GERON1 NOTES.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO - Middle Ages: Aging often associated with GERONTOLOGICAL NURSING wisdom and respect. - Renaissance: Renewed interest in sc...

INTRODUCTION TO - Middle Ages: Aging often associated with GERONTOLOGICAL NURSING wisdom and respect. - Renaissance: Renewed interest in science and Gerontology the human body; more systematic observations - scientific study of old age, the process of aging, of aging. and the problems of old people. Middle Ages and Renaissance Importance: Understanding aging helps improve quality - During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, of life for the elderly. religious beliefs influenced attitudes towards aging. Older individuals were seen as closer to Geriatric God and were often given positions of authority - anything related to old age or the medical care within religious institutions. and treatment of older adults. - Portraits and artworks from this period often Ageism depicted older individuals as symbols of - is a form of discrimination and stereotyping wisdom and dignity. based on a person's age. It involves prejudices and biases that can affect individuals of all ages 17th and 18th Century Developments but is mostly associated with older adults. - Scientific Revolution: Introduction of scientific methods to study aging. Gerontic nursing - Notable Figures: Francis Bacon and his writings - the art and practice of nurturing, caring and on longevity and health. comforting of older person. - Francis Bacon is most famous for his - developed by Gunter and Estes in 1979 philosophy of science. Geriatrics Greek geras, meaning “old age” 18th Century Enlightenment - branch of medicine that deals with the - The Enlightenment era brought about a shift - diseases and problems of old age. towards valuing reason and rationality. Philosophers like Immanuel Kant emphasized PURPOSE of GERONTOLOGY the importance of personal growth and self- “Allowing you to practice a range of skills to improve the improvement throughout life. health of older adults”. - Aging was sometimes viewed as a decline in physical abilities, but older adults were still valued for their intellectual contributions. Category of Old Age 19th Century: Birth of Modern Gerontology Young Old -65-74 years old - Early Pioneers: Élie Metchnikoff coined the term Middle Old -75-84 years old “gerontology” in 1903. Old-Old-85 years old and older - Focus: Shift towards studying aging Centenarian-100 years old (662 Filipinos – scientifically and improving health care for the DSWD) elderly. By mid-21st century, old people will be out- numbered young for the first time in history 19th Century and Industrialization - The rise of industrialization and urbanization led Overview of Aging to changes in family structures. Older adults were often separated from their families as Ancient Perspectives on Aging younger generations moved to urban areas for - Early Views: Aging seen as a natural, inevitable work. process. - Improved living conditions and medical - Philosophers: Socrates and Plato discussed advancements during this time led to an aging; Plato viewed it as a time of spiritual and increase in life expectancy. intellectual fulfillment. 20th Century: Establishment of Gerontology as a Field Ancient Civilizations - Organizations: Establishment of the - In ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Gerontological Society of America (1945). Egypt, Greece, and Rome, older individuals - Key Studies: Baltimore Longitudinal Study of were often respected and valued for their Aging (1958) – one of the longest-running studies wisdom and experience. on human aging. - Many ancient cultures had myths and stories that depicted older figures as wise mentors or advisers. Late 20th Century and Ageism - In the latter half of the 20th century, the concept Middle Ages and Renaissance of ageism gained recognition. Ageism refers to  the discrimination or prejudice against conducted influential research on aging and individuals based on their age. the social aspects of aging. - Activists and researchers began to address Bernice Neugarten (1916-2001) An American ageism's negative impact on older adults and psychologist and gerontologist, known for her advocated for more inclusive attitudes and research on the psychological aspects of aging policies. and developed “continuity theory”. Aubrey de Grey (Born 1963) is a British biologist and advocate for rejuvenation biotechnology. Early 20th Century Bernice Neugarten (1916-2001) An American - The early 20th century saw the emergence of psychologist and gerontologist, known for her gerontology as a formal field of study, research on the psychological aspects of aging encompassing various disciplines such as and developed "continuity theory". biology, psychology, and sociology. Aubrey de Grey (Born 1963) is a British biologist - Researchers began to study the biological, and advocate for rejuvenation biotechnology. psychological, and social aspects of aging in Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov- a 19th-century biologist more systematic ways. at the age of 58, founded the science of gerontology and created the terminology. The word gerontology was introduced in 1903 by 21st Century and Global Aging Nobel Laureate, Elie Metchnikoff (1845–1915), - Advances in healthcare and technology have He proposed the concept of "germ theory of contributed to increased life expectancy and aging," suggesting that aging could be attributed changed the demographics of many societies, to the toxic effects of bacteria in the gut. He is resulting in aging populations. often referred to as the "father of natural - The 21st century has brought attention to the immunity" challenges and opportunities posed by global James Birren (1918–2016): A psychologist and aging, including issues related to healthcare, pioneer in the field of aging, made significant retirement, and intergenerational relationships. contributions to the study of cognitive aging, memory, and aging-related changes in sensory perception. Demographics and Aging Matilda White Riley (1911–2004): she made significant contributions to the study of aging as In (Philippines)2000, there were 4.6 million a dynamic and multidimensional process. senior citizens (60 years or older), representing Erik Erikson (1902–1994): While primarily known about 6% of the total population. for his work in developmental psychology, In two decades, this has grown to 9.4 million Erikson's "psychosocial stages of development" older people or about 8.6% of the total theory”. population. Clarence Northcott (1881–1968): An American The World Population Prospects 2019 projects physician, played a role in the early development that by 2050, older people will make up around 2 of geriatric medicine. billion of the total population. The global population is aging due to increased life expectancy and declining birth rates. Pioneers of Gerontology Significant contributions to the field of aging and Florence Nightingale Gerontology throughout history o The first true geriatric nurse Robert Butler (1927-2010): coining the term o Founder of the Institution for the Care of "gerontology" and for emphasizing the Sick Gentle women in Distressed importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in Circumstances understanding aging. Agnes Jones House Ignatz Nascher-"father of geriatrics" for his o Agnes Jones a wealthy Nightingale pioneering work in developing the field of trained nurse in 1864 was sent to geriatrics Liverpool Infirmary Alex Comfort (1920-2000): An English physician and author, is best known for his groundbreaking In (1858-1956) Lavinia Dock and other early book "The Joy of Sex." However, he also leaders in nursing addressed, in the American contributed to the study of aging and sexuality. Journal of Nursing (AJN), the needs of the elderly Elaine Cumming (1920-1987) and William chronically ill in almshouses. Henry "W.H." Cumming (1922-2010): This She was appointed to Johns Hopkins School of husband-and-wife team of sociologists Nursing as the assistant superintendent  During 1929, she contributed to the 19th Division. This period also saw the American Amendment, the rights of women to introduction of gerontological nursing vote during her time certification programs. o 1980s-1990s: The NGNA (National Dame Doreen Norton (1913–2007) was a British Gerontological Nursing Association was nurse and healthcare pioneer who devoted founded in 1984 to provide a much of her career to improving the care and professional organization specifically for well-being of the elderly. gerontological nurses. Doreen Norton is best known for developing the "Norton Scale" (also known as the "Norton 21st Century: Pressure Area Risk Assessment Scale"), which is o 2000s: The field continued to expand a widely used tool for assessing the risk of with advancements in research, pressure ulcers (bedsores) in patients. education, and clinical practice. The Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing Mother of Geriatric Nursing was established to improve the care of older adults by enhancing nursing Marjory Warren (1897 - 1960) The Mother of practice. British Geriatric Medicine o 2010s: The Institute of Medicine (now She was a surgeon to start with, and yet she the National Academy of Medicine) created geriatrics out of medicine. She released reports emphasizing the advocated practicing geriatrics as a specialist, importance of preparing the nursing and yet she emphasized the importance of workforce to meet the needs of an aging generalist training. population. o 2020s: The ongoing aging of the global Mother of Gerontological Nursing population has kept the focus on Dr. Doris Schwartz- was a nurse, educator, and enhancing the professionalization of researcher, played a pivotal role in shaping the gerontological nursing. The COVID-19 way nursing care is provided to older adults and pandemic further highlighted the advancing the understanding of their unique importance of specialized care for the healthcare needs. elderly. Professionalization of Gerontological Nursing Gerontological Nursing in the Philippines Early 20th Century: o 1900s-1940s: Nursing care for the Nursing in the Philippines began in