General Chemistry PDF

General Chemistry... 1 States of matter and its properties | 3 Degrees of Freedom | Chemistry - The study of the Properties and Vibration Solid -...

General Chemistry... 1 States of matter and its properties | 3 Degrees of Freedom | Chemistry - The study of the Properties and Vibration Solid - Vibration Behavior of Matter. Rotation Liquid - Vibration, Rotation, Matter - Anything that has mass and occupies Translation space. - > Made up of particles called atoms and Translation Gas - Vibration, Rotation, Translation molecules. =>Solids - The particles are close to one another. - > Cannot be compressed Phase Changes Of Matter - > Cannot move freely => These are Physical changes that do not affect - > Bound by molecular forces the Chemical Composition. - > Fixed shape - > Also known as Transition Changes. =>Liquids - The particles are close together but not | Examples of Physical Changes | held so rigidly and can move past one another. Sublimation - Solid -> Gas - > Flows freely Deposition - Gas -> Solid - > Takes shape of their containers Vaporization - Liquid -> Gas - > Weaker molecular force Condensation - Gas -> Liquid =>Gases - The particles are randomly arranged and Melting - Solid -> Liquid far apart from each other. The particles also move Freezing - Liquid -> Solid quickly in all directions. - > Can be compressed because the distance Classification of Matter between each molecule is one from Pure Substance - has a definite composition and another. definite properties. - > takes the form of the containers. - > Pure Substance can either be an element | 3 states of matter | or a compound. Phase Shape Volume Structure Element -Simplest form of matter and composed of only one atom. This is a pure substance that Solid Definite Definite Particles are cannot be changed or decomposed into a simpler very close to each substance by ordinary chemical means. other Compound - Elements react with each other to Liquid Not Definite, Definite Particles are form a compound takes the neither - > Compounds can be separated into shape of the close nor far simpler substances but only through container from each one chemical means. - > Made up of different elements Gas Not definite, Not Definite Particles are takes the far apart - > All molecules are not compounds but a shape of the from each compound is a molecule container other. Mixtures - Composed of two or more substances combined physically in variable proportions. - > Mixtures can be classified either as Homogeneous or Heterogeneous mixtures.  General Chemistry... 2 Solid Aerosol -A solid dispersed through gas. Law of Definite Proportions - states that every Liquid Aerosol -A liquid that has been dispersed in compound contains fixed and constant proportions a gas of its constituent element. Sol - Type of colloid which solid particles are - > Constituent Definition ; One of the parts suspended in a liquid and the particles in a sol is that a substance or mixture is made of. small in size Solid sol - Formed when two particles are dispersed Classifications of Mixture into another solid. Emulsion - Made up of two liquids that are Homogeneous - Also called a Solution. This is immiscible and small particles suspended in it. uniform in composition Gel - colloid of a liquid in a solid. - >Every portion of the mixture is like every Foam - