Edexcel Chemistry A-level Flashcards - Topic 1 Atomic Structure and Periodic Table PDF

Edexcel Chemistry A-level Topic 1 - Atomic Structure and Periodic Table Flashcards PMT Education is licensed under https://bit.ly/pmt-cc This work by https://bit.ly/pmt-edu-cc CC BY-NC-ND 4.0...

Edexcel Chemistry A-level Topic 1 - Atomic Structure and Periodic Table Flashcards PMT Education is licensed under https://bit.ly/pmt-cc This work by https://bit.ly/pmt-edu-cc CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What was stated in Dalton’s atomic theory? (4) https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What was stated in Dalton’s atomic theory? Atoms are tiny particles made of elements Atoms cannot be divided All the atoms in a element are the same Atoms of one element are different to those of other elements https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What did Thompson discover about electrons? (3) https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What did Thompson discover about electrons? They have a negative charge They can be deflected by electromagnetic fields They have very small mass https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Explain the current model of the atom. https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Explain the current model of the atom Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells The nucleus is tiny compared to the total volume of atom Most of atom’s mass is in the nucleus Most of the atom is empty space between the nucleus and the electrons https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is the charge of a proton and an electron? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is the charge of a proton and an electron? Proton = +1 Electron = -1 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Which particle has the same mass as proton? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Which particle has the same mass as proton? Neutron https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Which two particles make up most of an atom’s mass? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Which two particles make up most of atom’s mass? Protons and neutrons https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What does the atomic number show about an element? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What does the atomic number tell about an element? Atomic number = number of protons in an atom https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How is mass number calculated? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How is mass number calculated? Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How to calculate the number of neutrons? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How to calculate the number of neutrons? Number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Define the term, isotope. https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Define the term, isotope. Atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons and therefore different mass number https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc  Why do different isotopes of the same element react in the same way? (2) https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Why do different isotopes of the same element react in the same way? Neutrons have no impact on the chemical reactivity Reactions involve electrons, isotopes have the same number of electrons in the same arrangement https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Define relative atomic mass. https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Define relative atomic mass. The weighted mean mass of an atom of an element compared with one twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon -12 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Define relative isotopic mass. https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Define relative isotopic mass The mass of an atom of an isotope compared with one twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc The relative isotopic mass is same as which number? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc The relative isotopic mass is same as which number? Mass number https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc  What two assumptions are made when calculating mass number? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What two assumptions are made when calculating mass number? 1. Contribution of the electron is neglected 2. Mass of both proton and neutron is taken as 1.0 u https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How to calculate the relative molecular mass and relative formula mass? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How to calculate the relative molecular mass and relative formula mass? Both can be calculated by adding the relative atomic masses of each of the atom making up the molecule or the formula https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What are the uses of mass spectrometry? (3) https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What are the uses of mass spectrometry? Identify unknown compounds Find relative abundance of each isotope of an element Determine structural information https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc  + What is the m/z value of the M ion https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is the m/z value of the M+ ion The m/z value of the M+ ion is the value of the last peak - 72 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Complete this question... https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc  https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc  What does the principal quantum number indicate? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What does the principal quantum number indicate? The shell occupied by the electrons https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is a shell? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is a shell? A group of orbitals with the same principal quantum number https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can the 1st shell hold? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can the 1st shell hold? 2 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can the 2nd shell hold? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can the 2nd shell hold? 8 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can the 3rd shell hold? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can the 3rd shell hold? 18 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can the 4th shell hold? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can the 4th shell hold? 32 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is an orbital? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is an orbital? A region around the nucleus that can hold up to two electrons with opposite spins https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can an orbital hold? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can an orbital hold? 2 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What are the 4 types of orbitals? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What are the 4 types of orbitals? s orbital p orbital d orbital f orbital https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is the shape of a s-orbital? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is the shape of a s-orbital? Spherical https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is the shape of a p-orbital? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is the shape of a p-orbital? Dumb-bell shape https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many orbitals are found in a S subshell? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many orbitals are found in a S subshell? 1 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can be held in a S subshell? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can be held in a S subshell? 2 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many orbitals does P subshell have? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many orbitals does P subshell have? 3 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can be held in a P subshell? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can be held in a P subshell? 6 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many orbitals are present in a D subshell? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many orbitals are present in a D subshell? 5 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can be held in a D subshell? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can be held in a d-sub shell? 10 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many orbitals are found in a F subshell? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many orbitals are found in a F subshell? 7 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can fill F subshell? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How many electrons can fill F subshell? 14 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc When using ‘electrons in box’ representation, what shape is used to represent the electrons? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc When using ‘electrons in box’ representation, what shape is used to represent the electrons? Arrows Image courtesy of wikibooks https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What letter used to represent shell number? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What letter is used to represent the shell number? n https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc From which shell onwards is S orbital present? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc From which shell onwards is S orbital present? n=1 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc From which shell onwards is P-orbital present? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc From which shell onwards is P orbital present? n=2 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc From which shell onwards is D-orbital present? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc From which shell onwards is D orbital present? n=3 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc From which shell onwards is F-orbital present? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc From which shell onwards is F orbital present? n=4 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What are the rules by which electrons are arranged in the shell? (5) https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What are the rules by which electrons are arranged in a shell? Electrons are added one at a time Lowest available energy level is filled first Each energy level must be filled before the next one can fill Each orbital is filled singly before pairing 4s is filled before 3d https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Why does 4s orbital fill before 3d orbital? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Why does 4s orbital fill before 3d orbital? 4s orbital has a lower energy than 3d before it is filled https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc  What is the electron configuration of krypton? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is the electron configuration of krypton? 2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc  How can the electron configuration be written in short? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How can the electron configuration be written in short? The noble gas before the element is used to abbreviate E.g Li → 1s22s1 ; Li → [He] 2s1 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc  How are the elements arranged in a periodic table? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How is the group number related to the number of electrons? Group number = number of electrons in the outer shell https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is a period on a periodic table? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is a period on a periodic table? The horizontal rows https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is a group on a periodic table? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is a group on a periodic table? The vertical columns https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How is the group number related to the number of electrons? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc How are the elements arranged in a periodic table? They are arranged in the order of increasing atomic numbers https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc  Does the group number indicate horizontal or vertical columns in the periodic table? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Does the group number indicate horizontal or vertical columns in the periodic table? Vertical column https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is meant by periodicity? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What is meant by periodicity? The repeating trends in chemical and physical properties https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What change happens across each period? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What change happens across each period? Elements change from metals to non-metals https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Define first ionisation energy. https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Define first ionisation energy. The energy required to remove a mole of electrons from a mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of gaseous 1+ ions under standard conditions https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Write an equation for the first ionisation energy of magnesium. https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Write an equation for the first ionisation energy of magnesium + - Mg(g) → Mg (g) +e https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What are the factors that affect ionisation energy? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc What are the factors that affect ionisation energy? Atomic radius Nuclear charge Electron shielding or screening https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Explain the trend on this graph. Image courtesy of Creative Chemistry https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Explain the trend on this graph. First Ionisation energy increases across period 3 because of: ○ Increased nuclear charge ○ Decreased atomic radius ○ Same electron shielding This means more energy is needed to remove the first electron. Dips at Al because: outer electron is in a 3p orbital, higher energy than 3s orbital → less energy needed to remove electron Dips at S because one 3p orbital contains two electrons → repulsion between paired electrons → less energy needed to remove one https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc  Why does first ionisation energy decrease between group 2 to 3? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Why does first ionisation energy decrease between group 2 to 3 ? Decreases between 2 to 3 because in group 3 the outermost electrons are in p orbitals. Whereas in group 2 they are in s orbital, so the electrons are easier to be removed. https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc  Why does first ionisation energy decrease between group 5 to 6? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Why does first ionisation energy decrease between group 5 to 6? The decrease between 5 to 6 is due to the group 5 electrons in p orbital which are single electrons. In group 6 the outermost electrons are spin paired, with some repulsion. Therefore the electrons are slightly easier to remove. https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Does first ionisation increase or decrease between the end of one period and the start of next? Why? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Does first ionisation increase or decrease between the end of one period and the start of next? Why? Decrease There is increase in atomic radius Increase in electron shielding https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Does first ionisation increase or decrease down a group? Why? https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Does first ionisation increase or decrease down a group? Why? Decrease Shielding increases → weaker attraction Atomic radius increases → distance between the outer electrons and nucleus increases → weaker attraction Increase in number of protons is outweighed by increase in distance and shielding https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Describe the structure, forces and bonding in every element across period 2. https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Describe the structure, forces and bonding in every element across period 2 Li & Be → giant metallic ; strong attraction between positive ions and delocalised electrons ; metallic bonding B & C → giant covalent ; strong forces between atoms ; covalent N2 ,O2 ,F2 ,Ne → simple molecular ; weak intermolecular forces between molecules ; covalent bonding within molecules and intermolecular forces between molecules https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Describe the structure, forces and bonding in every element across period 3. https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Describe the structure, forces and bonding in every element across period 3 Na, Mg, Al → giant metallic ; strong attraction between positive ions and delocalised electrons ; metallic bonding Si → giant covalent ; strong forces between atoms ; covalent P4 , S8 , Cl2 , Ar → simple molecular ; weak intermolecular forces between molecules ; covalent bonding within molecules and intermolecular forces between molecules https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc