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Minor Blood Group System (Ocr)

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SubsidizedEternity

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Institute of Health Technology, Dhaka

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blood group system immunology blood transfusion medical science

Summary

This document provides information on various minor blood group systems, including their antigens, characteristics, and clinical significance. It covers the Diego, Cartwright, Xg, Scianna, and other systems, detailing their components and potential impact on blood transfusions.

Full Transcript

070707 O TH ERO TH ERO TH ER M IN O RM IN O RM IN O R BLO O DBLO O DBLO O D GRO UPG RO UPG RO UP SY STEMS Y STEMS Y STEM Die g o ( 0 10 ) Tw o s e ts o f i n dep en den t p air s o f a n tit h etic a l a n tig e n s: D i* /D i° a n d W r'/ W r°; a n d t h re e l o w -in cid en ce a n tig e n s...

070707 O TH ERO TH ERO TH ER M IN O RM IN O RM IN O R BLO O DBLO O DBLO O D GRO UPG RO UPG RO UP SY STEMS Y STEMS Y STEM Die g o ( 0 10 ) Tw o s e ts o f i n dep en den t p air s o f a n tit h etic a l a n tig e n s: D i* /D i° a n d W r'/ W r°; a n d t h re e l o w -in cid en ce a n tig e n s: W da R ba W ARR D ia a n tig e n h as s e rv e d a s a u se fu l t o ol i n a n th ro po lo gic s tu die s o f M ongo lia n a n ce str y D ia a n d D ib a n tig e n s a re l o ca te d o n t h e a n io n e xch an ge m ole cu le ( A E-1 ), w hic h i s a n i n te gra l t r a n sp o rt p ro te in i n vo lv e d i n t h e a n io n e xch an ge o f b ic a rb o nate f o r c h lo rid e i n t h e r e d b lo od c e ll m em bra n e D efe cts o f A E-1 : h ere d it a ry s p hero cy to sis c o nge n it a l a ca n th o cy to sis S o uth east A sia n o va lo cy to sis W rig h t a n tig e n s w ere f ir s t c la ssif ie d a s a n i n dep en den t b lo od g ro up s y ste m a n d l a te r o n a s a c o lle ctio n B oth a n ti- D ia a n d a n ti- D ib a re c h ara cte riz e d a s r e d c e ll- s tim ula te d , ] g G a n tib o die s t h at d o n o t b in d t h e c o m ple m en t a n d are r e activ e i n t h e i n dir e ct a n tig lo bulin t e stin g Tw o t y p es o f a n ti- W r° h ave b een o bse rv e d : natu ra lly o ccu rrin g I g M im mune-s tim ula te d I g G C om po se d o f t w o a n tig e n s: Y ta , a h ig h -in cid en ce a n tig e n p re se n t i n 9 9.8 % o f t h e g e n era l p o pula tio n, a n d t h e a n tit h etic a l p artn er, Y tb , a l o w -in cid en ce a n tig e n p re se n t i n 8 % o f t h e g e n era l p o pula tio n Yt a n tig e n s h ave b een l o ca te d o n t h e e ry th ro cy te a ce ty lc h o lin este ra se , w hic h i s a n e n zy m e i n vo lv e d i n n eu ro tr a n sm is sio n B oth a n ti- Y ta a n d a n ti- Y tb a re I g G a n tib o die s r e activ e i n i n dir e ct a n tig lo bulin t e st a n d a re c o nsid ere d t o b e c lin ic a lly im po rta n t b eca u se t h ey a re p re d o m in an tly r e d c e ll s tim ula te d C a rtw rig ht ( 0 10 ) Only t h e X ga a n tig e n h as b een i d en tif ie d w it h n o k n o w n a n tit h etic a l p artn er G en e t h at c o des f o r t h e X g a lle le i s l o ca te d o n t h e s h o rt a rm o f t h e X c h ro m oso m e Xga a n tig e n i s c a rrie d b y a p ro te in w it h c e ll a d hesio n p ro pertie s t h at h ave b een d em onstr a te d t o h ave h o m olo gy w it h t h e C D 99 m ole cu le D if fe