Human Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Notes PDF

https://www.britishjournalofnursing.com/media/xg5acziu/cardiovascular_system_1000x667.jpg?width=960&height=540&format=webp&qu ality=80&bgcolor=Whit e&v=1d8db1ffdb50e00 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY L...

https://www.britishjournalofnursing.com/media/xg5acziu/cardiovascular_system_1000x667.jpg?width=960&height=540&format=webp&qu ality=80&bgcolor=Whit e&v=1d8db1ffdb50e00 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LECTURE Instructor: Mr. Crismar O. Debil, RPh Debil, RPh | 2023 UNIT I OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Debil, RPh | 2023 OBJECTIVES Introducing the overview and significance of anatomy and physiology. Introduce Anatomy and Physiology. Discuss the levels of structural organization. Provide an overview of the organ system. Discuss the important terms and definitions in anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023 TOPIC OUTLINE CHAPTER 3 HOMEOSTASIS 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Feedback Systems Debil, RPh | 2023  III. HOMEOSTASIS Introduction Homeostasis Homeo- = the same; -stasis = to stop Maintenance of relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations (either the external or internal environment) Normal cell functions depend on maintenance of cells’ fluid environment within a narrow range of conditions (temperature, volume, chemical content) known as variables. Source: VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  III. HOMEOSTASIS Introduction Homeostasis Homeostatic mechanisms – Ex: sweating or shivering; governed by the nervous system, or endocrine system Set point – average normal value Source: VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  III. HOMEOSTASIS Feedback System Feedback System Cycle of events in which the body’s status is monitored, evaluated, changed, etc. Controlled condition – monitored variable; Ex: body temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose Stimulus – any disruption that alters a controlled condition Source: VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  III. HOMEOSTASIS Feedback System Feedback System Components of feedback system: i. Receptor – monitors changes in a controlled condition, sends input (nerve impulses/chemical signals) to a control center; called an afferent pathway (information flows toward the center) ii. Control center – Ex: brain; sets the range of values in which a controlled condition should be maintained; evaluates input and generate output commands; called an efferent pathway (information flows away from the control center). iii. Effector – received output from the control center, produces a response that changes the controlled condition. Source: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  III. HOMEOSTASIS Feedback System Source: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  III. HOMEOSTASIS Feedback System Negative Feedback Negative-feedback mechanisms – maintain homeostasis; reverses a change in a controlled condition Any deviation from the set point is made smaller or resisted Maintains variation within a normal range Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  III. HOMEOSTASIS Feedback System Negative-Feedback mechanism: Body Temperature Components (negative-feedback mechanisms): i. Receptor – monitors the value of a variable (body temperature) ii. Control center – establishes set point around which the variable is maintained iii. Effector – can change the value of the variable (sweat glands) Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  III. HOMEOSTASIS Feedback System Negative-Feedback mechanism: Body Temperature Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  III. HOMEOSTASIS Feedback System Negative- Feedback mechanism: Body Temperature Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  III. HOMEOSTASIS Feedback System Negative- Feedback mechanism: Blood Pressure Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  III. HOMEOSTASIS Feedback System Positive Feedback Positive-feedback mechanisms – take place when initial stimulus further stimulates the response Deviation from the set point becomes even greater Example: Birth Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  III. HOMEOSTASIS Feedback System Positive Feedback Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023 TOPIC OUTLINE CHAPTER 4 TERMS OF PATHOLOGY 4.1. Overview of disease 4.2. Predisposing Factors of Disease 4.3. Signs and Symptoms of Disease 4.4. Classification of Disease 4.5. Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease Debil, RPh | 2023  IV. TERMS OF PATHOLOGY Overview of Disease Disease Abnormally functioning organs/organ systems due to disruption in homeostasis. Category: i. Acute – rapid onset, severe symptoms, short duration ii. Chronic – slow progression, long duration Source: Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, physiology, & disease. Debil, RPh | 2023  IV. TERMS OF PATHOLOGY Predisposing Factors of Disease Predisposing Factors of Disease Predisposing factors – risk factors/activities that play a huge role in an individual’s overall health status. Include factors that cannot be controlled: i. Age ii. Heredity iii. Gender Include factors that can be controlled: i. Lifestyle ii. Environment Source: Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, physiology, & disease. Debil, RPh | 2023  IV. TERMS OF PATHOLOGY Predisposing Factors of Disease Age Can be a contributing factor due to gradual effects of the aging process. As the body gets older, organ systems can be less efficient. Categories of disease can affect children: i. Infections – diseases caused by microorganisms ii. Congenital disorders – present at birth iii. Genetic disorders – caused by inherited genes iv. Developmental disorders – may occur while the child is developing in the womb, at birth, or after the child is born Aging causes changes in normal body function. As