HIS Lesson 2 - Clinical Laboratory PDF

Health System CLINICAL LABORATORY Refers to a facility subdivided into different sections where common diagnostic procedures are done by specialized health professionals A laboratory where tests are done on clinical specimens in order to get information about the health of a patient, as pertain...

Health System CLINICAL LABORATORY Refers to a facility subdivided into different sections where common diagnostic procedures are done by specialized health professionals A laboratory where tests are done on clinical specimens in order to get information about the health of a patient, as pertaining to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases CLASSIFICATION According to Function: Clinical Pathology – A medical specialty that deals with microscopic and gross examination of body fluids to identify abnormalities in the body Anatomic Pathology – A medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies Forensic Pathology – specialized field in medicine which deals with determining the cause of death and other legally relevant information from the bodies of persons who died in non-medical or potentially criminal circumstances.  A. ACCORDING TO FUNCTION CLINICAL PATHOLOGY ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY HEMATOLOGY, CLINICAL CHEMISTRY, MICROBIOLOGY, PARASITOLOGY, MYCOLOGY,CLINICAL SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, MICROSCOPY, IMMUNOHISTOPATHOLOGY, IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY, CYTOLOGY,AUTOPSY, FORENSIC IMMUNOLOGY/SEROLOGY, PATHOLOGY BLOOD BANKINGLABORATORY ENDOCRINOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC DRUGS MONITORING  B. ACCORDING TO INSTITUTIONAL CHARACTER HOSPITAL BASED- LABORATORY FREE-STANDING LABORATORY CLINICAL LABORATORY THAT CLINICAL LABORATORY THAT OPERATES WITHIN A HOSPITAL OPERATES OUTSIDE THE PROVIDING TEST AND HOSPITAL AND FUNCTIONS ON ANALYSIS TO THOSE WHO ARE ITS OWN IN NEED INSIDE THE HOSPITAL C. ACCORDING TO SERVICE CAPABILITY POINT OR REFERENCE PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY 1. ROUTINE 1. PRIMARY HEMATOLOGY LABORATORY 1. SECONDARY LABORATORY 2. ROUTINE EXAMINATION EXAMINATION 1. EXAMINATION URINALYSIS 2. ROUTINE 2. SPECIAL CHEMISTRY PERFORMED 3. ROUTINE FECALYSIS CHEMISTRY 3. SPECIAL HEMATOLOGY 4. QUANTITATIVE 3. BLOOD TYPING 4. IMMUNOLOGY/ SEROLOGY PLATELET AND 5. MICROBIOLOGY DETERMINATION CROSSMATCHING 2. MINIMUM SPACE 10 SQ. M. 20 SQ. M. 60 SQ. M. REQUIRED  CLINICAL LABORATORY PRACTITIONERS 1. Pathologist Duly registered physician who is especially trained in the methods of: Laboratory medicine Gross and microscopic study and interpretation of tissues, secretions, and excretions of the human body and its functions in order to diagnose disease, follow its course, determine the effectivity of treatment, ascertain the cause of death, and advance medicine by means of research. Normally considered the “head” Counterchecks the work done by a medical technologist His/her Signature is always be affixed in every result for releasing 2. Medical Technologist Defined as a person who engages in the work of medical technology under the supervision of a pathologist or a licensed physician authorized by the Department of Health in places where there is no pathologist Having passed a prescribed course (Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology/ Bachelor of Science in Hygiene) of training and examinations Registered under the provisions of the aforementioned act Front line of laboratory diagnostics Processes the specimens and release the results after the tests have been confirmed by the pathologist Their signature should always be affixed in every result form released by the laboratory Only registered or licensed medical technologists are all owed to practice Practicing without any valid board certification is, therefore, ILLEGAL and PROHIBITED 3. Medical Laboratory Technician A person certified by and registered with the Professional Regulatory Board of Medical Technology Qualified to assist a medical technologist and/or qualified pathologist in the practice of medical technology A person can also become a medical laboratory technician without taking any examination once he/she, upon application and payment of the required fee, shows satisfactory evidence to the Board that: He/she has passed the civil service examination for medical technicians given on March 21, 1964; or He/she has finished a two-year college course and has a t least one (1) year of experience working as a medical technology technician He/ She has failed to pass the board exam for medical technology but obtained a general rating of at least 70%. A registered medical laboratory technician when employed in the government shall have the equivalent civil service eligibility not lower than the second (2nd) grade. 