re n ce i n t h e f r e q uen cy o f t h e X g* a n tig e n i s n o te d b etw ee n t h e s e xe s: a p pro xim ate ly 8 9% o f t h e f e m ale p o pula tio n exp re sse s X ga , w here as 6 6% o f t h e m ale p o pula tio n e xp re sse s X ga A nti- X ga a n tib o die s a re p re d o m in an tly g G r e activ e i n t h e i n dir e ct a n tig lo bulin t e stin g a n d s e n sit iv e t o e n zy m es b ut n o t dit h io th re it o l t r e atm en t M ost a n tib o die s a re t h e r e su lt o f r e d c e ll s tim ula tio n b ut h ave n o t b een a sso cia te d w it h c a u sin g H TR a n d H DFN X g ( 0 12 ) SC s y ste m i s c o m po se d o f S c1 , S c2 a n d S c3 a n tig e n s M ost a n ti- S c1 a n d a n ti- S c2 a re I g G , r e d c e ll- s tim ula te d a n d r e act i n i n dir e ct a n tig lo buli n t e stin g, n eit h er a n ti- S c1 n o r a n ti- S c2 h as b een i m plic a te d i n t r a n sfu sio n r e actio ns A nti- S c3 i s c h ara cte riz e d a s I g G , r e d c e ll- s tim ula te d , a n d r e act i n t h e i n dir e ct a n tig lo bulin p hase o f t e stin g; i t h as b een lin ke d t o c a u sin g m ild t r a n sfu sio n r e actio ns Th e r a re n ull p hen o ty p e, S c - 1 ,- 2 ,- 3 , h as b ee n o bse rv e d i n t h e M ars h all I s la n ds a n d N ew G uin ea S cia nna ( 0 13 ) Antig e n s ( D oa, D ob) a re c a rrie d o n M ono -A D P-R ib o sy lt r a n sfe ra se 4 G re go ry ( G ya ), H olle y ( H y) a n d J o se p h ( J o a) A nti- D oa a n d a n ti- D ob a re d esc rib ed a s I g G , r e d c e ll- s tim ula te d a n tib o die s t h at r e act p rim arily i n t h e i n dir e ct a n tig lo bulin t e st w it h p o ly e th yle n e g ly co l ( P EG ) o r e n zy m e e n han ce m en t; n eit h er a n ti- D oa a n d a n ti- D ob h as b een a sso cia te d w it h c lin ic a l H DFN ; h o w eve r, b o th h ave b een r e p o rte d t o c a u se a cu te t o d ela ye d t r a n sfu sio n r e actio ns A ntib o die s t o G ya H y a n d J o a h ave b een c h ara cte riz e d a s I g G , r e d c e ll- s tim ula te d , a n d i n dir e ct a n tig lo bulin t e st r e activ e ; n o c a se s o f c lin ic a l H DFN h ave b een d esc rib ed ; a ll h ave b een a sso cia te d w it h c a u sin g m odera te t r a n sfu sio n r e actio ns D om bro ck ( 0 14 ) Com po se d o f t h re e a n tig e n s: C oa, C ob a n d C o3 ( f o rm erly C oab ) Th e C olt o n a n tig e n s a re c a rrie d o n a n i n te gra l m em bra n e p ro te in , a q uap o rin 1 ( A Q P1), w hic h a cco unts f o r 8 0 % o f w ate r re ab so rp tio n i n t h e k id neys C O a n tig e n s h ave b een l o ca te d o n t h e t r a n sp o rt p ro te in k n o w n a s c h an nel- fo rm in g i n te gra l p ro te in ( C H IP ), w hic h f o rm s th e p rim ary e ry th ro cy te w ate r c h an nel a n d i s r e sp o nsib le f o r w ate r p erm eab ilit y C H IP a n d t h e C O a n tig e n s a re e xp re sse d i n t h e t is su es o f t h e p ro xim al a n d d esc e n din g t u bule s a n d t h e c o lle ctin g d ucts o f th e k id ney a n d a re b elie ve d t o a cco unt f o r 8 0% o f t h e r e ab so rp tio n o f w ate r B oth a n ti- C oa a n d a n ti- C ob a re I g G , r e d c e ll- s tim ula te d a n d r e activ e i n i n dir e ct a n tig lo buli n t e stin g, a n d a sso cia te d w it h a cu te t o d ela ye d t r a n sfu sio n r e actio ns A nti- C o3 i s c h ara cte riz e d a s I g G , r e d c e ll- s tim ula te d , c o m ple m en t b in din g, a n d r e