Group-1-Chapter-2.pdf

LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS THE POTENTIAL OF HAIR-INFUSED NETS AS A PERMANENT ECO-FRIENDLY SOLUTION FOR MITIGATING OIL SPILLS IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of Learn and Explore Montessori School, Inc....

LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS THE POTENTIAL OF HAIR-INFUSED NETS AS A PERMANENT ECO-FRIENDLY SOLUTION FOR MITIGATING OIL SPILLS IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of Learn and Explore Montessori School, Inc. Senior High School Department Taguig City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the subject Practical Research 2 Submitted by: Fervelyn L. Alina Beyonceianne T. Betoca Maria Ysabela S. Cruz Sophia Tabitha A. Daganio Justine Gabriel Gerolaga Sandralyn T. Isnani Khyrell B. Labrador Railey N. Locop Joerien Rose E. Macayan Zerwin C. Tubo Submitted to: DR. RONALDO J. LASIN SEPTEMBER 2024 1  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Chapter 1 The Problem and Its Background Introduction Oil spills are a significant environmental threat, particularly in marine environments. These incidents not only devastate marine life but also severely impact local economies, especially in countries like the Philippines where fishing is a vital industry. Recent oil spills, such as the one involving the MT Terra Nova, have highlighted the urgent need for effective and sustainable solutions. The spill, which released approximately 1.4 million liters of industrial fuel oil, has had catastrophic effects on marine ecosystems and local communities (Liang A., 2024; Li C., 2024). Background of the Study Oil spills can cause long-term damage to marine ecosystems, affecting everything from plankton to large marine mammals. The toxic components of oil can harm fish and shellfish, leading to declines in populations and impacting the entire food chain. Additionally, oil spills can contaminate coastal habitats, making them uninhabitable for wildlife and disrupting the livelihoods of communities that depend on such environments (NOAA, 2024; NOAA, 2024). Traditional methods of oil spill mitigation, such as chemical dispersants and synthetic absorbents, often pose additional environmental risks and are not always 2  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS effective in diverse conditions. This research aims to explore the potential of hair- infused nets as a permanent, eco-friendly solution for mitigating oil spills. Hair—of both humans and animals—has natural oil-absorbing properties that could be harnessed to create a reusable and efficient tool for oil spill response (Britannica, T., 2024). The problem identified is the lack of sustainable and effective oil spill mitigation methods that can be easily deployed by local fishermen. The proposed solution is the development of hair-infused nets that are not only highly absorbent but also reusable and compatible with various types of oil, including crude oil, diesel, and motor oil. These nets can be easily carried and used by fishermen, providing a practical and immediate response to oil spills. Not only can these nets be cost- efficient, but production of these nets can be a lot easier to conduct, given that the main material, such as the hair itself, is abundant. By focusing on the Philippines and other countries heavily reliant on marine resources, this research aims to provide a viable alternative to traditional oil spill response methods. The development of hair-infused nets could significantly reduce the environmental and economic impact of oil spills, offering a sustainable solution that empowers local communities to protect their marine environments and their livelihoods. This approach not only addresses the immediate need for effective oil spill mitigation but also promotes long-term environmental stewardship. 3  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS It is hypothesized that this research will positively influence fishermen’s acceptance of hair-infused nets, providing them with a practical and eco-friendly tool for oil spill response. The study’s findings could be instrumental in guiding the development and refinement of these nets, ensuring they meet the needs of those most affected by oil spills. Additionally, this research could pave the way for further innovations in sustainable oil spill mitigation, encouraging the exploration of other natural materials with similar properties. Ultimately, the success of this project could serve as a model for other regions facing similar environmental challenges, highlighting the importance of community-driven solutions in addressing global environmental issues. Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework for this research is centered on the Absorptive Properties of Natural Materials (Gao, B., 2020). This theory, rooted in sorption science, explains how substances adhere to each other, particularly focusing on the hydrophobic and oleophilic properties of natural materials like hair. Hair’s unique ability to repel water while attracting and absorbing oil makes it an ideal candidate for oil spill mitigation. The Absorptive Properties of Natural Materials theory is crucial to this research as it explains how hair can absorb oil, which is key to developing hair- 4  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS infused nets for oil spill mitigation. This theory guides the design and testing of these nets, enabling the creation of prototypes for real-world use. By focusing on hair’s absorptive properties, the research aims to optimize net design and deployment methods to maximize oil absorption and reuse. This includes studying different types of hair, net designs, and deployment techniques. The theory supports creating a sustainable solution that aligns with environmental protection and community empowerment goals. Using a natural, renewable resource like hair promotes an effective and eco-friendly method. Overall, this theory provides a solid scientific foundation for developing hair- infused nets as a sustainable and effective oil spill mitigation tool. It aims to empower local communities to protect their marine environments and livelihoods, addressing immediate oil spill issues and contributing to long-term environmental sustainability and community resilience. 