the body ages, there is a general reduction in function at the cellular and organ levels. Source: Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, physiology, & disease. Debil, RPh | 2023  IV. TERMS OF PATHOLOGY Predisposing Factors of Disease Gender Gender – sex of an individual (male or female). Some diseases affect only males or females due to differences in anatomy. Some diseases are more prevalent in one gender than in the other. Source: Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, physiology, & disease. Debil, RPh | 2023  IV. TERMS OF PATHOLOGY Predisposing Factors of Disease Heredity Heredity – combination of the genetic material from both parents. Genetic material inherited from an individual’s parents may come with links to certain disease and pathological conditions. Source: Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, physiology, & disease. Debil, RPh | 2023  IV. TERMS OF PATHOLOGY Predisposing Factors of Disease Environment Certain cancers and pulmonary diseases are more prevalent in people who are exposed to polluted air or water. Other environmental stressors: i. Chronic stress ii. Loud noise iii. Poor and unsanitary living conditions iv. Contaminated food Source: Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, physiology, & disease. Debil, RPh | 2023  IV. TERMS OF PATHOLOGY Predisposing Factors of Disease Lifestyle Lifestyle contributors to disease include habits that can have a negative effect on a person’s overall health. Source: Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, physiology, & disease. Debil, RPh | 2023  IV. TERMS OF PATHOLOGY Signs and Symptoms of Disease Signs Objective signals, can be measured Fever – body temperature is above 37°C (98.6°F); sign of a potential pathological condition Source: Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, physiology, & disease. Debil, RPh | 2023  IV. TERMS OF PATHOLOGY Signs and Symptoms of Disease Symptoms Subjective signals, relative to the patient, cannot be measured Important signals of disease in the human body: i. Pain – physical suffering or distress due to injury or illness; defense mechanism to warn the person that there is a problem ii. Inflammation – body’s normal immune response to injury and disease; cardinal signs of inflammation: heat (calor), redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), loss of function (function laesa) Source: Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, physiology, & disease. Debil, RPh | 2023  IV. TERMS OF PATHOLOGY Classification of Disease Infectious Diseases Caused by pathogens (disease-causing agents) Classification: i. Communicable diseases – contagious (spread from person to person); Example: flu ii. Noncommunicable diseases – noncontagious; Example: food poisoning Source: Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, physiology, & disease. Debil, RPh | 2023  IV. TERMS OF PATHOLOGY Classification of Disease Noninfectious Diseases Classification: i. Cancers ii. Immune disorders iii. Genetic disorders iv. Mental disorders v. Trauma/Injury Source: Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, physiology, & disease. Debil, RPh | 2023  IV. TERMS OF PATHOLOGY Classification of Disease Noninfectious Diseases Cancers – characterized by uncontrollable cell growth and proliferation; cancer cells form tumors, which compete with healthy tissue for nutrients Immune disorders – occur from the inability of the body’s immune system to protect itself; general categories: i. Hypersensitivities (allergies) – overreaction of the immune system to an allergen ii. Immunodeficiency disorders – deficiency in the immune system’s ability to defend the body; Example: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) iii. Autoimmune disorders – inability of the immune system to distinguish between its own tissues and foreign tissue/cells Source: Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, physiology, & disease. Debil, RPh | 2023  IV. TERMS OF PATHOLOGY Classification of Disease Noninfectious Diseases Genetic disorders – Abnormalities caused by changes in genetic material; can be inherited, occur spontaneously, or due to exposure to a mutagen (capable of causing mutation) Mental disorders – class of conditions of the mind; disorders associated with behavior or psychological well-being Trauma – wound or shock (sudden loss of blood pressure) due to an injury; can be due to a pathological condition of a specific system or the body; include burns, physical abuse, accidents, drowning, wounds caused by foreign objects, exposure to toxic substances Source: Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, physiology, & disease. Debil, RPh | 2023  IV. TERMS OF PATHOLOGY Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease Diagnosis Process of examining the nature and circumstances of an illness. Source: Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, physiology, & disease. Debil, RPh | 2023  IV. TERMS OF PATHOLOGY Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease Treatment Palliative treatment – aims to make the patient comfortable and improve quality of life; may be the treatment option during terminal stages of disease Curative treatment – treatment regimen designed to cure the patient of the disease Therapeutic treatment – long-term care plan, designed to restore a patient’s normal body function Preventive treatment – aims to prevent disease Source: Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, physiology, & disease. Debil, RPh | 2023  REFERENCES Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, physiology, & disease. McGraw Hill LLC. Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology (14th ed.). United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology (9th ed.). United States of America: McGraw-Hill Education. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology (10th ed.). United States of America: McGraw-Hill Education. Debil, RPh | 2023