Plant Secondary Metabolism and Shikimate Pathway PDF

Plant Secondary Metabolism and Shikimate Pathway Answers 1. Which of the following is produced through the shikimate pathway? A. Steroids B. Cholesterol C. Aromatic amino acids D. Fatty acids Answer: Aromatic amino acids (C) The shikimate pathway produces aromatic amino acids such a...

Plant Secondary Metabolism and Shikimate Pathway Answers 1. Which of the following is produced through the shikimate pathway? A. Steroids B. Cholesterol C. Aromatic amino acids D. Fatty acids Answer: Aromatic amino acids (C) The shikimate pathway produces aromatic amino acids such as L-tryptophan, L- tyrosine, and L-phenylalanine. 2. Secondary metabolism is directly involved in an organism's growth and development. A. False B. True Answer: False (B) Secondary metabolism involves reactions that produce compounds not directly involved in growth. 3. What are the two precursors of the acetate-malonate pathway? Answer: Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA These precursors are essential for the synthesis of fatty acids. 4. The final product of the shikimate pathway is................................................... Answer: Chorismate Chorismate is the end product of the shikimate pathway. 5. Which compound is produced as a precursor in both the mevalonate and cholesterol pathways? A. Farnesyl pyrophosphate B. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate C. Chorismate D. Acetoacetyl-CoA Answer: Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (B) Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) is a key intermediate in both pathways. 6. Terpenoids are solely produced from the mevalonate pathway. A. True B. False Answer: True (A) Terpenoids are synthesized through the mevalonate pathway from the precursor isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). 7. Name the first product formed in the acetate-malonate pathway. Answer: Acetoacetyl-CoA Acetoacetyl-CoA is the initial product formed after the combination of Acetyl- CoA and Malonyl-CoA. 8. Cholesterol is synthesized from................................................... Answer: Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA serves as a precursor for the synthesis of cholesterol and other steroids. 9. Which type of terpenoids is defined by having 15 carbon atoms? A. Triterpenoids B. Monoterpenoids C. Diterpenoids D. Sesquiterpenoids Answer: Sesquiterpenoids (D) Sesquiterpenoids are terpenoids that contain 15 carbon atoms. 10. What is the main product of the mevalonate pathway? A. Aromatic amino acids B. Cholesterol C. Fatty acids D. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) Answer: Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) (D) The mevalonate pathway primarily produces isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which is a key precursor for terpenoids and steroids. 11. The shikimate pathway leads to the production of fatty acids. A. True B. False Answer: False (B) The shikimate pathway is responsible for the production of aromatic amino acids, not fatty acids. 12. What are the two main precursors of the shikimate pathway? Answer: Erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate The shikimate pathway begins with erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate, which are crucial for producing aromatic amino acids. 13. The process that produces farnesyl pyrophosphate is linked to the.................................................. pathway. Answer: cholesterol Farnesyl pyrophosphate is synthesized in the cholesterol pathway and is important for producing various steroids. 14. Which type of terpenoid contains 10 carbon atoms? A. Sesquiterpenoids B. Diterpenoids C. Triterpenoids D. Monoterpenoids Answer: Monoterpenoids (D) Monoterpenoids are defined by having 10 carbon atoms, represented by two isoprene units. 15. Palmitic acid is the only product formed in the acetate-malonate pathway. A. True B. False Answer: False (B) The acetate-malonate pathway forms palmitic acid but also continues with other fatty acid elongations. 16. Name one product of the cholesterol pathway. Answer: Cholesterol Cholesterol is one of the main products synthesized in the cholesterol pathway, along with steroid hormones and vitamin D. 17. The shikimate pathway ultimately leads to the formation of.................................................. amino acids. Answer: aromatic The shikimate pathway produces aromatic amino acids, which are vital for protein synthesis and metabolic functions. 18. Which step in the mevalonate pathway directly follows the formation of β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA? A. Formation of Mevalonic acid B. Formation of Farnesyl pyrophosphate C. Formation of Squalene D. Formation of Isopentenyl pyrophosphate Answer: Formation of Mevalonic acid (A) After β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA is formed in the mevalonate pathway, it is converted into mevalonic acid. 19. What is the primary product of the shikimate pathway? A. Cholesterol B. Terpenoids C. Fatty acids D. Aromatic amino acids Answer: Aromatic amino acids (D) The shikimate pathway produces aromatic amino acids such as L-tryptophan, L- tyrosine, and L-phenylalanine. 20. Secondary metabolism is primarily responsible for growth and development. A. True B. False Answer: False (B) Secondary metabolism produces organic compounds that are not directly involved in growth and development. 21. Name the first compound formed in the mevalonate pathway. Answer: β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA This compound is the first product formed when Acetyl-CoA and Acetoacetyl-CoA combine. 22. The final product of the mevalonate pathway is................................................... Answer: Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) IPP is a key intermediate in the synthesis of terpenoids and steroids. 