5  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Conceptual Framework Figure 1. The schematic diagram of the Input, Process, and Output (IPO) approach of this study. This research paper adopts an IPO model; it includes all variables necessary within the process and the information needed to make this study possible, as well as several predicted hypotheses. As shown in Figure one (1), the concept model illustrates the process of determining whether or not this study’s prototype of felted hair-infused nets is a viable, practical, and sustainable solution to oil spills in marine settings. 6  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS For Input, in addition to the primary goal of oil spill mitigation, it consists of the materials needed to create the netting prototype, which includes; hair of any type, felting needles to compress the hair strands into a sturdy compact, and the netting material for the hair to latch onto. Keeping in mind both the purpose and target audience of this study—the local fishermen—the resources are deliberately kept, not only accessible, but also sustainable and eco-friendly, as hair is an organic, abundant matter in comparison to other oil spill mitigation methods. For Process, proceeds the first and most crucial experiment; the creation of the prototype itself. Only after the success of this model, begins its testing phase, utilizing oil samples to observe and record the performance of the hair-infused netting. This is in tandem to the fine-tuning of the prototype until its quality has been maximized. Moreover, an administering of questionnaires will be conducted to a randomly selected group of senior high school students in Learn & Explore Montessori School (LEMS), who will act as an unbiased third-party spectator to the performance of the final prototype. Their response will be recorded and converted into comprehensive statistics for analysis and interpretation. For Output, this includes predictions and desired outcomes after the study. Among additional information, recommendations for future researchers are to be 7  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS included in this section. The primary goal of this research paper is to empower local communities to take action and aid in marine health, especially when the seas are a major source of income and resource for many countries, including the Philippines. Statement of the Problem This study seeks to provide a sustainable option to the ever-present issue of oil spills by utilizing the hydrophobic yet oil-absorbing properties of hair. To address this issue, the following questions will be explored: 1. To what degree can the hair-infused net absorb in terms of; 1.1. Oil type; diesel, crude oil, etc. 1.2 Quantity of oil 2. How does the prototype compare in comparison to traditional oil spill mitigation methods? 3. What is the sustainability of the model in terms of; 3.1 Reusability 3.2 Material cost 8  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS 3.3 Eco-friendliness 4. What is the usability of the hair-infused nets in terms of; 4.1 Practicality 4.2 User-friendliness Hypothesis Hair-infused nets will effectively absorb various oils, be more sustainable, cost-efficient, and user-friendly than traditional methods, and provide a practical, eco-friendly solution for local fishermen. Scope and Limitation The primary focus of this study is to analyze the efficacy and practicality of hair-infused nets as a sustainable, eco-friendly solution for mitigating oil spills in coastal areas. This research aims to develop nets with the use of various hair types, felted and infused in netting material; to which the prototype will then be evaluated on their performance in real-world application and durability. Moreover, the prototype utilizes hair as the primary material—in addition to the netting—and does not include other potential resources besides such. 9  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS The third-party participants in this study will be composed of forty (40) randomly selected senior high school students from Learn & Explore Montessori School (LEMS) from the school year 2024 to 2025 and will be given a series of questionnaires, in order to receive an unbiased evaluation of the finished model outside of the researchers. Additionally, this study will not include the production of other oil spill mitigation tools. Instead, it will focus on evaluating the nets’ immediate effectiveness in oil spill situations. This approach supports sustainability by prioritizing practical, long-term solutions that can be quickly implemented to protect marine environments. It should be known that this study will be conducted on a set deadline and time frame; with limited financial funding. Furthermore, most of the experiments are to be held in Taguig City, Philippines. Significance of the Study With the ongoing problem of oil spills and their potential to worsen as climate change creates more disastrous storms, the development of oil spill mitigation has become increasingly relevant and vital to the preservation of marine health. This is especially relevant to countries such as the Philippines, which are prone to frequent tropical cyclones. At large, Asian countries tend to be more susceptible to natural 10  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS disasters, leading to an increased risk of catastrophic oil spills (Calma, J., 2024; Jacobo, J., 2021). The results of this study intend to benefit the following: Community. This study encourages community involvement, awareness, and resilience in the face of environmental threats by empowering the local community with the necessary tools to protect the seas and develop practical and sustainable solutions for the coastal ecosystem. Marine Biologists. Due to their poisonous chemical constituents, oil spills continue to devastate aquatic life by causing both internal and external damage to living organisms. Such effects include, but are not limited to, damaged respiratory tracts, skin and eye infections, smothering of small fish species and invertebrates, and disruption of the self-regulating abilities of furred mammals and the hydrophobic feathers of avians, causing hypothermia for both parties—impairment of flight is also common for avians whose feathers come into contact with oil (NOAA, 2021). The significance of this study lies in its potential to mitigate these harmful effects by developing effective oil spill response strategies, thereby helping marine biologists preserve aquatic biodiversity and ensuring the health of marine ecosystems. Environment. Spilled oil disturbs marine environments, such as oyster reefs and wetlands, leading to a loss of habitats, consequently resulting in disrupted migration pathways, interruption of life