Health Promo Exam Study Guide PDF

## KEY CONCEPTS: 1. **What are the 5 steps of the generalized model & what are models like this used for?** - The 5 steps of the generalized model are: - Assessing needs - Identifying the needs of the population - Setting goals and objectives - Establishing what the program ai...

## KEY CONCEPTS: 1. **What are the 5 steps of the generalized model & what are models like this used for?** - The 5 steps of the generalized model are: - Assessing needs - Identifying the needs of the population - Setting goals and objectives - Establishing what the program aims to achieve. - Developing interventions - Designing strategies to meet those goals. - Implementing interventions - Putting the program into action. - Evaluating results - Measuring how well the program worked. - Models like the generalized model are used to guide program planning, providing a structured framework to develop health promotion programs systematically and effectively. 2. **What are the different levels of measurement and when are they used? (Hint: Nominal, ordinal, etc.)** - **Nominal:** Used for labeling varieties without any quantitative value. - Ex: gender, race - **Ordinal:** Used to represent categories with a meaningful order, but the differences between categories are not measurable. - Ex: satisfaction levels: satisfied, somewhat satisfied, not satisfied - **Interval:** Used when there is a meaningful difference between values, but no true zero point. - Ex: temperature in Celsius - **Ratio:** Similar to interval but has a true zero. - Ex: height, weight - These levels are used depending on the type of data collected. For instance, nominal is for categorizing, and ratio is used when measurements have a meaningful zero. 3. **What are the 3 F’s for program planning and what do they stand for?** - **Fluidity:** The steps in the planning process should build logically from one to the next. - **Flexibility:** Planning should be adaptable to different populations and settings. - **Functionality:** The program should be practical and serve the purpose of improving health. - The 3 F’s ensure the program planning process is organized, adaptable, and effective in achieving its health promotion goals. 4. **What are some examples of primary and secondary data collection?** - **Primary Data:** Data collected directly from the population. - Ex: Surveys, interviews, focus groups. - **Secondary Data:** Data collected by someone else. - Ex: Census data, health records, previous studies - Primary data is directly gathered for your specific study, while secondary data is pre-existing and available for use. 5. **What are the different stages of the transtheoretical model?** - 1. Precontemplation - No intention to change - 2. Contemplation - Thinking about change - 3. Preparation - Planning to take action. - 4. Action - Actively making changes. - 5. Maintenance - Sustaining the change - 6. Termination - No desire to return to old behavior. - This model describes how people go through stages when making changes to health-related behaviors. 6. **What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?** - **Qualitative:** Descriptive data that focuses on understanding experiences and opinions. - Ex: Interviews, focus groups - **Quantitative:** Numerical data that can be measured and analyzed statistically. - Ex: Surveys, experiments 7. **How do we identify SMART objectives? More specifically, what are the 5 elements of smart objectives?** - **Specific:** Focus on the outcome (what), priority population (who), place (where), time frame (when), and target (how much). - **Measurable:** Ensure that goals set for a health promotion program are clear and achievable within a specific time frame. - **Attainable,** - **Relevant,** - **Time-bound.** 8. **What are 6 steps of a needs assessment? (THIS QUESTION WILL BE ASKED AS AN ESSAY QUESTION ON THE EXAM)** - 1. Determine the purpose and scope - 2. Gather data - 3. Analyze the data - 4. Identify risk factors linked to health problems - 5. Identify the program focus - 6. Validate the prioritized need. - A needs assessment helps identify what the community needs in terms of health. 9. **What are the different levels of the socioecological model? What does each level represent exactly? Give me some examples.** - **Individual/Intrapersonal:** Personal knowledge, attitude, skills. - **Interpersonal:** Social relationships and support systems such as family, friends, or peers. - **Organizational:** Institutions such as schools, workplaces, and healthcare organizations. - **Community:** The broader community networks, including cultural norms and relationships between organizations. - **Public Policy:** Laws, policies, and regulations at local, state, and national levels. - This model is influenced by multiple layers, from individual factors to broader societal structures. 10. **What is PREECEDE-PROCEED?** - PREECEDE - PROCEED is a planning model used to design and evaluate health promotion programs, starting with assessing needs (PRECEDE) and implementing evaluating interventions (PROCEED). - **PRECEDE:** Predisposing, reinforcing, enabling constructs in educational diagnosis and evaluation, - **PROCEED:** Policy, regulatory, and organizational constructs in educational and environmental development. 11. **What is the difference between reliability and validity** - **Reliability:** Consistency of a measurement over time - **Validity:** Whether a measurement accurately reflects what it's supposed to measure. - A measurement tool can be reliable (consistent) but not valid (accurate). Both are essential for trustworthy data collection. 12. **What are different types of survey tools? Which one is the best one to use?** - **Questionnaires:** Written surveys that can be administered in person, online, or by mail. - **Interviews:** Can be structured (pre-set questions) or structured (open-ended). - **Focus groups:** Small group discussions to collect detailed opinions. - **Observation:** Directly watching and recording behaviors. - The "best" tool depends on the context of the study and the type of data needed. For quantitative data, questionaries are more efficient. For qualitative insights, focus groups are more suitable. 13. **What is the difference between mission statement, goals, and objectives?** - **Mission statement:** A broad description of the purpose of the organization or program (why it exists) - **Goals:** Broad, long-term aims that define what the program wants to achieve. - **Objectives:** Specific, measurable steps to achieve the goals. - The mission is the overall purpose, the goals are general intentions, and objectives are precise actions to meet those goals. ## CHAPTER 7: THEORIES AND MODELS COMMONLY USED FOR HEALTH PROMOTION INTERVENTIONS: 1. **The primary elements or building blocks of a theory are:** - **Models:** Frameworks combining concepts and constructs. - **Concepts:** (basic ideas). - **Constructs:** (specific concepts in a theory) - **Variables:** (measurable forms of constructs) 2. **The operational form of a construct is known as a:** - **Variable**. **Explanation:** Constructs are abstract ideas, and variables are the specific ways to measure them. 3. **All of the theories that are commonly used to design interventions for health promotion programs have limitations.