23. Which of the following compounds is a direct precursor in both the mevalonate and cholesterol pathways? A. Farnesyl pyrophosphate B. Phosphoenolpyruvate C. Malonyl-CoA D. Acetyl-CoA Answer: Acetyl-CoA (D) Acetyl-CoA is the precursor for both the mevalonate and cholesterol pathways. 24. Triterpenoids contain 10 carbon atoms. A. True B. False Answer: False (B) Triterpenoids actually contain 30 carbon atoms, while monoterpenoids contain 10 carbon atoms. 25. List one product of the acetate-malonate pathway. Answer: Palmitic Acid Palmitic acid is one of the final products formed in the acetate-malonate pathway. 26. The enzyme that processes shikimate to shikimate 3-phosphate requires.................................................. as a substrate. Answer: Phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate is essential for the conversion of shikimate to shikimate 3- phosphate. 27. What type of secondary metabolite is classified as having 40 carbon atoms? A. Tetraterpenoids B. Sesquiterpenoids C. Monoterpenoids D. Diterpenoids Answer: Tetraterpenoids (A) Tetraterpenoids are classified based on having 40 carbon atoms. 28. What are the aromatic amino acids produced by the shikimate pathway? A. L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan B. L-valine, L-tryptophan, L-cysteine C. L-histidine, L-phenylalanine, L-lycine D. L-tryptophan, L-leucine, L-tyrosine Answer: L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan (A) The shikimate pathway specifically produces L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, and L- phenylalanine as its aromatic amino acids. 29. Secondary metabolism is primarily involved in the development and growth of organisms. A. True B. False Answer: False (B) Secondary metabolism produces organic compounds not directly involved in growth but rather in ecological functions. 30. What is the first product formed in the mevalonate pathway? Answer: β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA This compound is formed by the reaction of Acetyl-CoA and Acetoacetyl-CoA. 31. 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate is converted to.................................................. in the shikimate pathway. Answer: Chorismate Chorismate is the final product of the shikimate pathway. 32. Which pathway is associated with the production of steroid hormones? A. Acetate - Malonate pathway B. Shikimate pathway C. Mevalonate pathway D. Cholesterol pathway Answer: Cholesterol pathway (D) The cholesterol pathway leads to the synthesis of steroid hormones such as testosterone and estradiol. 33. Palmitic acid is the result of the final step in the acetate- malonate pathway. A. True B. False Answer: True (A) Palmitic acid is indeed the final product of the acetate-malonate pathway. 34. Name one product produced by the acetate-malonate pathway. Answer: Fatty acids The primary product of the acetate-malonate pathway includes fatty acids like palmitic acid. 35. The precursor used in both the mevalonate and cholesterol pathways is................................................... Answer: Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA serves as a precursor in both pathways, highlighting its central role in secondary metabolism. 36. Which compound is a key intermediate in the production of terpenoids and steroids? A. Chorismate B. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate C. Palmitic Acid D. Mevalonic acid Answer: Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (B) Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) is a crucial precursor in the synthesis of terpenoids and steroid hormones. 37. What is the primary function of secondary metabolism? A. Photosynthesis B. Production of energy C. Involvement in growth and development D. Synthesis of organic compounds not directly involved in growth Answer: Synthesis of organic compounds not directly involved in growth (D) Secondary metabolism focuses on producing compounds such as alkaloids and terpenoids that support plant defense and other functions but do not directly aid in growth. 38. The main products of the shikimate pathway are fatty acids. A. True B. False Answer: False (B) The shikimate pathway produces aromatic amino acids, not fatty acids. 39. What are the main precursors for the mevalonate pathway? Answer: Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA is the primary precursor for the mevalonate pathway. 40. The product of the acetate-malonate pathway is................................................... Answer: fatty acids The acetate-malonate pathway is responsible for synthesizing fatty acids. 41. What is the first compound formed in the shikimate pathway? A. Shikimate 3-phosphate B. 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate C. 3-Dehydro shikimate D. Chorismate Answer: 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (B) The first compound formed in the shikimate pathway is 3-Deoxy-D-arabino- heptulosonate-7-phosphate. 42. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) can be used to synthesize terpenoids. A. True B. False Answer: True (A) IPP is a precursor for various terpenoids in the mevalonate pathway. 43. Name one product that is synthesized from the cholesterol pathway. Answer: Cholesterol Cholesterol is among the main products of the cholesterol pathway. 44. Cholesterol is produced from.................................................. in the cholesterol pathway. Answer: Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA is the precursor in the cholesterol pathway leading to cholesterol and steroid synthesis. 45. Which product is ultimately produced by the shikimate pathway? A. Palmitic Acid B. Steroids C. Aromatic Amino Acids D. Fatty Acids Answer: Aromatic Amino Acids (C) The shikimate pathway leads to the formation of aromatic amino acids such as L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, and L-phenylalanine.