cycles, and erosion of shorelines. Moreover, 11  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS coral reefs and mangrove forests are highly vulnerable to the toxicity of oily waters, causing environmental degradation (NOAA, 2024). This study is significant, as it aims to suggest these environmental challenges by proposing sustainable solutions to manage and remediate oil spills, ultimately contributing to the protection and restoration of vital marine habitats. Future Researchers. Future researchers can reference this study or use it as a pre-existing framework, invoking further investigation in the field of environmental remediation by exploring new applications of organic materials— specifically hair-infused nets—for reducing oil spills in marine environments. Definition of Terms To ensure mutual understanding with the readers of this research paper, the terminologies are to be defined as follows: Absorptive Properties. The ability of a material to take in or soak up liquids or gasses. Chemical Dispersants. Chemicals used to break down oil into smaller droplets, making it easier to degrade. Community Empowerment. Enabling local communities to take control and make decisions that affect their lives and environment. 12  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Environmental Stewardship. The responsible management and care of the environment. Felting Needles. Special barbed needles used to compress and interlock fibers to create a dense, sturdy material. Hydrophobic. A property of a substance that repels water. Leveraging. To take advantage of the maximum ability. Marine Ecosystems. Communities of living organisms in the ocean and other saltwater environments. Netting Material. The base material onto which hair is attached to create the hair-infused nets. Oil Spill Mitigation. Methods and strategies used to reduce the impact of oil spills on the environment. Oleophilic. A property of a substance that attracts and absorbs oil. Practicality. The ease and efficiency with which a product can be used in real-world situations. Prototype. An initial model or sample of a product used to test and refine the design. Reusability. The ability of a product to be used multiple times without losing its effectiveness. Socio-Economic. The collaboration between the social and economic habits within a group of people. 13  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Sorption Science. The study of how substances adhere to each other, including absorption and adsorption processes. Synthetic Absorbents. Man-made materials designed to absorb liquids, often used in oil spill cleanup. Sustainable Solution. A method or product that can be maintained over the long term without depleting resources or harming the environment. Plankton. A group of microscopic water organisms. Viable. The possibility of being attainable and achievable. 14  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies Foreign Literature Human Hair as an Eco-Friendly Solution Human hair has gained recognition as an effective material for oil spill cleanup due to its high absorbency and eco-friendly properties. Alderton, M. (2023) highlights the efforts of the nonprofit organization Matter of Trust, which collects hair donations to create “hair mats” capable of absorbing up to five times their weight in oil. These mats provide a sustainable alternative to non-biodegradable polypropylene mats, addressing both environmental and practical concerns. The initiative, which began in response to an oil spill in the Galápagos Islands, has successfully distributed over 40,000 mats globally, fostering community involvement and promoting recycling practices. The use of human hair for oil spill mitigation not only underscores its practical benefits but also emphasizes the role of community-driven efforts in environmental conservation. By leveraging a readily available and renewable resource, Matter of Trust’s initiative exemplifies how innovative solutions can contribute to sustainable practices and global environmental health. 15  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Hair Booms for Oil Spill Containment The Green Salon Collective (2024) describes the innovative creation of hair booms, which are made by stuffing human hair into nylon stockings to form absorbent tubes. These booms are deployed in water to contain and absorb oil spills, leveraging the natural oil-absorbing properties of hair while repelling water. This eco-friendly method offers a sustainable alternative to synthetic materials traditionally used in oil spill mitigation. The process involves collecting hair from salons, cleaning it, and packing it tightly into stockings. This initiative not only utilizes a renewable resource but also encourages community participation in collecting and assembling hair booms. Such involvement fosters a sense of collective responsibility and environmental stewardship, highlighting the broader social and environmental benefits of this approach. Comparative Effectiveness of Natural Fibers Subramoniapillai, V. and Thilagavath, G. (2022) examine the efficacy of various natural fibers—including cattail, nettle, cotton, milkweed, kapok, populous seed fiber, and metaplexis japonica fiber—in oil spill cleanup. These fibers are noted for being environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and cost-effective. The study identifies metaplexis japonica fiber as having the highest oil sorption capacity, followed by populous seed fiber, kapok, milkweed, cotton, nettle, and cattail fiber. 16  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS This review highlights the potential of natural fibers as sustainable alternatives to synthetic materials in oil spill response, promoting eco-friendly practices. Consequences of Oil Spills Environmental Impact on Marine Habitats Akpan, E. (2022) investigates the severe environmental degradation resulting from oil spills in the Niger Delta region. The study highlights significant negative impacts on soil fertility and marine ecosystems, leading to the extermination of local flora and fauna. This environmental damage underscores the urgent need for systematic containment, recovery, cleanup, and restoration efforts to sustain marine life. Furthermore, Akpan emphasizes the importance of cost-effective and environmentally friendly techniques to mitigate oil pollution in the Niger Delta. The research advocates for sustainable practices to protect and restore affected habitats, highlighting the critical role of innovative solutions in addressing the long- term consequences of oil spills on marine ecosystems. Effectiveness of Sustainable Materials for Terrestrial Oil Spills Murray, M. L., et al. (2020) conducted a comparative analysis of dog fur, human hair, peat moss, and polypropylene in their efficacy at removing oil from 17  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS various surfaces. The study reveals that dog fur and human hair are as effective as polypropylene on non-porous and semi-porous surfaces, highlighting their potential as viable alternatives. This finding underscores the sustainability and biodegradability of natural materials, positioning them as eco-friendly options for oil spill cleanup. However, the study also notes that polypropylene outperforms dog fur and human hair in sandy environments, suggesting that the efficacy of these materials can vary based on the specific conditions of the spill. This research emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate materials for different scenarios, advocating for the use of sustainable and biodegradable options where feasible to minimize environmental impact. Local Literature Human Hair as an Eco-Friendly Solution Human hair has emerged as a remarkably effective material for oil spill cleanup, primarily due to its high absorbency. In a study by Guiao, M. A. (2023), hair was proven to absorb up to five times its weight in oil, making for an excellent choice in oil spill clean-up. This method leverages the natural buoyancy of oil, which floats on water, allowing hair mats to efficiently collect and contain the oil. 18  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS The process involves collecting hair from salons and individuals, cleaning it, and then compressing it into mats. These mats are then deployed in affected areas to soak up the oil. This approach not only provides an efficient cleanup solution but also promotes the reuse of a readily available resource. By utilizing human hair, we can reduce our reliance on synthetic materials such as polypropylene—which are non-biodegradable and can contribute to environmental pollution. Moreover, this method supports sustainable practices and fosters community involvement. Salons and individuals who donate hair become active participants in environmental conservation efforts. This collective action not only helps mitigate the immediate impact of oil spills but also raises awareness about the importance of sustainable practices and the potential of everyday materials in addressing environmental challenges. In summary, using human hair for oil spill cleanup is a practical, eco-friendly solution that harnesses a renewable resource. It exemplifies how innovative thinking and community participation can lead to effective environmental conservation strategies (Guiao, M. A., 2023). Cost-Effectiveness and Community Involvement Using hair mats for oil spill cleanup is a cost-effective solution that leverages the abundance of hair as a resource. Traditional methods like booms, skimmers, 19  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS and chemical dispersants are often expensive and labor-intensive. Hair and feathers, however, have been recognized as cost-effective oil-absorbent materials. For instance, during an oil spill in Guimaras, inmates shaved their heads to donate hair for cleanup efforts, demonstrating community involvement. A study by researchers at the University of Technology in Sydney found that untreated human hair is significantly better at collecting oil products than cellulose or other cotton byproducts (De Guzman, C., 2023). Human Hair’s Unique Structure The Green Salon Collective (2024) emphasizes that the unique structure of human hair makes it highly effective at absorbing oil, which aids significantly in the cleanup process and helps reduce the spread of pollutants. Utilizing hair, a renewable resource, for this purpose not only proves to be effective but also helps in reducing the waste generated by salons. This dual benefit makes human hair a valuable resource for environmental conservation efforts, promoting both sustainability and waste reduction. Immediate Socioeconomic Impacts A study by Agaton, C. B., et al. (2023) investigates the immediate socioeconomic impacts of the 2023 Mindoro Oil Spill on the fishing communities in Naujan, Philippines. Through narrative analysis of interviews with affected fisherfolk, the study reveals severe consequences, including loss of income, health issues, 20  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS and environmental damage. The research underscores the inadequacy of government aid and emphasizes the urgent need for vocational training and alternative livelihood options. These findings aim to inform future government interventions and support mechanisms for the affected communities, highlighting the critical need for comprehensive and sustainable solutions to mitigate the socioeconomic fallout of such environmental disasters. Long-Term Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts Oil spills pose significant long-term socioeconomic and environmental challenges, particularly for archipelagic nations like the Philippines, situated in the Coral Triangle. Barandino, J. S. (2023) provides a comprehensive overview of these impacts, highlighting the country’s vulnerability due to its busy maritime routes. From 2000 to 2021, major oil spills in the Philippines were primarily caused by sunken vessels and pipeline leaks. The recent spill from the M/T Princess Empress in February 2023 had a profound impact, affecting 178,306 people and causing approximately USD 5.27 million in agricultural damage. This incident underscores the critical need for alternative livelihoods, skills training, and improved disaster response mechanisms. 21  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Barandino emphasizes the importance of exploring the long-term socioeconomic and environmental impacts of oil spills to develop a comprehensive understanding of such disasters. Future research should focus on these areas to inform better policy and response strategies, ensuring more resilient and sustainable communities. Government Response and Challenges Effective management of oil spills is crucial for minimizing environmental damage and protecting marine ecosystems. The Philippine Coast Guard’s Marine Environment Protection Command (MEPCOM) oversees oil spill response through the National Oil Spill Contingency Plan (NOSCOP), which employs mechanical, chemical, and in-situ burning strategies based on the severity of the spill. From 2000 to 2022, MEPCOM reported 466 offshore oil spill incidents, highlighting the ongoing challenges in managing such disasters. A study by Barandino, J. S. (2023) emphasizes the need for improved monitoring systems, digital mapping, and effective policies to enhance resilience and minimize future risks. The response to the 2006 Guimaras Strait oil spill particularly highlighted the importance of considering environmental factors in managing spill spread and emphasized the need for better disaster preparedness and resource management. These insights are critical for informing future strategies and policies to improve oil spill response and mitigation efforts in the Philippines. 22  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Foreign Studies Effectiveness of Hair in Oil Spill Cleanup Oil Absorbent Properties of Hair The use of hair as an oil-absorbent material has garnered attention due to its unique properties and environmental benefits. Thomas, J. C. (2023) emphasizes that hair is not only an effective oleophilic material but also an organic and renewable resource. The porous structure of hair naturally attracts oil while repelling water, making it highly efficient for oil spill mitigation. This dual functionality is particularly advantageous in marine environments, where the ability to separate oil from water is crucial for effective cleanup. Additionally, hair’s lightweight and buoyant nature allows for easy handling and deployment, which significantly enhances the efficiency of the cleanup process. In marine settings, the ease of deploying and retrieving absorbent materials can greatly impact the overall effectiveness of the response efforts. Hair mats and booms can be quickly deployed to affected areas, providing an immediate response to oil spills and minimizing environmental damage. Thomas also highlights the environmental benefits of using hair over synthetic materials. Hair is biodegradable and reduces the reliance on non- 23  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS biodegradable synthetic materials, which can contribute to further environmental pollution. By utilizing a renewable resource like hair, this method supports sustainable practices and promotes environmental conservation. The study emphasizes the potential of hair as a viable and eco-friendly alternative for oil spill cleanup, advocating for its broader adoption in environmental management strategies. Sustainable and Practical Solution The use of hair-infused mats for oil spill cleanup has proven to be both sustainable and practical. Leigh-Hewitson, N. (2022) discusses the pioneering work of Lisa Craig Gautier, founder of the nonprofit Matter of Trust, who has been utilizing hair mats to combat oil spills since 2000. This long-term application highlights the effectiveness and sustainability of hair as a solution for oil spills. Matter of Trust collects hair donations from salons and individuals, processes the hair into mats, and deploys them in oil spill scenarios. This method not only provides an efficient cleanup solution but also actively involves the community in environmental conservation efforts. By engaging the public in donating hair and participating in the cleanup process, the initiative fosters a sense of collective responsibility and environmental stewardship. 24  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS The success of Matter of Trust’s initiative underscores the potential for widespread adoption of hair mats as a standard tool in oil spill response strategies. The practical benefits, combined with the environmental advantages of using a renewable resource, make hair mats a compelling alternative to traditional synthetic materials. This approach demonstrates how innovative, community-driven solutions can effectively address environmental challenges and promote sustainable practices Cost-Effectiveness and Abundance The cost-effectiveness and abundance of hair make it an attractive option for oil spill cleanup. Thi, N., et al. (2023) highlight that hair can absorb three (3) to nine (9) times its weight in oil, effectively removing oil scum from wastewater and ensuring the treated water meets environmental standards. This high absorbency makes hair mats a cost-effective solution for oil spill mitigation, providing an efficient and economical alternative to traditional methods. Additionally, the research points out that hair is a readily available resource, often considered waste in salons, which can be repurposed for environmental cleanup. This repurposing not only reduces waste but also offers a low-cost alternative to traditional oil spill response materials, which are often expensive and less environmentally friendly. By utilizing hair, the study underscores the potential 25  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS for sustainable and cost-effective oil spill mitigation strategies that leverage an abundant and renewable resource. Overall Promise of Human Hair Human hair presents a promising and sustainable alternative for oil spill cleanup due to its natural properties. Kusuma, N. (2022) highlights that hair is ideal for collecting oil, effectively avoiding the environmental hazards associated with traditional methods. While conventional techniques are still necessary for large- scale disasters, communities have successfully employed hair for smaller spills, demonstrating its practical application. Additionally, hair mats have potential uses beyond immediate spill response. They could be integrated into storm drains and filtration systems to proactively prevent oil contamination. This proactive approach underscores the versatility and effectiveness of hair in various environmental protection scenarios. However, the study also suggests that further research is needed to develop efficient methods for disposing of used, oil-saturated hair mats. Ensuring that the entire lifecycle of the cleanup material is environmentally sustainable is crucial for maximizing the benefits of this innovative solution. 