Egyptian Architecture Review (Egypt Only) PDF

***[M1: Egyptian Architecture Part 1]*** Architectural Character - SIMPLICITY - MONUMENTALITY - MASSIVENESS EGYPT - Desert land - Land of Pharaoh ***GEOGRAPHICAL*** an ancient civilization of north-east africa NILE RIVER - life blood egypt BLACK LAND - the soil on the banks of t...

***[M1: Egyptian Architecture Part 1]*** Architectural Character - SIMPLICITY - MONUMENTALITY - MASSIVENESS EGYPT - Desert land - Land of Pharaoh ***GEOGRAPHICAL*** an ancient civilization of north-east africa NILE RIVER - life blood egypt BLACK LAND - the soil on the banks of the nile river RED LAND -- the barren desert ***GEOLOGICAL*** **PRINCIPLE OF CONSTRUCTION** post and lintel **PRINCIPLE MATERIAL OF DOMESTIC BUILDINGS** mud brick **PRINCIPLE MATERIAL OF TEMPLES AND PYRAMIDS** stone **OTHER MATERIALS USED** sun-dried bricks = for other pyramids and temples date palm/palm leaves = roofing acacia = boats sycamore = mummy cases **CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES** - **AXIAL PLANNING** Building are arranged longitudinally due to the importance of hierarchy - **TRABEATED CONSTRUCTION** All monumental buildings are post and lintel constructions, with flat roofs constructed of huge stone blocks supported by the external walls and the closely spaced columns - **BATTERED WALLS** A backward slope of the face of the walls as it rises - **HIEROGLYPHICS\ **Exterior and interior walls. as well as the columns and piers, were covered with hieroglyphic and pictorial frescoes and carvings painted in brilliant colors Hieroglyphs were inscribed for decorative purposes as well as to record historic events or spells. In addition, these pictorial frescoes and carving allow us to understand how the Ancient Egyptians lived, statuses, wars that were fought, and their beliefs Preoccupation with eternity and the after life ***CLIMATIC*** **DRY AND HOT** - SIMPLE due to the brilliant sunshine - FEW WINDOWS interiors lighted through door and roof slits - MASSIVE WALLS provision for heiroglyphics - FLAT ROOF to cover buildings; due to no rain (no downspout. no drainage, & gutter) ***RELIGIOUS*** Ancient Egyptians were preoccupied with eternity and the after life. **EGYPTIAN GODS**  **THEBAN TRIAD** 1. **Amun-ra (chief god)** 2. **Mut (queen of the gods)** 3. **Khonsu (god of moon and time)** **ROYAL SYMBOLS** Pschent - Wikipedia**PSCHENT** Double Crown Head Dress. Represents the kingship of the two lands. Hedjet = Upper Egypt (White) Deshet = Lower Egypt (Red) **NEMES CROWN** Striped head cloth worn by the king in representations like the sphinx or falcon Egyptian Ankh Symbol \...**ANKH** Symbolizes life, health, and strength 1. clutched by gods 2. giving the ankh to the queen 3. god holding the ankh to the mouth or nose of the nobility **FEATHER OF MA'AT** Represents justice, truth, morality, and balance the heart of the deceased is weighed against the feather of ma'at The Eye of Horus Symbol**EYE OF HORUS** Symbolizes protection and royal power **CARTOUCHE** Rope enclosing a royal name thereby serving as the protector of the name List of 60 Famous Ancient Egyptian Symbols (Meanings & Facts)**WAS SCEPTER** Symbolizes power and dominion **SEKHMET** Symbolizes power and control  **SUN DISK** Represents warmth, light, and growth Egyptian Scarab Symbol Stock \... **SCARAB** Symbolizes ressurection and rebirth  **BOAT OF RA'A** Earn a place in Ra's boat by having a light heart 10+ Crook And Flail Of Ancient Egypt \...**CROOK AND FLAIL** Symbol of royalty, kingship, dominion, and government **URAEUS/COBRA** Symbolizes royal protection Ancient Egypt sacred bird ibis cartoon \...**IBIS** Symbolizes reincarnation ***IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES + STRUCTURES*** **IMHOTEP** architect of the: - **STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER** Step Pyramid of Djoser, Sakkara \... - **SAQQARA COMPLEX**  Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II, Eleventh \...