Hsslive-xii-journalism-meera-eng-Chapter 4 Eng PDF

Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ® CHAPTER - 4 TV NEWS AND VIDEO PRODUCTION 1. History of Television  The word television is coined by Constantin Perskyi ...

Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ® CHAPTER - 4 TV NEWS AND VIDEO PRODUCTION 1. History of Television  The word television is coined by Constantin Perskyi  Paul Gottlieb Nipkow developed the first ever mechanical model of the television  Nipkov and Rosing invented two types of television systems, electro mechanical Television and electronic television  In 1926, John Logie Baired invented television  In 1927, Philo Taylor Farnsworth invented a working model of the electronic television 2. Television in India  1959 September 15- Conducted an experiment under All India Radio in NewDelhi  In 1976, television was delinked from AIR  IN 1982, Dooradarshan Provided national coverage of the IX Asian games held in NewDelhi  In 1991- Cable News Network (CNN) covered the Gulf war.  Zee tv-first privately owned Hindi satellite channel in the country 3. Personnel in television Production i.Producer/Director  The creative head of the production team  He is in charge of the technical and aesthetical aspects.  The producer heads the pre-production, production and post-production activities ii. Production Assistants  They ensure script, talent, crew and properties  Responsibilities are-  Organise rehearsals   Co-ordinate activites  Logging tapes  Taking notes during production meetings and recording. Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ® iii.Script Writer  He creates Ideas and translates them into words  He tailors concepts to suit production requirements  He is assisted by a researcher iv. Camera Person/Videographer  He composes and captures the visuals  He works with the lighting director and set designer for getting best visuals. v.Set Designer/Scenic designer  He is responsible for conceiving, designing and organizing the entire location  He makes changes to an existing location v.Makeup Artist  He designs, prepares and applies make up vi.Costume designer  The designes and selects talent’s costumes  He is assisted by dressers and wardrobe handlers  He works in close co-ordination with camera person and lighting director viii.Choreographer  He composes the dance sequences  He is involved in the composition of music ix.Talent  Defined as people who are heard and seen on the screen  includes actors, actresses, interviewers, announcers, newscasters, anchor persons, hosts and reporters. x.Lighting Director  Responsible for designing, arranging and controlling all lighting requirements.  Works in close association with camera operators and costume designers to provide the right mood  He arranges indoor and outdoor lighting Xi.Technical director / Vision Mixer Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®  He is responsible for operating the television production switcher xii. Graphics Designer/Graphic Artist Responsible for  The design and preparation of graphics  Organizing and typing on- screen text and titles for the production  His role begins right from the preproduction stage xiii. Audio mixer/Audio engineer Responsible for  Technical and artistic quality of sound  Determining the number of placement of microphones  The final mix of the production xiv. Set Crew / Floor Crew Responsible for  The sets or scenery  Setting  Resetting  Arranging props  Action cues xv. Editor  He is in charge of post production  He selects, compiles and cuts the video and audio  He shapes the production by taking instructions from the director 4. Television or Video Programme I. PRE - PRODUCTION  It involves preparation, organization and rehearsal  It is the planning stage  The various stages in pre- production are:- 1. Conceptualization Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®  It is the Idea generating process  It comes from an interesting personal experience or a story 2.One- line treatment  It is important to understand what theTV programme is about  Begin to formulate the goals and objectives.  It guides the entire production process 3.Research  Begin research on various aspects of a subject matter  Collect data from various sources  Refer books  Do on line research  Contacting experts in the content area 4.Proposal  It is the first document of pre-production  Written by producer with the help pf a writer  Prepared from basic information, site surveys and interviews  It can make or run the production  It explains the objectives, goals, target audience and distribution methods. 5.Treatment  It is written after the proposal has been approved  It is the same as the proposal  But more descriptive  treatment should answer  What do we want to cover  Does a specific angle help tp communicate the message more effectively?  Will the addition of graphics help the audience to understand the content 6.Script  Script writing is the next stage  It is the most important pre-production document Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®  It is prepared in advance  The director studies and developes this draft from a shooting script.  Production is based on the script  Dialogues and action follow the sripted version  But documentaries and travelogues, the script may be written after visuals have been shot  Editing and post production work is based on the scripted version 7.Scene script/Screen play  The first completed draft of a script is called a Scene script  It is the basic script which outlines the story on a chronological order  It contains a detailed description each scene  It may not specify the shots  Each scene should indicate whether it is set during the day or night and interior or exterior  It contains the characters, objects, character movements, dialogue and narration 8.Shooting script  It is a more detailed version of the scene script  Re-design the original script to the actual shoot plan.  Each shot is specifically described and number in order  The shot sizes, transitions, camera angles are indicated  But writer leaves the idea for the director’s creativity  Details about the character, behaviour, actions, relationships,properties etc.  Script is written in 2 ways the signle column format and the dual column format  Single column format indicates various aspects of the script by varying the width of the margin and capitalising some parts of the copy.  Dual column format has separate audio and video instructions.  The column on the left describes the visuals  The column on the right describes the dialogue, narration on-off screen sound or music 9.Story Board Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®  it is a sequence of pictures created before the actual shoot to describe each scene  Director shares his vision and decisions to the team memebrs  Team memebers like camera persom,art director, lighting director, apply the deci sions through story board  story boards are drawing in rectangles on thick paper  It indicates the details of a shot  Could also be computer genenrated 10.Casting  It is selection of actors for the programme  Performer’s speak directly to the camera or talk to another perfromer in the studio. 11. Crew selection  Selection of the technical personnel each as camera persons, lighting professional, sound recording staff.  It is an important taks in the pre-production stage 12.Production Meeting  It is an essential part of the planning process  It includes representatives from production areas and engineering sections  Individuals should follow the decisions finalised in the meeting  It forms the basis for efficient teamwork during the production 13.Budjeting  It is essential to create an accurate cost of estimation of the project  Decisions are made based on the budjet 14.Scheduling  It includes setting a deadline for the competition of the script, selection of locations, talents, crew, equipment, rehearsals, graphics and props 15.Location hunting  A location is a place where shooting takes place  Locations may be a studio, a vehicle, down in a mine, office or a house Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®  Location sites can be interiors, covered exteriors or open- air sites  Permits/ contracts are to be obtained 16.Rehearsal Rehearsals are of two types  Dry Rehearsal- Rehearsals without costumes and recording of scenes on camera  Rehearsal- Rehearsals with real costumes and the scenes are recording by the camera ii.PRODUCTION  Second stage of video production  It begins with the shooting  May be in the studio or in another interior or exterior location  Lighting Technicians adjust light for better visual quality  Shooting is done using a single camera or multicameras  production equipments-cameras, microphones and lights i. Video Camera  Key equipment in video production  Quality of camera -picture quality-programme quality  It has there types of lens a. Wide angle lens  show a large field of view  tracks a movement better b. Telephone lens  Magnifies the area we want to see  Makes movement much slower  reduce distances on screen c. Normal Lens  Helps capture the image as they appear. The Visual Language  It demands creativity. technical knowhow and an analytical mind Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®  The concept is conveyed through visuals and visual effects with sounds  Shots stand for letters in a script  scenes stand for sentences  Sequences stand for paragraphs  Mood is created by various effects  All these elements combined from a visual language Camera Shot  Basic unit of video production  Conveys information  Create an atmosphere Camera Shot Based on distance between camera and object 1. Long shot(LS) Also called wide-angle shot Full human body/more Showing a broder perspective more specific idea of setting eg. 1) a person standing in a crowd 2) a horse in a vast landscape Person from head to toe is alternately called a full body shot or a full shot. Variations of the LS are the medium long-shot, extreme long-shot and aerial/bird’s eye view shot. A shot in which the subject is exceptionally far away from the camera is called an extreme long shot (ELS). 2. Medium shot  From waist to head  Can see the character’s face  Their interaction with other characters  Show a portion of the background  Image size should be large  Provide a location  Reveal the details of the action Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ® Eg; for showing two people standing and talking For showing a person doing a table top demonstration. Use different names such as intermediate shot medium close-up waist shot bust shot. 3. Close-up(CU)  Lightly framed camera shot  Subject at close range  Appearing large on screen  Understands the person’s emotion  Add dramatic impact  Gives visual clarity to the event  Extreme close-up (ECU/XCU)  Very close to character’s face  Close to body parts such as eyes, lips and ear.  Creating an intense mood  Common in horror films. 4. Camera movements movements can be categorised into  camera head movements  whole camera movements  camera lens movements a.Camera head movements 1. panning  Camera head is moved from side to side on a horizontal plane.  from left to right and right to left.  provide the viewer the elements of a scene not included in the wide-angle shot.  follow a moving object. 2. Tilting  Camera head move up or down in a vertical plane Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®  Tilting the camera up-show height.  eg. camera on Quitab Minar  Show feelings of rising interest, expectation, hope or anticipation  Tilting the camera down-show depth  Lower interest  Create disappointment or sadness. b. Whole Camera movements 1. Tracking  Camera moves with a moving object  Move parallel with a scene  eg. Camera moving with a person walking on a road.  Person-stationary  Background-moving 2. Dollying  Camera move towards or away from the subject.  Dolly moves towards the subject increases the viewer’s interest.  Dolly moves away from the subject  Decreases the viewer’s interest relavies tension. 3. Jib Jib-device with a camera on one end, counter weight and camera control on other end.  Operates like see-saw  Permits camera to move horizontally, vertically or both.  Useful for getting high shots.  It can be mounted on a dolly. c. Camera lens movements  Techneques - Zoom in and Zoom out  It is a camera lens movements without moving the camera  Zoom in - closer to object  Zoom out - away from the object. Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ® Camera Angles  Used to position the viewers  Can understand the relationship between the characters  Helps for shaping the meaning in visual Camera Angles 1. High angle  Looks down upon a subject  Looks small  Use to demonstrate a persepective of a particular character 2. Eye-Level Angle  Puts the audience on an equal footing with the charactors  most commonly use angle  Feel comfortable with the characters. 3. Low Angle  Make the object more powerful  audience feek valnerable and small by looking up at the character. 4. Birds eye angle  Looks directly down upon a scene  used as an establishing angle 5. Dutch angle  called oblique shot  camera tilted laterally on a tripod  take the straight line of the world  give an overwhelming scene of the world. Lighting  Should convey the times, mood and almosphere of the shot.  Provide a consitent feel from each camera angle  creates 3-dimensional illusion on a flat image.  Provides an impression of solidity and depth in subjects  Directs attention towards important features Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ® Three-points lighting  also known as triangle/ photographic lighting  The most common and usefull lighting approach  uses both directional and diffused lighting. 1. Key light  Main light  positioned at a 45° angle to the camera subject axis.  reveals the shape and surface features of the subject  produces distinct and harsh shadows. 2. Fill Light  Illuminates side of the subject away from the light  Placed on the opposite side of the camera from key light  reduces harshness and contrast  should not eliminate shadows.  One-half or three quarters the intensity of key light and back light. 3. Back light  Main source of light behind the subject  Directed towards camera  Separate subject from background  Enhance feeling of depth  Emphasis shape of the subject. III. Post Production  The final stage of production  A time consuming and laborious exercise  commence for completing the shooting of a TV programme 1. No linear editing  Recorded video is digitilized and copied on to a computer.  Footage can be arranged or rearranged  Special effects can be added  using editing software, audio and graphics can be inserted Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®  allow effects like ripple, slow/ fact motion, colour correction  can use audio effects to sweeten sound.  music or voice overs may be added.  edited programme is then transferred to CD, DVD, i-Pod and Pendrive  Editing involves selection of shots  Director / Producer decides  The order and duration of each shot  the cutting point  the type of transition between shots. ii.Logging  The systamatic listing of the recorded material  Saves time during editing process  A long sheet includes time code, scene /take number and length of each shot  Notes include description of the shot  Can be simple notes on a piece of paper  Can be based on computer logging software iii.Dubbing  Also known as Automated Dialogue Replacement (ADR)  Important activity in post-production stage  process of re-recording to correct mistakes on the sound track  done at studio by dubbing artsits  Dubbing artsits listen the sound and repeat dialogue for recording.  ensured that the dub synchronises with the original dialogue track. Sound in television Production  Important in establishing the environment in a production  Provides a right perspective, continuity and energy to the programme  Conveys information  Stimulates the audience imagination create moods  establish space Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®  defines the environment and setting  intensifies action and adds meaning  used as transition techniques between scenes  stimulates reality. 