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[I] Choose the most appropriate answer for each of the following statements: b No Question [40 Marks, One mark for each] Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom? 1 a) Nucleus...

[I] Choose the most appropriate answer for each of the following statements: b No Question [40 Marks, One mark for each] Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom? 1 a) Nucleus b) Electron cloud c) Electron shells d) Outermost shell Which type of pollutants are released into the environment due to mining and industrial activities? 2 a) Biological pollutants b) Organic pollutants c) Nuclear pollutants d) Inorganic pollutants What is the condition characterized by reduced bicarbonate concentration? 3 a) Respiratory acidosis b) Respiratory alkalosis c) Metabolic acidosis d) Metabolic alkalosis All sigma bonds are 4 a)Single bond b) Double bond c)A&B d)Triple bond How are cycloalkanes named when there are substituents present? a) The ring is numbered starting from the substituent with the highest molecular weight 5 b) The ring is numbered starting from the substituent with the lowest possible number c) The ring is named based on the number of substituents attached d) The ring is named based on the functional groups present Carboplatin used in the treatment of cancer is drived from 6 a) Cycloprpane b) Cycloprbene c) Cyclobutane d) Cyclobutene What is the role of cycloalkanes in the pharmaceutical industry? a) They improve the bioavailability of drugs. b) They act as active ingredients in medications. 7 c) They enhance the stability of pharmaceutical formulations. d) They serve as organic solvents in drug synthesis. 1  How does alpha radiation affect living tissue? a) It penetrates deeply and causes severe damage 8 b) It cannot penetrate the outer layer of skin but can damage tissue inside the body c) It causes skin burns when it penetrates the skin d) It has no effect on living tissue Which type of radiation is used in medical imaging techniques like PET and 9 SPECT? a) Alpha particles b) Beta particles c) Gamma rays d) X-rays What is the study of chemical processes that occur in living things? 10 a) Organic chemistry b) Inorganic chemistry c) Physical chemistry d) Biochemistry X-rays are similar to gamma rays in that they are photons of pure energy but differ in a) X-rays are emitted from inside the nucleus, but gamma rays originate outside the nucleus 11 b) X-rays are emitted from outside the nucleus, but gamma rays originate inside the nucleus c) X-rays higher in energy than gamma ray d) X-rays has both energy and mass, gamma rays are pure energy. Alpha particles come from the decay of the heaviest radioactive elements 12 a) tritium b)carbon-14 c) polonium d) strontium-90 Which mechanism is responsible for the continuous regeneration of bicarbonate? 13 a) Blood buffers b) Respiratory mechanism c) Renal mechanism d) Brain mechanism Which of the following is NOT a deleterious effect of variations in blood pH outside the normal range? 14 a) Reduced oxygen delivery to tissues b) Electrolyte disturbances c) Changes in heart muscle contractility d) Increased production of hydrogen ions ……………. organ are primarily responsible for the elimination of hydrogen ions 15 from the body a) Liver b) Lungs c) Kidneys d) Pancreas What parameters are measured during blood gas analysis to identify acid-base disturbances? 16 a) Arterial blood pH, pO2, and bicarbonate concentration b) Arterial blood pH, pCO2, and bicarbonate concentration 2  c) Venous blood pH, pCO2, and electrolyte levels d) Venous blood pH, pO2, and bicarbonate concentration According to the Arrhenius definition, acids are substances that: a) Form hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water 17 b) Form hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water c) Form chloride ions (Cl-) when dissolved in water d) Form sodium ions (Na+) when dissolved in water What is edema? a) Excess accumulation of fluid in intracellular spaces 18 b) Excess accumulation of fluid in interstitial tissue spaces c) Depletion of fluid in intracellular spaces d) Depletion of fluid in interstitial tissue spaces The main electrolytes in body fluid are 19 a)Na,Cl,ZN,Ca,K b) Na,Cl,Mn,K,Ca c) Na,Cl,Mg,Ca,Fe d) Na,Cl,Mg,Ca,K The approximate percentage of fluid in the adult human body is ……………… 20 a) 20% b) 40% c) 60% d) 80% ………………..electrolyte is the most dominant cation in intracellular fluid. 21 a) Sodium b) Potassium c) Calcium d) Magnesium Every atom is composed of one or more subatomic particles called 22 Nucleus b) proton c) neutron d) electrons What is the atomic number of an element? 23 a) Number of protons b) Number of electrons c) Number of neutrons d) Number of protons and neutrons Which state of matter has negligible attraction forces between molecules? 24 a) Solid b) Liquid c) Gas d) Plasma pH of strong acid or base…………………………. 25 a)Increased with increasing temperature b)Decrease with decreasing temperature c)Decreased with increasing temperature d)Not depend upon temperature 3  What is the term used for blood pH greater than 7.45? 26 a) Alkalosis b) Acidosis c) Neutral pH d) Hypo pH What is the oldest form of environmental pollution? 27 a) Chemical pollution b) Biological pollution c) Inorganic pollution d) Nuclear pollution During metabolism decreased production of hydrogen ions (H+ ) and carbon dioxide (CO2 ), both of which tend to….. 28 a)Reduce pH b) Increase pH c) Increase blood acidity d) Normal pH What is the condition characterized by increased pCO2 due to inadequate alveolar ventilation? 29 a) Respiratory acidosis b) Respiratory alkalosis c) Metabolic acidosis d) Metabolic alkalosis Enzyme carbonic anhydrous, which facilitates the formation of carbonic acid from 30 CO2 and H2O present in……………………………………. a)Lung b) Brain c) Kidney d) Heart Respiratory chemoreceptors in the …………………... respond to changes in the 31 concentration of CO2 in the blood. a)Lung b) Brain c) Heart d) Kidney Respiratory alkalosis caused as a result of …………………… 32 a) Hypoventilation b) Hyperventilation c) Decrease bicarbonate d) depressing the respiratory center in the brain. The normal pH range of blood is …………………. 33 a) 6.8-7.8 b) 7.35-7.45 c) 7.45-8.1 d) 8.0-8.5 The compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis is …………. 34 a) Increased pCO2 b) Increased bicarbonate reabsorption c) Decreased pCO2 d) Decreased bicarbonate reabsorption What is the general formula for alkenes? 35 a) CnH2n b) CnH2n-2 c) CnH2n+2 d) CnH2n+4 The compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis? 36 a) Increased pCO2 b) Decreased bicarbonate reabsorption c) Decreased pCO2 d) Increased bicarbonate reabsorption 4 37 What is the simplest alkene? a) Methene b) Ethene c) Propene d) Butene Which reaction turns alkenes into alcohols? 38 a) Hydrogenation b) Halogenation c) Hydration d) Polymerization The general formula for alkynes……………… 39 a) CnH2n b) CnH2n-2 c) CnH2n+2 d) CnH2n+4 …………………….reaction is used to form plastic from alkenes 40 a) Hydrogenation b) Halogenation c) Hydration d) Polymerization [II] Answer the following questions 20 mark 1- Enumerate the significance of alkanes in dentistry …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 2- Alpha particle more dangerous than other types of radiation (Discuss) …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… 3- Nuclear pollutants is considered one of the most dangerous types of environmental pollution(Why) …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Define each of the following : 5 a) Isotopes …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… b) Saytzeff rule …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 6