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Questions and Answers
What is one of the primary functions of antioxidants in biological systems?
What is one of the primary functions of antioxidants in biological systems?
- They promote the formation of free radicals.
- They enhance oxidative stress.
- They inhibit the reduction-oxidation reactions.
- They act as reducing agents. (correct)
What is a significant consequence of free radicals in living organisms?
What is a significant consequence of free radicals in living organisms?
- They promote the synthesis of proteins.
- They stabilize cellular structures.
- They can lead to cellular damage. (correct)
- They decrease cellular metabolism.
Which of the following statements about redox reactions is correct?
Which of the following statements about redox reactions is correct?
- Oxidation corresponds to a gain of electrons.
- Reduction can occur without the presence of oxidizing agents. (correct)
- Reduction involves the loss of electrons.
- Redox reactions only involve oxidizing agents.
What is the role of sodium nitrite in cyanide poisoning?
What is the role of sodium nitrite in cyanide poisoning?
Which of the following compounds is produced in the reaction involving HNO2 and KI?
Which of the following compounds is produced in the reaction involving HNO2 and KI?
What is the primary mechanism by which cyanide exerts its toxic effects on cells?
What is the primary mechanism by which cyanide exerts its toxic effects on cells?
What is formed when cyanide binds to methemoglobin?
What is formed when cyanide binds to methemoglobin?
Which of the following diseases is associated with exposure to cyanide?
Which of the following diseases is associated with exposure to cyanide?
What role does sodium thiosulfate play in the context of cyanide poisoning?
What role does sodium thiosulfate play in the context of cyanide poisoning?
Which of the following statements best describes the action of antioxidants?
Which of the following statements best describes the action of antioxidants?
Exposure to cyanide can lead to which of the following physiological effects?
Exposure to cyanide can lead to which of the following physiological effects?
What is the result of prolonged exposure to cyanide in terms of cellular energy?
What is the result of prolonged exposure to cyanide in terms of cellular energy?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cyanide's toxic effects?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cyanide's toxic effects?
What is the primary component of glass?
What is the primary component of glass?
Which type of glass is highly resistant and typically referred to as Type I?
Which type of glass is highly resistant and typically referred to as Type I?
What reaction occurs when sodium metabisulfite is dissolved in water?
What reaction occurs when sodium metabisulfite is dissolved in water?
What is a characteristic of borosilicate glass?
What is a characteristic of borosilicate glass?
Which of the following injections is associated with sodium metabisulfite?
Which of the following injections is associated with sodium metabisulfite?
What does the Powdered glass test evaluate?
What does the Powdered glass test evaluate?
Which oxide in glass composition helps to decrease the coefficient of expansion?
Which oxide in glass composition helps to decrease the coefficient of expansion?
What is the role of sodium bisulfite in commercial applications?
What is the role of sodium bisulfite in commercial applications?
Which ions are primarily responsible for hard water hardness?
Which ions are primarily responsible for hard water hardness?
What is the primary cause of temporary hardness in water?
What is the primary cause of temporary hardness in water?
Which of the following is true about Bacteriostatic Water for Injection?
Which of the following is true about Bacteriostatic Water for Injection?
What distinguishes Sterile Water for Injection from other waters for injection?
What distinguishes Sterile Water for Injection from other waters for injection?
What is the main difference between permanent and temporary hardness?
What is the main difference between permanent and temporary hardness?
Which type of water is specifically labeled for irrigation only and not for injection?
Which type of water is specifically labeled for irrigation only and not for injection?
What is the purpose of Sterile Water for Inhalation?
What is the purpose of Sterile Water for Inhalation?
Which of the following is NOT true about heavy water?
Which of the following is NOT true about heavy water?
What is the main characteristic of Type I glass?
What is the main characteristic of Type I glass?
Which type of water is characterized by having a high dielectric constant?
Which type of water is characterized by having a high dielectric constant?
Which type of glass is suited for alkali-sensitive products and buffered solutions?
Which type of glass is suited for alkali-sensitive products and buffered solutions?
Which of the following types of water contains soluble alkali silicates?
Which of the following types of water contains soluble alkali silicates?
What is the primary use of Type IV glass?