26  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Comprehensive Impact Review A study by a group of Ocean and Atmospheric Scientists provides an extensive review of the ecosystem-level impacts of oil spills in the Salish Sea region. It collates data on the effects of oil spills on various ecological groups, including marine mammals, sharks, seabirds, and other marine organisms. The study underscores the importance of understanding the long-term effects of oil spills, which are often poorly understood due to data gaps and the complexity of marine systems. The authors present a process for selecting and assessing data on contaminant stressors, emphasizing the need for comprehensive data to support regional ecosystem models (Lovindeer, R., et al., 2023). Key Variables Influencing Severity Understanding the ecosystem-level impacts of oil spills is crucial for effective environmental management. A study written by Lovindeer, R., et al. (2023) identifies key variables that influence the severity of oil spill impacts, such as the type of oil, the affected ecological groups, and the specific environmental conditions of the spill location. The research underscores the importance of addressing data gaps, particularly in PAH uptake rates and metabolism across biological groups, to enhance long-term risk assessments. By applying a scoring system to gauge the usefulness of available data, the authors provide insights into effective mitigation 27  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS measures and stress the need for robust environmental management efforts. The study’s findings are crucial for informing future planning and response strategies, particularly in regions with increasing oil tanker traffic. Local Studies Effectiveness of Hair in Oil Spill Cleanup Oil Absorbent Properties of Hair The use of hair as an oil absorbent has been widely recognized for its effectiveness and environmental benefits. San Juan, R. (2024) discusses how studies have demonstrated hair’s ability to absorb and trap oil efficiently. The natural structure of hair allows it to adsorb oil, making it a valuable resource in mitigating oil spills. The article highlights the efforts of the Bulacan State University- Environmental Science Society, which has successfully applied hair in practical oil spill cleanup scenarios. This method not only provides an effective cleanup solution but also promotes the reuse of a readily available resource, thereby reducing waste and environmental impact. By utilizing hair, which is often considered waste in salons, this approach supports sustainable practices and highlights the potential for innovative, eco-friendly solutions in environmental management. 28  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Community Involvement and Practical Application Community involvement is a cornerstone of effective environmental conservation, particularly in addressing the challenges posed by oil spills. By leveraging local resources and fostering collective action, communities can play a pivotal role in mitigating environmental damage and promoting sustainable practices. Community involvement is crucial in environmental conservation efforts, especially in oil spill mitigation. For instance, residents of Palawan, a Philippine Island renowned for its pristine beaches, have taken proactive measures to combat oil spills using human hair and old clothing. According to The Straits Times (2023), local disaster management teams have been collecting hair from barber shops and old clothing to create makeshift oil containment booms. This community-driven approach underscores the practicality and effectiveness of using everyday materials in environmental conservation. The active participation of local communities in such initiatives fosters a sense of responsibility and collective action towards environmental protection. The involvement of local communities in environmental conservation efforts, such as oil spill mitigation, demonstrates the power of grassroots initiatives. By utilizing readily available materials and encouraging community participation, these efforts not only address immediate environmental threats but also promote a culture 29  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS of sustainability and shared responsibility. This approach highlights the importance of community-driven solutions in achieving long-term environmental goals. Innovative Designs and Cost-Effectiveness Innovative designs and cost-effective solutions are essential in addressing environmental challenges such as oil spills. By exploring alternative materials and methods, researchers can develop practical and sustainable strategies to mitigate environmental damage. Fandiño, Ladines, and Luna from the College of Maritime Education at Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation conducted a study to develop an alternative oil spill obstruction using human hair and polypropylene. They designed a layered oil filter with human hair placed between polypropylene fabrics, which served as an oil absorbent and binding agent. This innovative design proved efficient in obstructing oil and preventing its spread in the ocean. The study underscores the cost-effectiveness and practicality of using human hair in combination with other materials to enhance oil spill response strategies. By leveraging readily available resources, this approach not only offers a sustainable solution but also reduces the overall cost of oil spill mitigation efforts. This research highlights the potential for innovative, low-cost materials to play a significant role in environmental conservation. (Fandiño, C. D., Ladines, R., & Luna, D. L., 2023) 30  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Nationwide Efforts and Environmental Impact The 2006 Guimaras oil spill, one of the worst environmental disasters in the Philippines, had devastating effects on the local environment and communities. The spill contaminated coastal waters, destroyed marine habitats, and disrupted the livelihoods of thousands of residents. Immediate impacts included the death of marine life and the destruction of mangrove forests, which are crucial for coastal protection and biodiversity. The response involved multiple stakeholders, including the Philippine government, international organizations, and local communities, focusing on containment, cleanup, and long-term rehabilitation. Bioremediation techniques, using microorganisms to break down pollutants, played a significant role in the cleanup efforts. In the aftermath, several measures were implemented to prevent future incidents and protect the environment. These included stricter regulations on oil transportation, improved emergency response protocols, and the establishment of marine protected areas. Community involvement in environmental monitoring and conservation efforts has been emphasized to ensure sustainable practices. The Guimaras oil spill underscored the need for robust environmental protection measures and effective disaster response strategies, highlighting the importance of continued efforts in rehabilitation, regulation, and community engagement to mitigate the impact of such disasters and safeguard the environment (Cruz, R., 2019). 