5. Writing for television news cast  Newseditor writer his story to supplement the visuals and sounds in the footage  T.V.News seen and heart simultaneously  Brief, simple and clear narration news  Visual narration a story Split page  The format for a TVNews script  Page is divided vertically leftcolumn right column left column - covers 40% of the page includes video descriptions all technical instructions and identification of graphics. Right column - Covers only 60% of the page have the copy to be read by the anchors (audio)  Abbreviations are used for the technical instruments.they are.  O/C “on camera” - tells that anchor will be on camera  V/O “voice over” - anchor is reading copy while audience is seeing visuals such as silent video tapeofr graphics.  SIL indicates : “ silent video tape-used in combinations with V/O symbol  SoT-lets the director know there is “sound on tape”.  It could be a sound bite with a newsmaker or a report from the field that was taped earlier.  ENG (electronic news gathering) -tells the director that video is on a video cassett/DVV/pendrive  “Graphics- Indicats that names, titles, and other information are superimposed over video to identify news makers, locations and pictures appearing on TV screens. Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ® Mechanics of News writing  Type the copy one side of a standard A-4 size paper  Double space or triple space between the lines  Write the initials of the editor, the date and time of broadcast and slug of the Story in the upper left hand corner of the page.  Do not put more than one story on one sheet of paper  Do not carry sentences from one page to another.  Donot hyphenate words  Draw an arrow at the bottom of the page or write ‘MORE’ if a story has to be Carried over from one page to another.  Cross check the figures, facts and names in the story to ensure accuracy.  Avoid remarks which may lead to libel cases  Write phonetice symbols at the top of foreign words, names and place names. 6. Basic rules for broadcast news writing  If the individual in the news stroy is very famous the title and last name is enough  Keep the statistics as simple as possible. Spell out the numbers like i and ii  Read on the larger figures  Use a combination of world and figures for number more than 999  Circle everything that is not to be read on the air( Creditline, news writer’s name, slug”more” station identification, end -mark ect.)  In major accident disaster stories identify the place of occurance in the first screne of the story  Avoid passive sentences  Abbreviations are used if the names of organizations are better known by their initials than by their full names.  To make it easier for anchors to read, place hyphens between the letters.  (eg. B-C-C-I or S-C-E-E-R-T) Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®  If yoy use names in your copy, make sure you double-check their spelling and pronounciation.  Broadcast news must always present an image of immediately  If a story is still developing or has just reached the station, a news writer should make it sound as new and exiting as possible because most of the audience will be hearing the story for the first time.  Use present-tense verbs to suggest an going action 7. TV news editing  Broadcast copy must be clear and simple  Express thoughts quickly with brief,crisp amd declarative sentences.  Must be aimed at ordinary people.  Must understood immediately without a second thought.  Broadcast news writers must write the way most people speak. I. Lead  Most important part of a news story  It sets the tone for all that follows  Must grab or hook audience’s attention in few words.  An existing / dramatic sentence  a clever phase  An intrigueng fact  A provocative quote 2. Updating and reworking the lead  News writer need skills  To make the news sound exciting and timely  To update leads-find something new to say in stories already broadcast  To rework to original lead to include new development 3. Constructing the rest of the story  Head  Build the land  Provide the details in a clear and logical manner Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in/group Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ® a. Lead- ins  A line or phrase which introduces every sound bite wrap around, and report from the scene included in a news script. b. Teases  Short sentences used in a script to hold the audience’s attention just before a commercial break.  The idea is to give the audience some reason to keep viewing.  It is just a hint of what is to come after the commercial.  The cleverer the tease, the greater the chance for the audience to putup with commercials. c. Headlines  Another form of tease  Come at the top of a newscast  Should reflect the most interesting and exciting stories to be covered in the upcoming newscast. Sound bites  Keys to telling a good TV news story  Feature the faces of the newsmakers s well as their voices.  Good TV news writers weave their copy between and around the sound bites as ratio writers create wrap arounds. This package, is the best way to tell a news story on television.