actin g i n t h e i n dir e ct a n tig lo bulin p hase te stin g; a n tib o dy h as b een a sso cia te d w it h c a u sin g s e ve re H DFN C o lt o n ( 0 15 ) Antig e n c a rrie d b y i n tr a ce llu la r a d hesio n m ole cu le 4 ( IC A M 4) LW h as a p hen o ty p ic r e la tio nsh ip w it h t h e D a n tig e n ; R hnull R B CS t y p e L W (a -b -) A nti- L W r e acts s tr o ngly w it h D + R B Cs a n d c a n l o ok l ik e a n ti- D ; o rig in ally i d en tif ie d a s a n ti- R h; d if fe re n t f r o m a n ti- D A nti- L W d if fe rs f r o m a n ti- D , w here : A nti- L W a gglu tin ate s R h ( + ) a n d R h ( - ) c e lls e xce p t R hnull A nti- L W : n o r e actio n w it h D TT t r e ate d R B Cs; a n ti- D r e acts w it h D TT t r e ate d R B Cs L a nd ste in e r-W ie ne r ( 0 16 ) In clu des n in e a n tig e n s w hic h a re s u bdiv id ed i n to s ix C hid o a n tig e n s, t w o R odge rs a n tig e n s, a n d t h e W H a n tig e n It w as p o stu la te d t h at t h e C H /R G a n tig e n s w ere a sso cia te d w it h t h e h um an l e u ko cy te a n tig e n ( H LA ) s y ste m ; a ll e le s f o r R g an d C h h ave b een l o ca te d o n t w o c lo se ly l in ke d g e n es k n o w n a s C 4A a n d C A B o n c h ro m oso m e t A ntig e n p ro ducts h ave b een d em onstr a te d a s o n t h e C 4d f r a gm en ts o f t h e C 4A ( R odge rs ) a n d C A B ( C hid o ) g ly co pro te in s o f t h e C 4 c o m ple m en t c o m po nen t C h id o/Ro d g ers ( 0 17 ) GE a n tig e n s a re i n herit e d o n c h ro m oso m e 2 a n d a re e xp re sse d o n g ly co pho rin s C ( G PC ) a n d/o r D ( G PD ) Com ple x s y ste m t h at i s c o m po se d o f t h re e h ig h -in cid en ce a n tig e n s ( G e2 , G e3 a n d G e4 ) a n d f o ur l o w -in cid en ce a n tig e n s (W b, L s', A n' a n d D h') O G erb ic h p hen o ty p e ( G e:- 2 , - 3 , 4 ): P ap ua N ew G uin ea, E u ro pean s, A fr ic a n s, N ativ e A m eric a n s, J a p an ese , P o ly n esia n s Yu s p hen o ty p e ( G e:- 2 , 3 , 4 ): M exic a n s, I s ra e lis L e ach p hen o ty p e ( G e:- 2 , - 3 , - 4 ): G erb ic h n ull w it h in P ap a N ew G uin ea G erb ic h ( 0 20 ) In div id uals o f L e ach p hen o ty p e ( G e:- 2 , - 3 , - 4 ) p re se n t w it h a c h an ge i n e le ctr o ly te m orp ho lo gy i n t h e f o rm o f e llip to cy to sis A nti- G e2 a n d a n ti- G e3 h ave a ls o b een b een n o te d a s n atu ra lly o ccu rrin g l g i m muno glo buli n s a n d a s a u to an tib o die s, im plic a te d i n c a u sin g a cu te t o d ela ye d t r a n sfu sio n r e actio ns b ut n o t i n c a se s o f c lin ic a l H DFN A ntib o die s t o t h e l o w -in cid en ce G e a n tig e n s: a n ti- W b, a n ti- L s* , a n ti- A n' a n d a n ti- D h° a re d esc rib ed a s p re d o m in an tly I g G w it h a n I M c o m po nen t a n d u nab le t o b in d c o m ple m en t A ntig e n s a re c a rrie d b y d eca y a cce le ra tin g f a cto r ( D AF), w hic h i s i n vo lv e d w it h t h e re gu la tio n o f c o m ple m en t a ctiv a tio n b y a cce le ra tin g t h e d eca y o f t h e C 3 a n d C 5 co nve rta se s A nti- C R O M a n tib o die s a re d esc rib ed a s p re d o m in an tly I g G 1, r e d c e ll- s tim ula te d , an d r e activ e i n i n dir e ct a n tig lo bulin t e stin g; n eu tr a liz a tio n m ay b e a cco m plis h ed w it h c o nce n tr a te d s e ru m , p la sm a a n d u rin e C R O M a n tib o die s a re r a re ly o bse rv e d , w it h t h