the late elderly was primarily provided in homes 19th and early 20th centuries, influenced by and charitable institutions. There was Spanish and American colonial rule. During this little formal training specific to the care time, nurses primarily provided general care, of older adults. including care for the elderly, but without a o 1940s: The post-World War II era saw an specific focus on gerontology. increase in life expectancy and a Specialized training programs in gerontological growing elderly population, which began nursing were developed within nursing schools to highlight the need for specialized in the Philippines. care. In the 21st century, there has been a continued emphasis on enhancing gerontological nursing Mid-20th Century practice in the Philippines. Nursing o 1950s-1960s: Gerontological nursing organizations and academic institutions have started gaining recognition as a distinct increasingly focused on gerontological nursing. field. The American Nurses Association The establishment of elder care facilities and (ANA) began to focus on the needs of services in various regions of the Philippines has elderly patients, and the first specialized also contributed to the growth of gerontological training programs for geriatric nursing nursing. were developed. o 1960s: The establishment of Medicare and Medicaid in the United States in 1965 increased access to healthcare for Philippine Government policies related to older older adults, further emphasizing the people need for specialized nursing care. Philippines agency which primarily responsible for implementing programs and services for Late 20th Century: senior citizens: DSWD (Department of Social o 1970s: The ANA formed the Council on Welfare and Development) Gerontological Nursing, which later became the Gerontological Nursing  Age requirement for individuals to be considered Republic Act No. 10175 Cybercrime Prevention senior citizens under Philippine law- 60 years old Act of 2012, which includes provisions against cybercrimes that affect senior citizens. Republic Act No. 11494 Bayanihan to Recover Republic Act No. 7876 entitled “An Act as One Act (Bayanihan 2), which includes Establishing a Senior Citizens Center in all provisions for the protection of senior citizens Cities and Municipalities of the Philippines, during the COVID-19 pandemic. and Appropriating Funds” provides for the Republic Act No. 10911 - An Act Prohibiting establishment of Senior Citizens Centers to Discrimination Against Any Individual in cater to older persons’ socialization and Employment on Account of Age and Providing interaction needs as well as to serve as a venue Penalties Therefor (Anti-Age Discrimination in for the conduct of other meaningful activities. Employment Act). Republic Act No. 11332 - Mandatory Reporting Republic Act No. 8425 provides for of Notifiable Diseases and Health Events of the institutionalization and enhancement of the Public Health Concern Act, which includes the social reform agenda by creating the National elderly in its special consideration. Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC). Through its Creation of Senior Citizens' Offices multi-dimensional and cross-sectoral approach, NAPC provides a mechanism for Local government units (LGUs) are mandated to older persons to participate in policy formulation establish Senior Citizens' Affairs Offices and decision-making on matters concerning (SCAOs) to coordinate and implement poverty alleviation. programs and services for older persons in their respective areas. Mandatory PhilHealth Coverage for Senior Citizens Republic Act No. 10155, known as “The General (Republic Act No. 10645): Appropriations Act of 2012”, under Section 28 mandates that all government agencies and This amendment to the Senior Citizens Act instrumentalities should allocate one percent of ensures that senior citizens are covered by the their total agency budget to programs and Philippine Health Insurance Corporation projects for older persons and persons with (PhilHealth) to help them access medical disabilities. services and health care. Republic Act No. 9994, known as “Expanded Seniors Citizen Act of 2010″, an act granting additional benefits and privileges to senior citizens, further amending Republic Act No. 7432 and otherwise known as “an act to maximize the contribution of senior citizens to nation building, grant benefits and special privileges and for other purposes” and they are entitled for 10% discount for all utility bills Presidential Proclamations and Executive Orders Presidential Proclamation No. 470, Series of 1994, declaring the first week of October of every year as “Elderly Filipino Week.” Presidential Proclamation No. 1048, Series of 1999, declaring a “Nationwide Observance in the Philippines of the International Year of Older Persons”. Republic Act No. 10868 Centenarians Act of 2016, an act honoring and granting additional benefits and privileges to Filipino centenarians. - they are giving 100 thousand cash gifts Republic Act No. 11036 Mental Health Act, which includes provisions for mental health services for older persons.