HUMAN BODY PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.pdf

FMO – UES 2024 TECHNICAL ENGLISH B.A. INMER FERMAN HUMAN BODY PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Parts of the Head and Neck You can’t see all the parts of your head without a mirror, because your eyes are on your head too! Take a look at the external parts of the head, what they do, and where they’re located...

FMO – UES 2024 TECHNICAL ENGLISH B.A. INMER FERMAN HUMAN BODY PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Parts of the Head and Neck You can’t see all the parts of your head without a mirror, because your eyes are on your head too! Take a look at the external parts of the head, what they do, and where they’re located. Body Part face Location front of the head Functions five senses; communicating emotions cooling the head with sweat glands in the skin; scalp top of the head (under hair) protecting the skull with extra blood vessels forehead top of the face, above the eyes forming facial expressions; protecting the eyes supporting the head’s weight; allowing the head to below the head, above the turn; sending messages from the brain to the rest of the neck shoulders body (vertebrae) below the forehead, above the eyes sense of sight nose mouth below the nose eating; talking; breathing; sense of taste breathing; sense of smell; keeping out foreign particles nose middle of the face (with nose hairs) sense of taste (with taste buds); talking (forming tongue inside the mouth words); swallowing protecting the eyes from foreign particles; enable eyes eyelid just above the eye to close eyelash on the edges of the eyelid protecting the eyes from foreign particles ear on either side of the head sense of hearing; maintaining balance hair on top of the scalp regulating body temperature; protecting the scalp top of the mouth (maxilla) jaw and bottom of the mouth chewing; opening and closing the mouth; talking (mandible) teeth inside the mouth chewing food to be digested FMO – UES 2024 TECHNICAL ENGLISH B.A. INMER FERMAN Parts of the Arms Each part of your arm has a specific function. Some parts help you bend, and others help you experience the sense of touch. And don’t forget the part that sets humans apart from most other animals: the opposable thumb! Body Part arm Location Function on either side of the torso performing tasks with movement flexing the arm; connecting the lower arm to the upper arm between shoulders and elbows shoulder forearm between elbows and wrists flexing the wrist; connecting the arm to the wrist connecting the upper arm to the torso; allowing the joint between the upper arm and shoulder arm to rotate (range of motion); providing strength torso to the arm joint between the upper arm and connecting the upper arm to the forearm; extending elbow forearm the arm; rotating the lower arm joint between the forearm and connecting the forearm to the hand; rotating the wrist hand hand joint between hand bones connecting the fingers to the hand; allow fingers to knuckle (carpals) and finger bones bend and extend (phalanges) end of the arm, connected to the hand fine motor skills (writing, pinching, gripping) wrist palm flat side of hand helping with grip; sense of touch helping with grip; sense of touch; gesturing finger end of hand (pointing, hand signals, etc.) protecting nail beds from foreign particles; helping fingernail end of finger with grip helping with grip (opposable; can turn back against thumb left or right side of the hand the other fingers) Parts of the Legs It’s easy to think that your legs are just the bottom half of your body, but they’re not. This list of body parts divides the legs into different sections according to location and function. FMO – UES 2024 TECHNICAL ENGLISH B.A. INMER FERMAN Body Part Location leg below torso, above foot thigh shin knee ankle foot toe heel Function keeping the body stable; walking; running; bending the body allowing the leg to flex and move; supporting weight of top of leg, above the knee the upper body lower leg, under the knee flexing the foot; stabilizing the ankle joint between the thigh and bending the leg; supporting weight of the upper body shin joint between the foot and rotating the foot; connecting the foot to the leg shin walking; supporting body weight; propelling the body bottom of the leg forward providing balance while walking; distributing body end of the foot weight back of the foot distributing body weight Parts of the Torso You’ve heard about “strengthening your core,” but what does it mean? Your core is the middle of your body where your arms and legs branch off. These are the external parts of your core and what they do for your body. Body Part Location middle of the body, between the neck and legs chest top of the torso abdomen middle of the torso belly middle of the belly button torso back back of the torso buttocks back of the torso, just above the legs waist middle of torso hips lower sides of torso Function stabilizing the body (posture); protecting internal organs; connecting the limbs (arms and legs) to the body protecting lungs and heart; assisting in arm movement stabilizing the body; protecting internal organs connects a baby’s umbilical cord to its mother’s placenta before birth stabilizing the body; protecting vertebrae, which send messages to the rest of the body cushioning the body when sitting; assisting in hip and thigh movement stabilizing the body; allowing the upper body to bend to the lower half supporting body weight; helping with walking, sitting, and standing FMO – UES 2024 TECHNICAL ENGLISH B.A. INMER FERMAN The Nervous System There are two main parts of the nervous system. The central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which branches out around the body. The brain sends and receives messages along nerves to various organs of the body, muscles and senses. Body Location Part Function brain processing sensory signals provided by parts of the body; sending messages to the rest of the body; regulating automatic body functions (e.g. heartbeat, breathing, cell growth); storing memories; forming speech and behavior; facilitating movement inside the head (skull) spinal cord (central nervous system); nerves everywhere in the body (peripheral nervous system) spinal backbone (vertebrae) cord transmitting signals to the brain from other parts of the body; transmitting signals from the brain to other parts of the body connecting peripheral nerves to the brain; coordinating reflexes in the body The Circulatory System The circulatory system is responsible for carrying nutrients around the body. One of its most important functions is to bring oxygen from the lungs to the body cells. People without healthy circulatory systems might have heart attacks or strokes. Body Part heart arteries (blood vessels) veins (blood vessels) capillaries