e m ajo rit y o f e xa m ple s p re se n tin g i n B la ck i n div id uals C ro m er ( 0 21) Hig h I n cid en ceL o w I n cid en ce C raT cbT caT ccD raW esaE saIF CU M CW ESb K n op s ( 0 22) Antig e n s K na K no ps K nbM cC aM cC o y SIa Y o rk Y ka A lle le s f o r t h e K N b lo od g ro up h ave b een l o ca te d o n c h ro m oso m e 1 , r e ce p to r o ne (C R 1) w it h t h e a n tig e n s r e sid in g o n c o m ple m en t KN a n tib o die s a re c h ara cte riz e d a s g G , r e d c e ll- s tim ula te d , a n d r e actin g w eakly a n d va ria b ly a t t h e i n dir e ct a n tig lo bulin p hase o f t e stin g; v ie w ed t o b e o f l it tle c lin ic a l im po rta n ce b eca u se c a u sin g H DFN o r H TR n o ne h as b een a sso cia te d w it h I n d ia n ( 0 23) Com po se d o f t w o a n tit h etic a l a n tig e n s, I n a a n d I n b w hic h a re o f r e la tiv e ly l o w a n d h ig h i n cid en ce , re sp ectiv e ly I N a n tig e n s a re c a rrie d o n t h e h em ato po ie tic i s o fo rm o f th e C D 44 m ark e r, w hic h i s k n o w n f o r i t s i m m une ad hesio n p ro pertie s IN a n tib o die s a re c h ara cte riz e d a s I g G , r e d c e ll- s tim ula te d , a n d r e activ e i n i n dir e ct a n tig lo bulin t e stin g O K ( 0 24) an tig e n s a re c a rrie d o n C D 147, a m em ber o f t h e im muno glo bulin s u perfa m ily t h at m ain ly f u n ctio ns a s re ce p to rs a n d a d hesio n m ole cu le s R a p h ( 0 25) MER 2 i s t h e o nly a n tig e n M ER 2 i s l o ca te d o n C D 151, a t e tr a sp an in , w hic h a p pears to b e e sse n tia l f o r t h e a sse m bly o f b ase m en t m em bra n es in t h e k id ney a n d s k in J o h n M il t o n H a g en ( 0 26 ) JM H p ro te in i s g ly co pho sp hatid ylin o sit o l ( G PI) - lin ke d gly co pro te in C D 108 G il l ( 0 29 ) GIL i s t h e o nly a n tig e n Th is a n tig e n i s f o und o n t h e g ly ce ro l t r a n sp o rte r aq uap o rin 3 ( A Q P3), a m em ber o f t h e m ajo r i n tr in sic p ro te in f a m ily o f w ate r c h an nels R h -a ssoc ( 0 30 ) RhA g d o es n o t h ave R h b lo od g ro up a n tig e n s; h o w eve r, i t s p re se n ce i n a c o m ple x w it h t h e R h p ro te in s i s e sse n tia l f o r R h a n tig e n e xp re ssio n Tw o a n tig e n s h ave b een d efin it iv e ly a ssig n ed t o t h e R H AG sy ste m : Duclo s ( R H AG 1), p re vio usly 9 01013 i n t h e h ig h p re va le n ce s e rie s, a n d O la ( R H AG 2), p re vio usly 7 00043 i n t h e l o w -p re va le n ce se rie s Bga a n tig e n c o rre sp o nds w it h H LA -B 7, B gb w it h H LA -B 17, a n d B gC w it h H LA -A 28 B g a n tib o die s a re c h ara cte riz e d a s I g G , a n d a ctin g w eakly a n d v a ria b ly i n i n dir e ct a n tig lo bulin t e st B g a n tib o die s a re n o t i m plic a te d i n H DFN o r H TR ; r e m ove d b y c h lo ro quin e a n d g ly cin e-H CI/ E D TA H u m an L e u kocy te A g ( H LA ) M is ce lla ne ou s A ntig ens Vel A nti- V el i s m ost o ft e n I g G b ut c a n b e I g M , a n d h as c a u se d s e ve re i m med ia te H TR s a n d H DFN W hen s e ru m i s t e ste d , a n ti- V el c h ara cte ris tic a lly c a u se s i n v it r o h em oly sis A ta A nti- A ta h as b een f o und o nly i n B la ck s; t h e a n tib o dy i s u su ally g G a n d h as c a u se d s e ve re H TR s Jr a A nti- J r a i s f o und m ore c o m monly i n J a p an ese , b ut c lin ic a l s ig n if ic a n ce i s n o t w ell e sta