4. Phlebotomist Someone trained to collect blood samples either through a skin puncture, venipuncture, or arterial puncture. Refers to a specially trained person who is responsible for drawing blood samples from patients A high school graduate who may have been trained on the job or who may have gone through a phlebotomy training program. May be given expanded responsibilities, including specimen processing or, in some cases, simple laboratory testing such as the macroscopic analysis of urine specimen. 5. Cytotechnologist (“Cell Processor”) A laboratory practitioner who examines human specimens to detect cancer cells or diseases. Works closely with the pathologist to arrive at a final diagnosis. Have baccalaureate degree with a strong science background Know how to perform special chemical stains and techniques, as well as determine differences among inflammatory, viral, and malignant changes in cells. Cytologic examination may also be performed by medical technologists assigned in the histopathology section of the laboratory. Skilled in the processing of human specimens for the study of normal and pathologic cellular changes and the association of such findings to clinical conditions of the patient 6. Histotechnologist (“Tissue Processor”) Histologic technicians routinely prepare, process, and stain biopsies and tissue specimens for microscopic examination by pathologist. Histotechnologists perform all the aspects of the job that HTs do and other more complex processing, staining, or identification procedures Abroad a 12-month training program has to be completed and passed before a student can become a histologic technician. 7. Specialist Clinical laboratory scientist (CLS)/ medical technologist (MT) who has worked for a number of years in a specific discipline and has extensive knowledge and experience in that area.  HAS DEDICATION TO THE CRAFT HAS NORMAL COLOR/VISION PERSONAL QUALITIES IS COOPERATIVE HAS MANUAL DEXTERITY DESIRABLE IN NEAT/PRESENTABLE APPERANCE HAS GOOD INTELLECT MEDICAL LABORATORY HAS CARING ATTITUDE PROFESSIONAL APTITUDE FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES REQUIRES GOOD PHYSICAL STAMINA POSSESES GOOD COMMUNICATION SKILLS HAS GOOD EYESIGHT IS HONEST  1. PERFORMING LABORATORY TESTS DUTIES AND CONDUCT VARIOUS CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, HEMATOLOGICAL, IMMUNOLOGIC, MICROSCOPIC, AND RESPONSIBILITIES BACTERIOLOGICAL TESTS. OPERATE AND UPKEEP ADVANCED LABORATORY TOOLS, INCLUDING MICROSCOPES, CELL COUNTERS, AND AUTOMATED ANALYZERS 2. ANALYZING TEST RESULTS INTERPRET AND ANALYZE TEST RESULTS TO ASSIST IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES. ENSURE ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF TEST RESULTS BY FOLLOWING STRICT PROTOCOLS AND QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES. 3. QUALITY CONTROL AND ASSURANCE IMPLEMENT QUALITY CONTROL MEASURES TO ENSURE THE ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF LABORATORY TESTS. CALIBRATE AND MAINTAIN LABORATORY EQUIPMENT TO ENSURE PROPER FUNCTIONING.  4. SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND HANDLING COLLECT BLOOD, TISSUE, AND OTHER SAMPLES FROM DUTIES AND PATIENTS. PROPERLY LABEL, STORE, AND TRANSPORT SPECIMENS TO RESPONSIBILITIES MAINTAIN THEIR INTEGRITY. 5. LABORATORY MANAGEMENT MAINTAIN LABORATORY INVENTORY, ORDER SUPPLIES, AND ENSURE PROPER STORAGE OF CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS. ENSURE COMPLIANCE WITH SAFETY STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS, INCLUDING HANDLING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND INFECTIOUS SPECIMENS. 