Location chest various places in the body various places in the body everywhere in the body Function pumping blood throughout the body carrying blood away from the heart; distributing oxygen to different parts of the body bringing blood back to the heart; allowing deoxygenated blood to regain oxygen connecting small arteries and veins; storing blood to be taken back to the heart FMO – UES 2024 TECHNICAL ENGLISH B.A. INMER FERMAN blood blood vessels distributing oxygen and other nutrients across the body; removing carbon dioxide and other waste from cells The Digestive System In order for your body to have nutrients to distribute, it needs to digest food. When you chew food, it goes through a process called digestion. The body keeps nutrients that it needs and converts the rest into waste. Body Part Location esophagus neck, behind the larynx stomach upper left side of abdomen small intestine liver pancreas gallbladder large intestine (colon, bowel) rectum anus Function carrying chewed food from the mouth to the stomach receiving chewed food from the esophagus; mixing food with stomach enzymes; holding food before it goes into the small intestine middle of abdomen, between digesting food; absorbing nutrients from food the stomach and large intestine upper abdomen, above the filtering blood from the digestive tract; stomach producing bile to take away waste middle of abdomen, behind creating enzymes to break down food; creating the stomach hormones that carry messages through the body right side of abdomen, under storing liver bile during digestion the liver along the backside of moving waste to the rectum; absorbing water for abdomen, between small the body; absorbing vitamins for the body intestine and rectum at the end of the large moving waste into the anus; absorbing vitamins intestine, between the large for the body intestine and the anus between the buttocks, at the pushing waste out of the body as a bowel end of the rectum movement The Urinary System Not all waste leaves the body through the digestive system. The urinary system, which is also called the renal system, balances the body by eliminating waste through urine. There are four main parts of the urinary system. FMO – UES 2024 TECHNICAL ENGLISH B.A. INMER FERMAN Body Part Location kidneys rear back of abdomen Function removing waste from the body; balancing fluids in the body; sending waste to the bladder tubes between kidneys and bringing urine to the bladder from the kidneys bladder bladder center of the pelvis storing urine before urination end of the bladder to urethra bringing urine out of the body during urination exterior of the body ureters The Respiratory System A body can’t function without oxygen. The respiratory system receives oxygen through respiration, also known as breathing, and expels carbon dioxide from the body. These are the main parts of the body used for breathing. Body Part nostrils Location end of the nose nasal cavity inside the nose oral cavity (mouth) middle of the face neck, behind the nose and mouth, above the trachea larynx (voice neck, below the throat, in box) front of the esophagus bottom of neck, between trachea the larynx and bronchial (windpipe) tubes bronchial chest, between the trachea tubes and lungs throat lungs chest, behind rib cage Function inhaling air during breathing; exhaling carbon dioxide keeping foreign particles out of the respiratory tract (sneezing); making mucus to keep the nose moist inhaling air during breathing; exhaling carbon dioxide connecting oral and nasal cavities to the trachea creating speech sounds; protecting the airway from choking; regulating airflow into the lungs connecting larynx to bronchial tubes; passing air into the lungs connecting trachea to lungs; bringing air into the lungs bringing oxygen into the body through blood vessels; taking carbon dioxide out of the body through exhalation (breathing out) Parts of the Muscular System The muscular system enables a body to move. When the brain sends a signal to a muscle in the body, neurotransmitters tell the muscle what to do. It creates the musculoskeletal system when FMO – UES 2024 TECHNICAL ENGLISH B.A. INMER FERMAN combined with the skeletal system. The three major types of muscles are skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles and smooth muscles. Body Part skeletal muscles cardiac muscles smooth muscles Location attached to bones, connected to tendons Heart Function voluntary movement; breathing (diaphragm) keeping your heartbeat going (involuntary) organ walls (intestines, stomach, bladder), involuntary functions in organs eyes, skin Parts of the Skeletal System When you think of a skeleton, you’re thinking of the skeletal system. Because humans are vertebrates, they have a skeletal frame built around a backbone. The skeletal system includes the body’s 206 bones, as well as connective tissue such as tendons, ligaments and cartilage. Body Part teeth skull backbone (vertebrae) Location inside mouth head Function chewing food protecting the brain back protecting the spinal cord; stabilizing the body ribcage chest pelvis tendons ligaments cartilage protecting the heart, lungs, and internal organs; stabilizing the body between the hips, above supporting body weight; supporting abdominal organs; the legs protecting digestive tract between muscles and attaching muscles to bones; attaching muscles to other body structures organs connecting bones to other bones; allowing joints to between bones move and bend connecting bones to other bones; allowing joints to joints, between bones move fluidly; keeps bones from rubbing against each other. FMO – UES 2024 TECHNICAL ENGLISH B.A. INMER FERMAN Body Systems, Functions, and Organs The body systems, their primary functions, and some representative organs included in each system are listed below: Body System Respiratory Primary Function Breathing Cardiovascular/Circulatory Blood circulation Organs Included Lungs Trachea Digestive Processing food Endocrine Hormone production Waste elimination Reproductive Reproduction Nervous/Sensory Communication between and coordination of all the body systems Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Intestines Accessory organs: liver, gallbladder, abdomen, appendix A number of glands throughout the body, including but not limited to: Urinary Heart Arteries Veins Blood Thyroid Pituitary Adrenal glands Kidneys Bladder Uterus Ovaries Fallopian tubes Nervous: Brain FMO – UES 2024 TECHNICAL ENGLISH B.A. INMER FERMAN Nerves Sensory: Integumentary Protects against damage Muscular/Skeletal Provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body Hematopoietic/Lymphatic Blood production, maintenance of fluid balance, and defense against disease Eyes Ears Skin Hair Nails Muscles Bones Bone marrow Spleen Tonsils Lymph fluid, nodes, ducts, vessels