Frequency Conversion PDF

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT FREQUENCY CONVERSION Presented by: Group 7 Michelle Descuatan Griden Roi Tagalog...

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT FREQUENCY CONVERSION Presented by: Group 7 Michelle Descuatan Griden Roi Tagalog Francis Neil Escuadra EEE 186 FREQUENCY CONVERSION 1 Mixing Principles 2 Mixer and Converter Circuits 3 Local Oscillators and Frequency Synthesizers MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 2 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT FREQUENCY CONVERSION is the process of translating a modulated signal to a higher or lower frequency while retaining all the originally transmitted information. MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 23 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9.3 Frequency Conversions TWO MAIN TYPES Down Conversion 1 Up Conversion 2 This process involves This process involves converting a high- converting a low- frequency signal to a frequency signal to a lower frequency. higher frequency. MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 24 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9.3 Frequency Conversions MIXING PRINCIPLES 9.3 Frequency Conversions MIXING PRINCIPLES Mixing, also known as heterodyning, is the process of combining two signals to produce new frequencies. This is achieved using a mixer circuit, which performs a mathematical multiplication of two input signals. MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 6 9.3 Frequency Conversions MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 7 9.3 Frequency Conversions Imagine you have a radio station broadcasting at 1 MHz (f_s) and your radio's local oscillator is set at 1.455 MHz (f_o). The mixer produces: 1 MHz The radio filters out the 2.455 MHz signal 1.455 MHz and processes the 455 kHz IF signal. MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 8 9.3 Frequency Conversions MIXER AND CONVERTER CIRCUITS MIXER AND CONVERTER CIRCUITS Any diode or transistor can be used to create a mixer circuit, but most modern mixers are sophisticated ICs. MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 210 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9.3 Frequency Conversions 1 DIODE MIXER A diode is used in the mixer because of its nonlinear behavior, meaning its output does not change proportionally to its input signals. Diode mixers are one of the simplest and most commonly used types of mixers. MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 11 9.3 Frequency Conversions MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 12 9.3 Frequency Conversions 2 Doubly Balanced Mixer The doubly balanced mixer suppresses the carrier and local oscillator signals from the output, simplifying the filtering process and improving overall performance. MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 12 9.3 Frequency Conversions MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 12 9.3 Frequency Conversions 3 FET Mixers An FET mixer works by exploiting the nonlinear behavior of the FET(Field-Effect Transistors) to "mix" two input signals. The field effect is the phenomenon where an electric field (created by applying a voltage to a gate) controls the flow of current in a semiconductor. MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 12 9.3 Frequency Conversions The Junction Field- Effect Transistor (JFET) is one of the simplest types of field-effect transistor. Uses only 1 Gate. MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 12  9.3 Frequency Conversions A MOSFET (Metal-Oxide- Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor). The MOS structure is made up of three key layers: a metal layer, an oxide layer, and a semiconductor layer. These materials work together to control electrical current in a circuit. Uses 2 gatres. MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 12 9.3 Frequency Conversions 4 IC Mixers An IC Mixer (Integrated Circuit Mixer) uses non-linear components, such as diodes, transistors, or specialized mixing elements that enable signals to combine. MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 12 9.3 Frequency Conversions MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 12 9.3 Frequency Conversions MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 12 9.3 Frequency Conversions MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 12 9.3 Frequency Conversions 5 IMAGE REJECT MIXER An Image Reject Mixer is a type of frequency mixer used in communication systems to eliminate unwanted sidebands, known as "image frequencies," which can interfere with the desired signal. MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 0 9.3 Frequency Conversions 5 IMAGE REJECT MIXER The purpose of an image reject mixer is to improve signal quality by eliminating unwanted image frequencies that can interfere with the desired signal. MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 0 9.3 Frequency Conversions Local Oscillators & Frequency Synthesizers 9.3 Frequency Conversions 5 Local Oscillators A Local Oscillator (LC Oscillators) generates a stable frequency signal used to mix with incoming signals to change their frequency, crucial in devices like radio receivers and radar systems for improving signal processing. MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 0 9.3 Frequency Conversions MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 12 9.3 Frequency Conversions 5 Frequency Synthesizers A Frequency Synthesizer produces a range of precise frequencies from a single reference frequency, essential for applications in telecommunications, GPS, and electronic test equipment. MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 0 9.3 Frequency Conversions MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 12 MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!! 0