6. DATA MANAGEMENT RECORD AND MANAGE TEST RESULTS USING LABORATORY INFORMATION SYSTEMS (LIS). PREPARE REPORTS AND MAINTAIN DETAILED LOGS OF LABORATORY ACTIVITIES.  7. COLLABORATION AND COMMUNICATION COLLABORATE CLOSELY WITH HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS, DUTIES AND SUCH AS DOCTORS, NURSES, AND FELLOW LAB TECHNICIANS, TO DELIVER PROMPT AND PRECISE TEST OUTCOMES. RESPONSIBILITIES RELAY TEST RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS TO THE MEDICAL TEAM AND AID IN RESULT INTERPRETATION. 8. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ENGAGE IN RESEARCH INITIATIVES AND CLINICAL TRIALS TO CREATE NEW TESTS AND ENHANCE EXISTING ONES. BE UP TO DATE IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENTS AND LABORATORY METHODS. 9. EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROVIDE TRAINING AND GUIDANCE TO JUNIOR STAFF, INTERNS, AND STUDENTS ON LABORATORY PROTOCOLS AND SAFETY MEASURES. ATTEND WORKSHOPS, SEMINARS, AND ONGOING EDUCATION SESSIONS TO IMPROVE SKILLS AND EXPAND KNOWLEDGE.  SKILLS AND QUALIFICATIONS EDUCATION: A BACHELOR'S DEGREE IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY, CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE, OR A RELATED FIELD. CERTIFICATION FROM RECOGNIZED BODIES LIKE THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (ASCP) IS OFTEN REQUIRED. TECHNICAL SKILLS: PROFICIENCY IN USING LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND PERFORMING VARIOUS LABORATORY TESTS. ANALYTICAL SKILLS: ABILITY TO ANALYZE AND INTERPRET COMPLEX DATA AND TEST RESULTS ACCURATELY. ATTENTION TO DETAIL: HIGH LEVEL OF PRECISION AND ATTENTION TO DETAIL TO ENSURE THE ACCURACY OF TEST RESULTS. COMMUNICATION SKILLS: STRONG WRITTEN AND VERBAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS FOR REPORTING RESULTS AND COLLABORATING WITH THE HEALTHCARE TEAM. PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS: ABILITY TO TROUBLESHOOT ISSUES WITH LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND TEST PROCEDURES. SKILLS AND MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS TYPICALLY WORK IN HOSPITALS, DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORIES, RESEARCH FACILITIES, AND CLINICS. THEY MAY WORK IN VARIOUS QUALIFICATIONS DEPARTMENTS, SUCH AS MICROBIOLOGY, HEMATOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. THE WORK ENVIRONMENT CAN BE FAST-PACED AND MAY REQUIRE WORKING EVENINGS, WEEKENDS, OR HOLIDAYS, ESPECIALLY IN A HOSPITAL SETTING. MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS PLAY A VITAL ROLE IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM BY PERFORMING AND ANALYZING LABORATORY TESTS THAT ARE ESSENTIAL FOR PATIENT CARE. THEIR EXPERTISE AND PRECISION ENSURE ACCURATE DIAGNOSES AND EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS, MAKING THEM INDISPENSABLE MEMBERS OF THE HEALTHCARE TEAM. SKILLS AND MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS TYPICALLY WORK IN HOSPITALS, DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORIES, RESEARCH FACILITIES, AND CLINICS. THEY MAY WORK IN VARIOUS QUALIFICATIONS DEPARTMENTS, SUCH AS MICROBIOLOGY, HEMATOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. THE WORK ENVIRONMENT CAN BE FAST-PACED AND MAY REQUIRE WORKING EVENINGS, WEEKENDS, OR HOLIDAYS, ESPECIALLY IN A HOSPITAL SETTING. MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS PLAY A VITAL ROLE IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM BY PERFORMING AND ANALYZING LABORATORY TESTS THAT ARE ESSENTIAL FOR PATIENT CARE. THEIR EXPERTISE AND PRECISION ENSURE ACCURATE DIAGNOSES AND EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS, MAKING THEM INDISPENSABLE MEMBERS OF THE HEALTHCARE TEAM. Leaning Outcomes 1. Define the heath system in the international, national, and local perspective. 2. Identify the goals and function of a health system. 