b lis h ed , s in ce i t i s a r a re a n tib o dy; it h as c a u se d H TR s a n d a f a ta l c a se o f H DFN S d a A nti- S d a h as c h ara cte ris tic s h in y a n d r e fr a ctile a gglu tin ate s u nder t h e m ic ro sc o pe a n d i s i n hib it e d w it h u rin e fr o m S d ( a + ) i n div id uals H IG H-IN CID EN CE A N TIG EN S U N RELA TED T O P R IN CIP A L B LO OD G RO UP S Y ST EM S Defin ed a s a n tig e n s o ccu rrin g i n 9 9.9 % o f t h e p o pula tio n Exa m ple s o f h ig h -fr e q uen cy a n tig e n s t h at a re a p pare n tly u nre la te d t o p rin cip al b lo od g ro up s y ste m s i n clu de: A ugu stin e ( A ta )G re go ry ( G ya )La n ge re is ( L a n )Cro m er ( C ra )H olle y ( H y) O kaE n a Ja co bs ( J r a ) V el G erb ic h ( G e)Jo se p h ( J o a) L O W -IN CID EN CE A N TIG EN S U N RELA TED T O T H E P R IN CIP A L B LO OD G RO UP S Y ST EM S Defin ed a s a n tig e n s w it h a n i n cid en ce o f l e ss t h an 1 % Exa m ple s o f t h is t y p e o f a n tig e n i n clu de t h e W rig h t b lo od g ro up s y ste m , w hic h i s i n dep en den t o f a ll t h e o th er b lo od gro up s y ste m s, S w an n ( S w *), B y, M t* , a n d T ri a n tig e n s Sw an n ( S w a) B yM taT ra H IG H-T IT ER , L O W -A VID IT Y ( H TLA ) A N TIB O DIE S Antib o die s t o h ig h f r e q uen cy a n tig e n s t h at a re g e n era lly c lin ic a lly b en ig n ( n o H TR s n o r H DFN ) Antib o die s e xh ib it r e activ it y a t h ig h d ilu tio ns o f s e ru m , b ut t h e s tr e n gth o f a gglu tin atio n i s w eak a t a n y d il u tio n A ntib o die s f o rm ed c la ssif ie d a s H TLA s o w in g t o s im ila r s e ro lo gic r e activ it y : M ust b e c a re fu l b eca u se s o m e a n tib o die s w it h s im iia r f e atu re s m ay b e s ig n if ic a n t A nti- C h a ( C h id o ) A nti- J M H ( J o hn M ilt o n H age n ) A nti- M cC a ( M cC o yA nti- R ga ( R odge rs ) A nti- Y ka ( Y o rk ) A nti- K n ( K no ps-H elg e so n) A nti- C s ( C o st-S tir lin g) AN TIB O DY C H ARA CTER IS T IC S Clin ic a lly s ig n if ic a n t U su ally c lin ic a lly i n sig n if ic a n t N atu ra lly o ccu rrin gW arm a n tib o die sC o ld a n tib o die s U su ally o nly r e act i n A H G Can r e act i n a n y p hase o f t e stin g D ete ctio n e n han ce d b y e n zy m e t r e atm en t o f t e st c e lls N ot d ete cte d w it h e n zy m e t r e atm en t o f t e st c e lls E n han ce d b y a cid if ic a tio n Sh o w d o sa ge B in d c o m ple m en t Cau se i n v it r o h em oly sisL a b ile i n v iv o a n d i n v it r o C o m mon c a u se o f a n am nestic r e sp o nse ( d ela ye d H TR ) A sso cia te d w it h p aro xy sm al c o ld h em oglo bin uria A sso cia te d w it h C A D a n d P A P Asso cia te d w it h i n fe ctio us m ono nucle o sis O TH ER B LO OD G RO UP A N TIG EN S Gra n ulo cy te a n tig e n s H um an N eu tr o phil A ntig e n ( H N A) a n d H um an G ra n ulo cy te A ntig e n s ( H G A-3 a t o 3 e) C lin ic a l s ig n if ic a n ce : N eo nata l a llo im mune n eu tr o pen ia A uto im mune n eu tr o pen ia T ra n sfu sio n-r e la te d a cu te l u ng i n ju ry ( T R A LI) P la te le t a n tig e n s H um an P la te le t A ntig e n ( H PA ): H PA -1 H PA -4 = G pIIIa H PA -2 = G pIb H PA -3 = G pIIb H PA -5 = G pla C lin ic a l s ig n if ic a n ce : N eo nata l a llo im mune t h ro m bo cy to pen ia P o st-t r a n sfu sio n p urp ura

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