31  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Consequences of Oil Spills Major Oil Spills and Their Impact Understanding the consequences of oil spills is crucial for developing effective and sustainable response strategies. Major oil spills have far-reaching impacts on the environment and local communities, highlighting the need for comprehensive mitigation efforts. De La Cruz, C. I. (2024) provides an in-depth examination of significant oil spills in the Philippines and their long-term effects on the environment and local communities. The article highlights several major incidents, including the MT Terranova oil spill in Manila Bay in 2024, the MT Princess Empress oil spill in Oriental Mindoro in 2023, and the Petron underwater pipe leak in Cavite in 2013. These incidents caused extensive environmental damage, affecting marine biodiversity and the livelihoods of local communities. The study underscores the devastating impact of these oil spills and the challenges in recovery. It emphasizes the need for effective and sustainable response strategies to mitigate future incidents. The long-term effects on marine biodiversity and local economies illustrate the importance of preparedness and community involvement in addressing such environmental disasters. 32  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Immediate and Long-Term Effects The MT Terranova oil spill released 1.4 million liters of industrial fuel oil into Manila Bay, causing significant environmental damage and threatening the coasts of Cavite, Pampanga, and Metro Manila. The initial response involved deploying multi-role response vessels to apply oil dispersants, but the thick layer of oil slick posed a considerable challenge. Similarly, the MT Princess Empress oil spill in 2023 released 900,000 liters of industrial fuel oil into the Verde Island Passage, causing an estimated environmental damage of PHP seven (7) billion and affecting up to 27,850 farmers and fisherfolk. The Petron underwater pipe leak in 2013 resulted in a diesel oil leak near the coastline of Rosario, Cavite, causing a significant fish kill and shutting down the fishing industry in several coastal towns. These incidents highlight the immediate and long-term effects of oil spills on the environment and local economies (De La Cruz, C. I., 2024). Community and Government Response Effective oil spill response requires a coordinated effort between local communities and government agencies. By working together, these groups can implement practical and sustainable strategies to mitigate the impact of oil spills and ensure the recovery of affected areas. The reviewed studies emphasize the importance of community involvement and government response in addressing oil spills. Local communities, such as those 33  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS in Palawan, have taken proactive measures to combat oil spills using readily available materials like human hair and old clothing. These grassroots efforts demonstrate the resourcefulness and commitment of local residents in protecting their environment. Government agencies and organizations, including the Philippine Coast Guard and local disaster management offices, play a crucial role in coordinating response efforts and implementing effective cleanup strategies. Their collaboration with communities is essential for mitigating the impact of oil spills and ensuring the recovery of affected areas. This partnership highlights the importance of combining local knowledge and resources with governmental support to achieve effective and sustainable environmental conservation (San Juan, R., 2024; The Straits Times, 2023). Synthesis and Relevance of the Related Literature and Studies The literature on the use of human hair for oil spill mitigation consistently highlights its potential as an eco-friendly and effective solution. Alderton (2023) and the Green Salon Collective (2024) emphasize the high absorbency and natural oil- repelling properties of human hair, making it a viable alternative to synthetic materials like polypropylene. These studies underscore the practicality of hair mats and booms in absorbing oil, with Alderton noting their ability to absorb up to five times their weight in oil. Guiao (2023) and De Guzman (2023) further support these 34  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS findings, demonstrating the cost-effectiveness and community involvement in using hair for oil spill cleanup in the Philippines. Comparative analyses by Subramoniapillai and Thilagavath (2022) and Murray et al. (2020) reveal that natural fibers, including human hair, are not only environmentally friendly but also competitive in oil sorption capacity. These studies collectively highlight the sustainability and biodegradability of natural materials, positioning them as superior alternatives to non-biodegradable synthetic options. The practical applications of hair in oil spill response, as discussed by Thomas (2023) and Leigh-Hewitson (2022), illustrate the dual benefits of environmental conservation and waste reduction. The immediate and long-term socioeconomic impacts of oil spills, as examined by Agaton et al. (2023) and Barandino (2023), underscore the urgent need for effective mitigation strategies. The devastating effects of major oil spills in the Philippines, detailed by De La Cruz (2024), highlight the critical role of community and government response in addressing environmental disasters. The proactive measures taken by local communities, such as those in Palawan, demonstrate the practical and effective use of human hair in oil spill mitigation, reinforcing the findings of San Juan (2024) and The Straits Times (2023). 35  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS In conclusion, the reviewed literature collectively supports the potential of hair-infused nets as a sustainable and effective solution for mitigating oil spills in marine environments. The studies emphasize the practicality, cost-effectiveness, and environmental benefits of using human hair, advocating for its broader adoption in oil spill response strategies. This synthesis highlights the importance of innovative, community-driven approaches in achieving long-term environmental conservation and resilience. 