3. Explain the relationship between the system building blocks and health outcomes; and 4. Familiarize themselves with the structure of the Philippine Health system. Health System This system consists of many parts such as the community, department of ministries of health, health care providers, health service organizations, pharmaceutical companies, health financing bodies, and other organizations related to the health sector. “the combination of resources, organization, financing, and management that culminate in the delivery of health services to the population (Roemer, 1991).” “all the organizations, institutions, resources, and people whose primary purpose is to improve health (WHO, 2002).” Goals and Functions of a Health System 1. Improving the health of populations 2. Improving the responsiveness of the health system. 3. Providing fair health financing 4 vital health system 1. Health service provision 2. Health service inputs 3. Stewardship 4. Health financing Health Financing a. Revenue Collection b. Risk Pooling Bismarck Model/ Bismarck’s Law on Health Insurance 1883 – (named after Otto von Bismarck) – this insurance system where the sickness fund finances both the employers and the employees through payroll deduction. Beveridge Model/ Beveridge Report or the Social Insurance and Allied Services if 1942 – (William Beveridge) – health care is provided and funded by the government through tax payments. c. Strategic Purchasing  Building blocks Safety Outcomes Service Financing delivery Improved efficiency Quality Leadership and governance Social and financial risk protection Health products, vaccines, and technologies Coverage Improved level and equity of health Health workforce Information Access Responsiveness WHO Health Systems Framework The Philippine Health System 1. 1979: Adoption of Primary Health Care Strategy (LOI 949) 2. 1982: Reorganization of DOH (EO 851) 3. 1988: The Generics Act (RA 6675) 4. 1991: Local Government Code (RA 7160) 5. 1885: National Health Insurance Act (RA 7875) 6. 1999: Health Sector Reform Agenda 7. 2005: FOURmula One (F1) for Health 8. 2008: Universal Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act (RA 9502) 9. 2010: Kalusugan Pangkalahatan or Universal Health Care (AO 2010 - 0036) E.O. no. 119, Sec. 3 DOH shall be responsible for the following: 1. Formulation and development of national health policies, guidelines, standards, and manual of operations for health services and programs. 2. Issuance of rules and regulations, licenses, and accreditations. 3. Promulgation of national health standards, goals, priorities, and indicators. 4. Development of special health programs and projects, and advocacy for legislation on health policies and programs. Leadership and Governance DOH is mandated to provide the appropriate direction for the health care industry. Other task includes: 1. The development of plans, guidelines and standards for the health sector. 2. Technical assistance 3. Capacity building 4. Advisory fees for the disease prevention 5. Control of medical supplies and vaccines  DOH LGUs *LGUs care of their own health services and are given the autonomy under the Local Government Code (LGC) of 1991. 78 provincial governors 138 city mayors 1 496 municipal mayors 42 025 barangay chairpersons Source: National Statistical Coordination Board, 2010 In terms of administration, LGUs are grouped into 17 regions. Although they operate in a decentralized system, LGUs are under the supervision of the DOH regional health offices Directions of the Philippine Health Sector 1. The Philippine Health Agenda 2016-2022 (DOH Administrative Order 2016- 0038) SLOGAN: “All for Health Towards Health for All” Guarantees the following: b. Population and individual – level interventions for all life stages that promote health and wellness c. Access to health interventions through functional service delivery networks. d. Financial freedom when accessing these intervention through Universal Health Insurance. Directions of the Philippine Health Sector 2. The Philippine Development Plan 2017 – 2022 Vision: “matatag, maginhawa, at panatag na buhay” 3. NEDA AmBisyon Natin 2040 It focuses in four areas: 1. Building a prosperous, predominantly middle- class society where no one is poor 2. Promoting a long and healthy life 3. Becoming smarter and more innovative 4. Building a high- trust society 4. Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (2030 Agenda) – compilation 17 global developmental goals which targets poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and confront issues involving climate change.