GCSE Chemistry - Topic 1 PDF

## Chemistry Topic 1 ### Early Periodic Table - **Newland** - Octaves - By mass - Mito patterns - **Mendeleev** - By mass - Left gaps - Similar patterns/properties in groups - Predict properties of elements to be found. ### Groups #### Group 1 - Alkali Metals - Kept...

## Chemistry Topic 1 ### Early Periodic Table - **Newland** - Octaves - By mass - Mito patterns - **Mendeleev** - By mass - Left gaps - Similar patterns/properties in groups - Predict properties of elements to be found. ### Groups #### Group 1 - Alkali Metals - Kept in oil so don’t react w/ H₂O or O₂ in air - Soft - Gets more reactive as you go down - Boiling point decreases as you go down #### Group 2 - Alkali Earth Metals #### Transition Metals - Hard - Shiny - Conducts - Jewellery - Wires - Saucepans - Coatings #### Group 7 - Halogens - Non-metals - Diatomic (Cl₂, Br₂, I₂) - Highly reactive (only want to gain 1 elec - Get less reactive as you go down - Boiling point gets higher as you go down #### Group 8 - Nobel Gases - Full outer shell - Unreactive - Balloons - Neon lights - Boiling point increases as you move down ### Chemistry Basics **Element**: single type of atom **Compound**: 2 or more elements chemically bonded. | Property | Charge | Mass | |---|---|---| | Proton | +10 | 1 | | Neutron | 0 | 1 | | Electron | -1 | 1/2000 | #### Separating Methods - Distillation - Evaporation - Filtration - Fractional Distillation ### Atomic Structure **Rutherford**: Alpha particle scattering (nucleus + protons) **Bohr**: Nuclear Model #### Reactions **Metals**: lose electrons (form + ions) **Non-metals**: gain electrons (form - ions) **Metal + oxygen**: metal oxide **Metal + water**: metal hydroxide ### Chromatography - Stationary Phase = Paper - Mobile Phase = Solvent - **DON'T USE PEN BASELINE** **Rf value**: distance travelled by solute/distance travelled by solvent. - Small = big - Always <1