36  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Reference Alderton, M. (2023). Human hair: The secret weapon for cleaning oil spills. Treehugger. https://www.treehugger.com/human-hair-secret-weapon-cleaning-oil- spills-5323449 Akpan, E. (2022) Environmental Consequences of Oil Spills on Marine Habitats and the Mitigating Measures—The Niger Delta Perspective. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 10, 191-203. doi: 10.4236/gep.2022.106012. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=118339 Agaton, C. B., Guno, C. S., Labog, R. A., & Collera, A. A. (2023). Immediate Socioeconomic Impacts of Mindoro Oil Spill on Fisherfolk of Naujan, Philippines. Resources, 12(9), 102. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9276/12/9/102 Barandino, J. S. (2023, October 10). Oil spill in the Philippines: Its impact, responses, practices, and challenges. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Management. https://www.technoarete.org/common_abstract/pdf/IJSEM/v10/i10/Ext_09346.pdf Cruz, R. (2019, October 16). Saving an island from the worst oil spill in the Philippines: The case of Guimaras. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2019/10/saving-an-island-from-the-worst-oil-spill-in- the-philippines-the-case-of-guimaras/ 37  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS De Guzman, C. (2023, March 14). Human hair is being used to clean an oil spill in the Philippines. TIME. https://time.com/6262631/philippines-oil-spill-cleanup- hair/ De La Cruz, C. I. (2024, July 30). Major oil spills in the Philippines: Impact and recovery. Esquire Philippines. https://www.esquiremag.ph/long- reads/features/major-oil-spills-in-the-philippines-a3690- 20240730?s=210ds6qe9pt559il51thq50q46 Fandiño, C. D., Ladines, R., & Luna, D. L. (2023). Design and development of an alternative oil spill obstruction using human hair and polypropylene. Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation. https://mseuf.edu.ph/research/read/1869 Green Salon Collective. (July 15, 2024). Did you know hair can help clean up oil spills? Green Salon Collective. Retrieved September 8, 2024, from https://www.greensaloncollective.com/blogs/education/did-you-know-hair-can- help-clean-up-oil- spills#:~:text=Human%20hair%20has%20a%20unique,in%20the%20clean%2Dup %20process Green Salon Collective. (May 12, 2024). How to make a hair boom: A sustainable solution for oil spills. Green Salon Collective. https://www.greensaloncollective.com/blogs/education/how-to-make-a-hair-boom- a-sustainable-solution-for-oil-spills?srsltid=AfmBOoqZR- 2FM3Or1zxLdG6g2A6TH_e0bhoO60J98sRLwmGV6wXp5rNX 38  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Guiao, M. A. (2023, March 15). Human hair and coconut fibers in oil spills: What’s best? SPOT.ph. https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/policy/104066/human- hair-and-coconut-fibers-in-oil-spills-a5229-20230315 Kusuma, N. (2022). Hair vs. Oil Spill, for the Environment. Green Network Asia. https://greennetwork.asia/news/hair-vs-oil-for-the-environment/ Lovindeer, R., Mynott, S., Porobic, J., Fulton, E. A., Hook, S. E., Pethybridge, H., Allen, S. E., Latornell, D., Morzaria-Luna, H. N., & Melbourne-Thomas, J. (2023). Ecosystem-level impacts of oil spills: A review of available data with confidence metrics for application to ecosystem models. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 28, 939–960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-023-09905-1 Murray, M. L., et al. (2020). Decontaminating Terrestrial Oil Spills: A Comparative Assessment of Dog Fur, Human Hair, Peat Moss and Polypropylene Sorbents. Environments, 7(7), 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments7070052 San Juan, R. (2024) How human hair and other common materials can help clean Bataan oil spill. https://manilastandard.net/news/314478590/how-human-hair-other-common- materials-can-help-clean-bataan-oil-spill.html Subramoniapillai, V., & Thilagavathi, G. (2022). Oil spill cleanup by natural fibers: A review. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, 26(4), 390-404. https://doi.org/10.1108/RJTA-03-2021-0031 The Straits Times. (2023) Tourist paradise Palawan prepares to tackle Philippine oil spill with human hair, old clothes. 39  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/tourist-paradise-palawan-prepares-to- tackle-philippine-oil-spill-with-human-hair-old-clothes Thi, N., et al., (2023). Research for Oil-Absorbing carpets using hair materials. Journal of Thu Dau Mot University, 388–401. https://doi.org/10.37550/tdmu.ejs/2023.03.465 Leigh-Hewitson, N. (2022, May 19). Mats made from human hair are cleaning up oil spills. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/05/19/world/oil-spills-human-hair- matter-of-trust-spc-scn-intl-c2e/index.html Thomas, J. C. (2023). Revolutionary solution: Hair as an effective tool to clean oil spills. Medium. https://medium.com/carom-consulting/revolutionary- solution-hair-as-an-effective-tool-to-clean-oil-spills-f92d5a7706a4 40  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Chapter 3 Methodology This chapter presents the research methodology used by the researchers. It includes the research design, population and sampling scheme, description of the respondent’s, data gathering procedures, sampling technique and instrumentation. Method of Research Population, Sample Size and Sampling Technique Description of Respondents Research Instrument Data-Gathering Procedure 41  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Statistical Treatment of Data 42  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data This chapter discusses the data results which we gathered to this research. The data were presented in tabular form and analyzed the research questions. Table 1 Distribution of respondents according to their Age 43  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Chapter 5 Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations In this chapter, we summarize the overall content of our study and present the analysis and interpretation of every data collected. Findings Conclusions Recommendations 44  LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Bibliography Books Journals (including monographs and other research publications) Periodicals Unpublished Thesis/Dissertation On-line Sources 45 LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Appendices 46 LEARN AND EXPLORE MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. - SHS Questionnaire (with cover letter) Request letter to conduct survey Documents, memoranda, data/figures (if any) Sample statistical computations or print-outs Curriculum Vitae 47