Agrarian Reform Philippines History and Constitution PDF

THE AGRARIAN REFORM HISTORY AND THE CONSTITUTION GROUP 2 Land Reform in the Philippines Land reform is important worldwide because it aims to bring fairness and improve people's lives. In the Philippines, land issues have been a big problem, especially during Spanish ru...

THE AGRARIAN REFORM HISTORY AND THE CONSTITUTION GROUP 2 Land Reform in the Philippines Land reform is important worldwide because it aims to bring fairness and improve people's lives. In the Philippines, land issues have been a big problem, especially during Spanish rule. When the Spanish arrived, they introduced new ways of owning land, which caused many problems for the native Filipinos, as they lost their ancestral lands to the colonizers. Before the Spanish Period Before the Spanish came, Filipinos lived in small villages led by chieftains. There were also social classes like freemen, serfs, and slaves. Even though there were classes, everyone had access to land, and rice was used for trade instead of money. Spanish Period (1521- 1896) The Spanish introduced the "encomienda" system, where they gave land to loyal Spanish conquerors. These landowners, called encomenderos, were supposed to protect their land, maintain peace, and support the church. In return, they were allowed to collect taxes from the local people. Over time, these landowners abused their power, and the Filipinos who used to freely farm the land became tenants. Agrarian Uprisings (1745-46) The unfair land system and heavy taxes led to revolts in several provinces like Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, and Bulacan. The revolts were violent, with locals attacking churches and convents. Although the Spanish king ordered an investigation, the friars (religious leaders) refused to give up their land. Even after many legal battles, the friars managed to keep control of the lands.  THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC When Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo came to power in 1899, the Malolos Constitution which they crafted intended to confiscate the so- called Friar lands and other large states. However, as the Republic was  AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1935) There were some noteworthy regulations enacted: The Philippine Bill of 1902 The Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496) The Public Land Act of 1903  COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1935-1942) President Manuel L. Quezon advocated the Social Justice program to block the increasing social unrest in Central Luzon. Significant legislations enacted during Commonwealth period were the following: The 1935 Constitution The Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act No. 4045) The National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC) of 1936 The Commonwealth Act No. 461, 1937 The  JAPANESE OCCUPATION During the Second World War (that started in Europe in 1939 and in the Pacific in 1941), the Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon (HUKBALAHAP) controlled the areas of Central Luzon. The problems of land tenure in the Philippines remained even after the  PRESIDENT MANUEL ROXAS (1946-1948) During Roxas’ administration, the following laws were enacted: Republic Act No. 34 Republic Act No. 55 President Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) issued Executive Order No. 355 on October 23, 1950, creating the Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) to replace the National Land Settlement Administration, consolidating various agricultural  President Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) established the following laws: Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954: Abolished LASEDECO, established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. Republic Act No. 1199 of 1954: Regulated landowner-tenant relations and created the Court of Agrarian Relations. Republic Act No. 1400 of 1955: Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) to distribute large tenanted  President Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961) continued Magsaysay's land reform programs. President Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965) passed Republic Act No. 3844 of 1963, abolishing share tenancy, setting retention limits, and creating a system for agrarian reform implementation.  President Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986) implemented land reform under Martial Law: Republic Act No. 6389 and RA No. 6390: Created the Department of Agrarian Reform and expanded agrarian reform. Presidential Decree No. 2 (1972): Declared a land reform program. Presidential Decree No. 27 (1972): Restricted land reform to rice and corn  PRESIDENT CORAZON C. AQUINO (1986- 1992) During President Corazon C. Aquino's term (1986-1992), agrarian reform was a central focus of her administration, guided by the principles laid out in Article II, Section 21 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Aquino's government implemented several significant reforms to promote rural development and redistribute land to farmer-beneficiaries. Among these initiatives, Executive Order No. 228 granted full land ownership to farmers under previous land reform programs, while Executive Order No. 229 established mechanisms for the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). CARP, further reinforced by Proclamation No. 131, was backed by a substantial Php 50 billion fund to finance the program from 1987 to 1992. Executive Order No. 129-A expanded the authority of the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) to streamline its operations, and Republic Act No. 6657, or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL), institutionalized agrarian reform as  PRESIDENT FIDEL V. RAMOS(1992-1998) During the presidency of Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998), several significant laws were enacted to promote a more robust and meaningful agrarian reform program, particularly focusing on the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). These reforms aimed to address long-standing issues in the agriculture sector while preparing it for global competition. Republic Act No. 7881 of 1995, amended earlier provisions of CARP by exempting fishponds and prawn farms from its coverage. Another, Republic Act No. 7905 of 1995, strengthened CARP's overall implementation, ensuring more effective land distribution and agrarian support. Executive Order No. 363 of 1997 was also introduced to safeguard specific agricultural areas from  PRESIDENT FIDEL V. RAMOS(1992-1998) Republic Act No. 8435 of 1997, also known as the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA), aimed to modernize these sectors by improving profitability and competitiveness in the face of globalization. To bolster the delivery of agrarian reform, Republic Act No. 8532 of 1998 further augmented CARP by providing additional funding, including Php50 billion, and extended the program’s implementation for another 10 years. These legislative actions collectively aimed to ensure that the agrarian reform efforts under Ramos would not only redistribute land but also provide necessary  PRESIDENT JOSEPH E. ESTRADA (1998- 2000) During Presidency Joseph E. Estrada's administration (1998-2000), several initiatives were introduced to support agrarian reform and agricultural development. In September 1999, Estrada enacted Executive Order No. 151, establishing the Farmer's Trust Fund. This fund aimed to create long-term private sector investments in rural development through a farmers' trust development program. This initiative provided institutional reforms and funding  PRESIDENT JOSEPH E. ESTRADA (1998- 2000) President Estrada also launched the "Magkabalikat para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo" (MAGKASAKA) program, which promoted partnerships between the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) and private investors to boost investment in the agricultural sector. Another initiative, "Agrikulturang Maka Masa," resulted in a 6% growth in agricultural output in 1999. This significant increase in productivity contributed to a substantial drop in inflation, from 11% in January 1999 to just Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001-2010): Established Department of Land Reform (DLR): This department expanded the scope of land reform efforts, aiming to address issues of land ownership and distribution. - Launched KALAHI ARZones: This program focused on developing agrarian reform communities, providing support services to farmers and improving their livelihoods. Signed CARPER into law: The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms aimed to accelerate land distribution and provide  Benigno Aquino III (2010- 2016) Developed a plan of action for CARPER: Aquino's administration worked to implement CARPER effectively, ensuring that land distribution and support services were delivered to beneficiaries. - Established a multi-stakeholder mechanism: This mechanism aimed to monitor the implementation of CARPER and address challenges in the process.  Rodrigo Duterte (2016- present) Included land tenure security in 10-point socio-economic agenda: Duterte's administration has prioritized land reform as a key strategy for rural development. - Remains committed to pursuing agrarian reform: Ongoing efforts are being made to address land ownership issues and improve the lives of Filipino farmers. The Philippine constitution has evolved since 1897, including various acts from the US Congress. The Tejeros Convention, held on March 22, 1897 at San Francisco de Malabon, resulted from the Katipunans revolution, electing Emilio Aguinaldo as the first president and Mariano Trias as vice president. The Republic of Biak-na-bato was founded on November 1, 1897, at a conference in the Bulacan town of San Miguel de Mayumo. A De Facto Constitutional Republic existed at the time. The Katipunan, which served as the Constitutional Assembly, adopted the constitution drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer during this meeting. In Biak-na- bato or known as the "constitution provisional de la republica de filipinas" was only in effect from November 1, 1897, to According to the Preamble of the 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato, "We, the representatives of the Revolution, in a meeting at Biak-na-bato, Nov. 1st, 1987, unanimously adopt the following articles for the Constitution of the State, in its name and by the power delegated by the Filipino people, faithfully interpreting their desires and ambitions. The end sought by the revolution in the existing war, which began on the 24th of August, 1896, has been the separation of the Philippines from the The fundamental statute of the First Philippine Republic, which had a unitary semi-presidential system of government, was the 1899 Malolos Constitution, also known as the Political Constitution of 1899. Following the declaration of Philippine independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, Felipe Calderon y Roca and Felipe Buencamino drafted the Maloloa Constitution, which was the first republican constitution in Asia (Tucker, 2009). The Malolos Congress signed it into law, and on The 1899 Malolos Constitution, the first constitution of the Philippines, established a parliamentary republic with a focus on basic civil rights and the separation of church and state. It also included a provision for an Assembly of Representatives to act as the legislative body. The text then delves into the history of Philippine governance under American rule. It highlights key legislation passed by the US The text emphasizes that the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 established a bicameral legislature with an upper house (Philippine Commission) and a lower house (Philippine Assembly). It also provided for the appointment of two non-voting Filipino Resident Commissioners to represent the Philippines in the US House of Representatives. The Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, also known as the "Jones Law," replaced the Philippine Commission with the Senate, whose members were TYDINGS-McDuffie ACT of 1934 The Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 was a significant step towards Philippine independence. Passed by the United States, it granted the Filipino nation a ten-year transition period for self-governance and full independence. While not considered a constitution, the act provided the framework for establishing a formal constitution through a constitutional convention. This act paved the way for the Philippines to eventually achieve  The 1935 Philippine Constitution was written in 1934 to meet the US's expectations for political maturity among Philippine leaders. It was in operation during the Commonwealth era (1935-1946) and the Third Republic (1946-1973). During the Commonwealth period, the form of government was a Presidential system with a six-year term without reelection. In the Third Republic, the form of government was Unitary Presidential Constitutional Republic. In 1947, an amendment provided Parity Rights between American and Filipino citizens over Philippine natural resources. In The 1943 Philippine Constitution was promulgated during the Japanese occupation by the Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence (PCPI), composed mainly of delegates from the 1935 Constitutional Convention. Ratified on September 7, 1943, by KALIBAPI, it established the authoritarian Second Philippine Republic, with José P. Laurel as President and Benigno S. Aquino Sr. as Speaker of the National Assembly. The The 1973 Constitution was enacted during Ferdinand Marcos' martial law and governed the Fourth Philippine Republic from 1973 to 1986. It introduced a unicameral legislature and established the Prime Minister as the head of government, with the President serving as a ceremonial head of state. The constitution was amended four times, shifting power back to the President, extending judicial retirement age, and reforming the parliamentary  The 1987 Constitution and its preamble. It lists the presidents who have served since 1987, including Cory Aquino, Fidel Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Benigno Aquino III, and Rodrigo Duterte. The preamble of the Constitution emphasizes the Filipino people's desire for a just THANK YOU!