GENBIO-Lesson-2 PDF - Animal vs Plant Cells

ANIMAL VS. PLANT CELL  PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC CELLS There are two kinds of organisms according to their cell structure - the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. PROKARYOTES Single-celled organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleu...

ANIMAL VS. PLANT CELL  PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC CELLS There are two kinds of organisms according to their cell structure - the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. PROKARYOTES Single-celled organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, and all other organelles.  PROKARYOTES Comes from the Greek words pro, which means “before,” and karyon, which means “nut or kernel.” EUKARYOTES Organisms with cells that contain membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.  EUKARYOTES The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell contains the general material (DNA), enclosed by a nuclear envelope.  EUKARYOTES Other membrane-bound organelles are mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and chloroplast found in photosynthetic orgranisms such as algae and plants. EUKARYOTES PROTOZOA Unicellular eukaryotes  EUKARYOTES All eukaryotes are multicellular organisms such as plants, animals, and fungi.  SOME HUMAN CELLS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS  BLOOD CELLS red, white blood cells and platelets floating in liquid plasma  NERVE CELLS also called neuron cells with fiber which conduct impulses it consist of a cell body, axon and dendrites  SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS also called striated muscle cells because of their striped appearance when viewed under a compound microscope OVA OR EGG CELLS female sex cells produced by the ovaries  SPERM CELLS male sex cells produced by the testes  TISSUES AND ITS DIFFERENT TYPES  TISSUES Tissues are group of similar cells which perform definite functions.  EPITHELIAL TISSUES these are made up of closely-packed cells arranged in flat sheet it forms lining of various cavities and tubes in the body such as lining of the small intestine which secretes digestive substances and absorbed products of digestion.  EPITHELIAL TISSUES this tissue is speciaized to form the covering or lining of all internal and external body surface some has special functions of absorption, secretion, excretion, sensation and respiration.  CONNECTIVE TISSUES hold the parts of the body together, such as bones ligaments are the long, tough tendons hold muscle to bone fiber that holds bones onto other bones  CONNECTIVE TISSUES Blood is regarded as specialized form of connective tissue because it originates in the bones and has some fibers. Blood is composed of red blood cell, white blood cells and platelets. MUSCLE TISSUES movement in animals.  INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE muscles not under our consious control example: muscle in stomach  INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE this type of muscle is also called visceral or smooth muscle  VOLUNTARY MUSCLE made up of long fibers and they move our bones. we can control them at willl  VOLUNTARY MUSCLE this type of muscle is called skeletal muscle, since they are attached to the bones.  CARDIAC MUSCLE a special type of muscle that make up our heart it is an involuntary muscle that is striated in appearance  NERVE TISSUES it carry electrical and chemical signals and impulses from the brain and central nervous system to the periphery, and vice versa. MOTOR NEURONS/ EFFERENT accept nerve impulses from the Central Nervous System transmit them to muscles or glands SENSORY NEURONS/ AFFARENT accept impulse from sensory receptors transmit them to CNS INTERNEURONS/ ASSOCIATION convey nerve impulse between various parts of the CNS  PLANT TISSUES a tissue is composed of a group of vegetative cells with one or more specific functions A. MERISTEMATIC TISSUES tissues responsible for the production of new cells A. MERISTEMATIC TISSUES it is composed of immature cells and regions of active in cell division. it has small, thin cell walls and rich in cytoplasm A. MERISTEMATIC TISSUES found in the growing tips of roots and stems  1. APICAL MERISTEM found at the tips of stem and roots and are mainly responsible for the increase in length of stems and roots  2. LATERAL MERISTEMS found in the sides or periphery of roots and stems responsible for the increase in width or diameter of stems or roots B. PERMANENT TISSUES these are composed of mature and differentiated cells 1. SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE consist of only one type of cells  I. EPIDERMIS an external tissue which consist of a single layer of living cells it serves as the protective outer covering of the leaves, young roots and young stems.  II. PARENCHYMA an internal tissue and consist of living cells with thin cell wall found in the soft parts of roots, stems, leaves and flowers  III. COLLENCHYMA this is also an internal tissue structurally similar to parenchyma cells except that their walls are irregularly and compactly arranged  III. COLLENCHYMA a strengthening or supportive tissue and functions to store food  IV. SCLERENCHYMA an internal tissue consist of thick-walled, dead cells the cells have uniformly thick heavily lignified secondary walls IV. SCLERENCHYMA they function mainly for support 2. COMPLEX PERMANENT consist of more than one type of cells  I. XYLEM primarily functions for the transport of water and dissolved substances upward in the plant body.  II. PHLOEM primarily functions in the transport of organic material such as carbohydrates and amino acids