Human Body PDF

Human Body Surface Anatomy : Inspection Palpation Dissection Skin Superficial fascia Deep fascia Internal structures: Systems Organs Tissues Cells Skin-Cutae Types: thin & thick skin Skin creases Texture elasticity Hair distribution Bony landmarks...

Human Body Surface Anatomy : Inspection Palpation Dissection Skin Superficial fascia Deep fascia Internal structures: Systems Organs Tissues Cells Skin-Cutae Types: thin & thick skin Skin creases Texture elasticity Hair distribution Bony landmarks  SUPERFICIAL FASCIA Contents: Fat Neurovascular bundle: nerves, Vessels: arteries ,veins , lymphatics Lymph nodes Functions of fat in superficial fascia: a-insulating layer prevent heat loss b-source of energy c-gives body rounded contour Superficial veins : are important clinically specially those of upper & lower limbs , are used for: 1-blood sampling for laboratory tests 2-blood transfusion 3-blood donation 4-intravenous fluid infusion  SUPERFICIAL VEINS OF UPPER LIMB Main veins: cephalic & basilic veins , both originate in the dorsum of hand from the dorsal venous network , the perforating veins from communications between superficial & deep veins. Cephalic vein: ascends from lateral aspect of dorsal venous arch , proceeds along lateral border of wrist & anterolateral border of forearm & arm. Anterior to elbow it communicates with median cubital vein. Above arm ascends in deltopectoral groove & enters in deltopectoral triangle where it pierces clavipectoral fascia & enters axillary vein.  Basilic vein: Ascends from medial end of dorsal venous arch along medial side of forearm & lower part of arm. Passes deeply to pierce brachial fascia & runs superiorly accompanying brachial artery to axilla where it merges with venae commitants of axillary artery to axillary vein.  Median cubital vein: passes obliquely across anterior aspect of elbow(cubital fossa)& join basilic vein Median antebrachial vein: highly variable & commonly absent starts at base of dorsum of thumb & curves to anterior aspect of wrist & ascends in front of forearm between cephalic & basilic veins to end either in median cubital ,basilic or divides into two to join cephalic & basilic veins ,some times may replace the median cubital vein --All VEINS OF UPPER LIMB CONTAIN VALVES  Venipuncture of the upper limb: Veins of upper limb are prominent & accessible so they are commonly used for venipuncture Median cubital vein: is commonly used for puncture & catheterization The dorsal venous network of hand , cephalic & basilic veins : are commonly used for long term introduction of fluids(intravenous feeding) blood sampling ,donating ,transfusion.  SUPERFICIAL VEINS OF LOWER LIMB: Superficial veins: Dorsal venous arch: union of dorsal metatarsal veins ,which drain dorsal digital veins & planter digital veins , more proximally is a dorsal network receiving the lateral & medial marginal veins from superficial parts of sole. Great saphenous vein: longest vein in body , starts inf. as continuation of medial marginal vein ,ascends about 2.5-3 cm ant. to medial malleolus ,crosses distal 3rd of medial surface of tibia to its medial border passes upward to knee lying posteromedial to tibial & femoral condyles, then ascends along medial aspect of thigh ascends to pass through saphenous opening & ends in femoral vein  Contains 20-30 valves more in leg , it has many connections with deep veins specially in leg which all contain one way valves toward deep veins  Small(short ) saphenous vein: starts posterior to lateral malleolus as a continuation of lateral Marginal vein ,ascends lateral to tendocalcaneus. Inclining medially to middle of calf it penetrates into deep fascia within which ascends on gastrocnemius then between heads of gastrocnemius then proceeds to its termination in popliteal vein above knee joint in popliteal fossa It has 13-17 valves Clinical anatomy: peripheral heart: calf pump incompetent valves of perforating veins varicose veins  Deep fascia: third protective covering layer of body Is a thick inelastic white membrane that covers whole body except in the face & anterior abdominal wall Functions: 1-protection forms the last protective layer of internal environment of body 2-it become thickened to form capsule for joints 3-forms the ligaments of joints 4-forms protective capsules for vital organs as heart(pericardium) , lungs(pleura), kidneys  5-forms aponeurosis in areas where pressure is applied to underlying structures as palmer aponeurosis & planter aponeurosis 6-forms retinaculae : hold tendons of muscles in position allowing effective performance 7-forms bursae : closed sacs between tendons of muscles & bones preventing friction between them during muscle contraction