals the addition of acid: TEST YOURSELF 1. Enzyme responsible for the conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate. Rhodanese ○ Strong reducing agents 2. Reducing agent for Vitamin C injections In acidic condition, they are oxidized by Sodium Bisulfite oxidizing agents such as; 3. Cyanide antidotes: Permanganate Amylnitrite, Sodium Nitrite, Sodium Dichromate Thiosulfate Halogens (Equation 4) 4. Reaction of Nitrite with the organic amines Hydrogen peroxide (Equation 5) present in meat leads to the formation of Hypochlorous acid carcinogenic substance: Sodium hypochlorite N-nitrosamines Ferric salts, etc. II. Glasses ★ Glass ○ Refers to vitreous material ○ Uses: ○ Composed mainly of silicon dioxide Epinephrine hydrochloride injections ○ Glass types are determined by the results of Phenylephrine hydrochloride injections TWO USP Tests: Ascorbic acid injections Water attack ★ Sodium metabisulfite Powdered glass test ○ Synonym : Disodium pyrosulfite ○ Odor of SO2 ○ Source of bisulfite Additive Description Most of the commercial sodium bisulfite Boron Decrease coefficient of expansion is actually the metabisulfite which upon solution in water is immediately Potassium Amber-colored/ Brown-light converted to the bisulfite resistant glass Na2S2O5 + H2O → 2NaHSO3 ★ Hypophosphorous acid ★ Type I ○ Uses: ○ Highly resistant borosilicate glass  Borosilicate glass : 2. Soda-lime-silica glass : Sodium oxide, Boron oxide Calcium oxide Aluminum oxide Sodium oxide III. Official Waters Calcium oxide ★ Water ○ Uses powdered glass test ○ Universal solvent ○ Suitable for all products, strong acids and ○ Best expectorant : Steam inhalation alkalis, parenteral and non parenteral ○ Properties : preparation Amphoteric ★ Type II High dielectric constant ○ Treated Soda Lime Glass Auto-protolytic / self-ionization ○ Uses water attack test ○ For alkali-sensitive products, buffered TYPES OF WATER solutions, infusion fluids, blood and plasma, ★ Natural / Well / Mineral Water and large-volume containers. ○ Unfit for drinking ★ Type III Water Composition ○ Soda Lime-Silica Glass ○ Uses powdered glass test Alkaline Water Na2SO4 , MgSO4 ○ For solid dosage forms (tablets, powders) Saline / Purgative Water Na2SO4 , MgSO4 ★ Type IV NaCl ○ General Purpose Soda Lime Glass ○ Uses powdered glass test Carbonated Water CO2 under pressure ○ For non-parenteral preparations Effervescence Chalybeate Water Iron (Fe) in SUMMARY: sol/suspension Type Description Test Ferroginous taste I Highly Resistant Powdered Glass Lithia Water Li2CO3, LiCl Borosilicate Glass Sulfur Water H2S II Treated Soda-Lime Water Attack Siliceous Water Soluble alkali silicates III Soda Lime-Silica Powdered Glass ★ Potable Water IV General Purpose Soda Powdered Glass Lime ○ Fit for drinking ○ Treated by the following USP Methods : Reverse osmosis ★ Glass used for pharmaceutical containers is Ion exchange either borosilicate glass or soda-lime-silica Distillation glass. ★ Hard Water 1. Borosilicate glass : Boric oxide, Aluminum ○ Ions responsible : Ca2+ , Mg2+ oxide, alkali/alkaline earth oxide ○ Two types of Hardness :  Temporary No antimicrobial agent added Permanent ★ Heavy Water ○ composed of isotopes of hydrogen Temporary Hardness Permanent Hardness (deuterium & tritium) Cause Ca & Mg: Ca & Mg: Bicarbonates Sulfate Chloride Hydroxides ★ Official USP Waters A. Purified Water Non-parenteral preparations Assays and tests B. Water for Injection Solvent/Vehicle for Parenteral Preparations C. Bacteriostatic Water for Injection Prepared from sterile water for injection to which has been added with one or more suitable antimicrobial preservatives [0.9% benzyl alcohol] It may be packaged in single-dose or multiple dose containers not larger than 30mL Multiple withdrawals With label: “NOT FOR USE IN NEONATES” D. Sterile Water for Injection For extemporaneous compounding of parenteral preparations, including those used in animal assays No antimicrobial agent added Single use only E. Sterile Water for Irrigation Irrigating solution No antimicrobial agent added Cleansing only With label: “For Irrigation only and not for Injection” F. Sterile Water for Inhalation For the preparation of inhalational solutions