GENDER-AND-SOCIETY-REVIEWER.pdf

Sex chromosomes. These chromosomes determine whether someone’s body will - Categorization of people into express itself as a “female” or a “male”. male and female gro...

Sex chromosomes. These chromosomes determine whether someone’s body will - Categorization of people into express itself as a “female” or a “male”. male and female groups based on biological characteristics. Gender - Refers to the physical and - Refers to the social, biological attributes of men and psychological and cultural women. attributes of masculinity and - Includes the chromosomal, femininity, many of which are hormonal and anatomical based on biological distinctions. components of males and - People’s self images and females. expectations for behavior among - XY chromosomes – Male other things. - XX chromosomes – Female - Describes societal attitude and XY sex-determination system – behaviors expected of and female-provided ovum contributes an X associated with 2 sexes. chromosome, and the male-provided Gender sperm contributes either an X chromosome or a Y chromosome, - Characteristics of women, men, resulting in female (XX) or male (XY) girls, and boys that are socially offspring, respectively. constructed. - Social construct that determines Two Sexes one’s roles, expected values, 1. Male sex produces sperm cells to behavior, and interaction in fertilize the egg cells. relationships involving men and 2. Female sex produces egg cells to women. produce. - Short for gender relation between sexes, or how the male and Hormones female relate to one another. a. Estrogen – promote the - Affects what access men and development and maintenance of women have to decision-making, female characteristics of the knowledge, and resources. body. - Different things to sex, but one’s b. Testosterone – stimulates the gender is usually associated with development of male secondary one’s sex. sexual characteristics produced Gender Identity mainly in the testes. c. Progesterone – stimulates the - Refers to the degree to which an uterus to prepare for pregnancy. individual sees herself of himself as feminine or masculine based Genitalia – organ used for reproduction on society’s definition of and secondary sex characteristics are appropriate gender roles. largely influenced by one’s X and Y  prescribe certain traits, behaviors, and responsibilities to individuals based on their assigned sex at birth. 4. Compounded Stereotypes – can also be influenced by other factors such as age, sexual orientation, religion, socioeconomic status, disability, or any other aspect of one’s identity. Sex Equality - Physiological - Related to reproduction - State or condition that affords - Congenital women and men equal enjoyment - Unchanging of human rights, socially valued goods, opportunities, and Gender resources. - Social - Allowing both sexes the same - Cultural opportunities and potential to - Learned behavior contribute to, and benefit from, all - Changes overtime spheres of society (economic, - Varies within a culture political, social, and cultural). Gender Stereotypes Equity 1. Sex Stereotypes – a generalized - Justice and fairness in the view of traits that should be treatment of women and men in possessed by men and women, order to eventually achieve specifically physical and gender equality. emotional roles. They are - Often requesting differential unrelated to the roles women and treatment of women and men (or men actually perform. specific measures) in order to 2. Sexual Stereotypes – involve compensate for the historical and assumptions regarding a person’s social disadvantages. sexuality that reinforce dominant - Prevent women and men from views. Like the assumption that sharing a level of playing field. all persons are only attracted to Gender Gap the sex opposite theirs. 3. Sex-role Stereotypes – the roles - Difference in any area between that men and women are women and men in terms of their assigned based on their sex and levels of participation. what behaviors they must possess to fulfill these roles. They  - Access to resources, rights, power, and influence, remuneration, and benefits. Patterns of Gender Inequalities A. Political power and Representation – women are often underrepresented in formal decision-making structures, including governments, community councils, and policy- making institutions. B. Economic participation and opportunities – women are receiving lower wages for similar work. Have less access than men to productive assets such as education, skills, property, and credit. C. Educational Attainment – women have lower literacy rates. The lower level of enrolment in primary, secondary, and tertiary education. D. Sexual and domestic violence – women tend to be more often victims in the form of domestic violence by a woman’s intimate partner. Sexual exploitation through trafficking and the sex trade. In the wars by an enemy army as a weapon of attempted ethnic cleansing. E. Differences in legal status and entitlements – there are many instances in which equal rights to personal status, security, land, inheritance, and employment opportunities are denied to women by law or practice.