What is the primary use of Type IV glass?
What is a notable property of water that enables its auto-protolytic behavior?
What is a notable property of water that enables its auto-protolytic behavior?
Which type of water is specifically noted for its purgative properties?
Which type of water is specifically noted for its purgative properties?
What test is used to assess Type III glass?
What test is used to assess Type III glass?
Which of the following water types is considered potable?
Which of the following water types is considered potable?
What is the main component of Lithia Water?
What is the main component of Lithia Water?
Study Notes
Redox Reactions and Antioxidants
- Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species.
- Antioxidants are compounds that can counteract free radicals, unstable molecules that damage cells.
- An example of a redox reaction is the interaction of cerium and iron ions: Ce4+ + Fe2+ ⇌ Ce3+ + Fe3+
- Cerium acts as an oxidizing agent, gaining an electron and becoming Ce3+.
- Iron acts as a reducing agent, losing an electron and becoming Fe3+.
Free Radicals
- Free radicals are highly reactive, short-lived molecules with an unpaired electron.
- They are a byproduct of normal physiological metabolism.
- Free radical damage can contribute to various diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, diabetes, neurological diseases, and cancer.
Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2)
- Sodium nitrite is a preservative that can be carcinogenic due to the formation of N-nitrosamines.
- It acts as an antidote for cyanide poisoning by:
- Converting hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which binds to cyanide.
- Promoting the formation of cyanmethemoglobin, which is less toxic.
Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)
- Sodium thiosulfate acts as an antioxidant in solutions containing iodides.
- It is also an antidote for cyanide poisoning by:
- Acting as a sulfur donor for rhodanese enzymes.
- Converting cyanide to thiocyanate, a less toxic compound.
Glass
- Glass is a vitreous material, primarily composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2).
- Its type is determined by two USP tests:
- Water Attack: Measures the resistance to water.
- Powdered Glass Test: Determines the leaching of particles.
Glass Types
- Type I: Highly resistant borosilicate glass, suitable for strong acids and alkalis, parenteral and non-parenteral preparations.
- Composition: Boron oxide, aluminum oxide, sodium oxide, and calcium oxide.
- Type II: Treated soda-lime glass, resistant to alkali-sensitive products, buffered solutions, infusion fluids, blood and plasma, and large-volume containers.
- Type III: Soda-lime-silica glass, used for solid dosage forms like tablets and powders.
- Type IV: General purpose soda-lime glass, for non-parenteral preparations.
Official Waters
- Purified Water: Used for non-parenteral preparations, assays, and tests.
- Water for Injection: Suitable for parenteral preparations.
- Bacteriostatic Water for Injection: Contains antimicrobial preservatives (e.g., benzyl alcohol), used for multiple-dose containers, but not for neonates.
- Sterile Water for Injection: Single-use only, used for extemporaneous compounding of parenteral preparations.
- Sterile Water for Irrigation: For irrigating solutions, not for injection.
- Sterile Water for Inhalation: Used for preparing inhalational solutions.
Hard Water
- Ions responsible for hardness: Ca2+, Mg2+
- Temporary Hardness: Caused by bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium, can be removed by boiling.
- Permanent Hardness: Caused by sulfates, chlorides, and hydroxides of calcium and magnesium, cannot be removed by boiling.
Heavy Water
- Composed of isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium and tritium).
Water Sources and Types
- Natural Water: Unfit for drinking.
- Well Water: May contain minerals.
- Mineral Water: Contains specific minerals based on the source.
- Alkaline Water: Contains Na2SO4 and MgSO4.
- Saline Water: Contains NaCl.
- Carbonated Water: Contains CO2 under pressure.
- Chalybeate Water: Contains iron (Fe) in solution or suspension.
- Lithia Water: Contains Li2CO3 and LiCl.
- Sulfur Water: Contains H2S.
- Siliceous Water: Contains soluble alkali silicates.
- Potable Water: Fit for drinking, treated by methods such as reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and distillation.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of redox reactions and antioxidants in this quiz. Understand how electron transfer affects chemical species and how antioxidants protect cells from free radical damage. Delve into the role of sodium nitrite and its implications in health.