** - **True**. **Explanation:** No single theory can explain every health behavior. Different theories work better 4. **The ecological perspective recognizes multiple levels of intervention, including all of the following except:** - **Environmental**. **Explanation:** Ecological levels include individual/intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy. Environmental is not a distinct level but it 5. **Variables specify how a construct is to be measured in a specific situation.** - **True.** **Explanation:** Variables turn constructs into measurable forms, allowing us to collect data from them. ## CHAPTER 6: MISSION STATEMENT, GOALS, AND OBJECTIVES 6. **Which of the following is considered to be the narrowest in scope?** - **Objective**. **Explanation:** Objectives are specific and measurable, while goals and mission statements are 7. **A goal:** - **Provides the overall direction of a program** **Explanation:** Goals set broad, long-term aims for the program, guiding overall efforts without specific 8. **Which type of objective is written about the daily tasks, activities, and work plans that lead to accomplishing all the other levels of objectives?** - **Process**. **Explanation:** Process objectives focus on daily tasks and activities that support the achievement of 9. **Objectives specify intermediate accomplishments or benchmarks that represent progress towards the goal.** - **True**. **Explanation:** Objectives are steps toward achieving goals, marking progress along the way. 10. **The five elements for creating a well written objective include the Outcome (what), priority population (who), Place (where), Time frame (when), and Target (how much).** - **True**. **Explanation:** These are the core components of SMART objectives, ensuring they are clear and measurable. ## CHAPTER 5: MEASUREMENT AND SAMPLING 11. **The process of applying numerical or narrative data from an instrument or other data-yielding tools to objects, events, or people is known as** - **Measurement**. **Explanation:** Measurement involves gathering data to quantify or describe variables, using tools like surveys or tests. 12. **The reliability of an instrument is far more important than its validity.** - **False**. **Explanation:** Both reliability (consistency) and validity (accuracy) are important. You need a tool that is both consistent and accurate. 13. **Which of the following refers to consistency in the measurement process?** - **Reliability**. **Explanation:** Reliability means the measurement tool consistently produces the 14. **A reliability estimate coefficient of r=1.0 means no error in the measurement exists.** - **True**. **Explanation:** A reliability coefficient of 1.0 indicates perfect consistency with no 15. **Probability samples are samples in which everyone in the population does not have an equal chance of being selected.** - **False**. **Explanation:** In probability sampling, everyone has an equal chance of being selected. ## CHAPTER 4: ASSESSING 16. **A thorough needs assessment will identify both needs and capacity.** - **True**. **Explanation:** A needs assessment identifies what is lacking and what resources and strengths (capacity) the community 17. **Need is defined as the difference between the present situation and an UNDESIRABLE one.** - **False**. **Explanation:** A need is defined as the gap between the current situation and a desired situation (not an undesirable one). 18. **There are eight steps to conducting a needs assessment.** - **False**. **Explanation:** There are six steps, not eight. These include determining the purpose and the scope, gathering data, analyzing data, identifying risk factors, identifying program focus, and 19. **Data that are already collected by someone else and available for your use are called:** - **Secondary data**. **Explanation:** Secondary data refers to pre-existing data collected by others, such as census data or reports. 20. **Administering surveys, facilitating focus groups, and conducting interviews are examples of:** - **Primary data collection**. **Explanation:** Primary data collection involves gathering new data directly from the source through methods like ## CHAPTER 3: PROGRAM PLANNING 21. **The five steps of the Generalized Model include:** - **Assessing needs and capacity, setting goals and objectives, developing interventions, implementing interventions, and evaluating results.** 22. **Models provide planners with direction and a framework from which to build interventions that can improve the health of individuals and communities.** - **True**. **Explanation:** Models help structure the planning process and guide intervention design, making sure programs are effective. 23. **Preplanning involves...** - **All of the above**. **Explanation:** Preplanning includes identifying stakeholders, determining the scope, setting leadership roles, and acquiring resources, all essential steps before starting a program. ## CHAPTER 1 & 2: INTRO TO HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH PROMOTION, AND PROGRAM PLANNING / STARTING THE PLANNING PROCESS 24. **An example of a planning parameter is to determine if an organization and decision makers are willing to change organizational culture.** -**True**. **Explanation:** Preplanning parameters include evaluating whether an organization and it's leaders are open to changes, such as adjusting their culture to support 25. **Before planning a program, planners must receive support from decision makers. Thus, a program rationale is needed to show the decision makers evidence of the need and that the proposed program has been shown to be beneficial to the population of interest.** - **True**. **Explanation:** Preplanning parameters include evaluating whether an organization and it's leaders are open to changes, such as adjusting their culture to support 26. **A problem statement is a concise explanation of a health issue that does not need support** - **False**. **Explanation:** A problem statement should be supported by data or evidence to demonstrate the importance and scope of the health issue being addressed. 27. **When pre planning, a planning committee is important because it is composed of individuals with an interest in the health issue and have a level of respect. They can provide beneficial insight in preparing goals and objectives.** - **True**. **Explanation:** A problem statement should be supported by data or evidence to demonstrate the importance and scope of the health issue being addressed. 28. **Healthy People has provided a pivotal role in the development of health promotion and education because healthy People provides national objectives for health promotion and sets benchmarks for improving the health of the population.** - **True**. **Explanation:** Healthy People has provided a pivotal role in the development of health promotion and education because Healthy People provides national objectives for health promotion and sets benchmarks for improving the health of the population.