**MENTUHOTEP II** developed the rock-cut tomb **SENUSRET (I)** erected the earliest known OBELISK at HELIOPOLIS Amenemhat I - Wikipedia**AMENEMHAT (I)** erected the: - **GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN, KARNAK** (considered as the greatest of all Egyptian temples.  Hatshepsut - Wikipedia **HATSHEPSUT** erected her funerary temple at DEIR EL-BAHARI - **TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT, DEIR EL-BAHARI**\  Thutmose I - Wikipedia**THUTMOSE I** added structures of the GREAT TEMPLEOF AMUN, KARNAK the earliest part of the temples still in existence  **THUTMOSE IV** cleared away the sand from the GREAT SPHINX **NEW KINGDOM** Seti I \| Ancient Egypt Wiki \| Fandom**SETI I** began the construction of: - **GREAT HYPOSTYLE HALL, KARNAK**  Ramesses II - Wikipedia**RAMESSES II** completed the construction of the GREAT HYPOSTYLE HALL, KANAK. erected the: - **ROCK TEMPLE AT ABU SIMBEL**  - **RAMESSEUM AT THEBES** Ramesseum \| Mortuary Temple, Thebes \... ***[M1: Egyptian Architecture Part 2 -- Egyptian Structures]*** ***RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES*** **MASTABA (arabic word = bench mud)** - a tomb for nobility - tomb houses that were made to take the body at full-lenght - shaft leads to underground burial and offering chambers - PORTICULLIS heavy stone slabs sealing the burial chambers - **SPECIFICATIONS:** material = mud plan = rectangular roof = flat walls = battered  - **PARTS OF A MASTABA** 1. stone facing 2. outer chamber/sacrificial chapel 3. serdab 4. earth fill 5. shaft 6. masonry seal 7. porticullis/stone slab 8. burial chamber 9. sarcophagus - **MAJOR SPACES** - **OUTER CHAMBER/SACRIFICIAL CHAPEL** - **SERDAB** - **BURIAL CHAMBER** - **STELE** - **EXAMPLES OF MASTABA** **PYRAMIDS** - evolved from the mastaba - a massive masonry structure - **SPECIFICATIONS:** material = stone plan = rectangular base walls = four smooth/ steeply sides meeting at an apex orientation = sides facing cardinal points - **TYPES OF PYRAMIDS:** - **STEP PYRAMID** predating the true pyramids. sides are stepped with tiers ex. Step Pyramid of Djoser, Sakkara \... **STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER** architect Imhotep. began as a Mastaba. World's first large-scale monument in stone. 245ft tall with 7 steps - **BENT PYRAMID aka BLUNT/FALSE/ RHOMBOIDAL** pyramid with 2 degrees of inclination ex.  **BENT PYRAMID OF SNEFERU (DASHUR)** the ground collapsed during construction. to save the architects changed the slope from 52 -- 43.5 degrees - **TRUE/SLOPED PYRAMID** four smooth, sloping triangular sides with a fixed angle ex. Dahshur Pyramids **NORTH PYRAMID OF DASHUR aka RED PYRAMID** built by King Sneferu. first ever true/sloped pyramid built - **GREAT PYRAMID COMPLEX aka GIZA NECROPOLIS**  the ceremonial area of buildings and structures surrounding an ancient Egyptian pyramid **PARTS OF THE NECROPOLIS** 1. **MORTUARY TEMPLE aka funerary temple;** a place of worship for a deceased king or queen especially one adjoining a pyramid or a rock-cut tomb 2. **PYRAMID TEMPLE;** a mortuary temple connected specifically to a pyramid 3. **PYRAMID CAUSEWAY;** a covered ceremonial route or corridor leading from a valley temple to a mortuary temple at the foot of a pyramid 4. **VALLEY TEMPLE;** a temple pavilion connected via a covered causeway to a mortuary temple at the foot of a pyramid. used for preparing the pharaoh for his/her final journey What are the Pyramids of Giza---and who \... **PYRAMID OF KHUFU/CHEOPS (GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA)** pharaoh: Khufu architect: hemiunu/hemnon oldest and largest in the Giza Complex. oldest of the Seven Ancient Wonders' f the World. equated to the size of St.Peter's, Rome **PYRAMID OF KHAFRE/CHEPHREN** pharaoh: Khafre guarded by the Sphinx **PYRAMID OF MYKERINOS/MENKAURE** smallest and last pyramid to be built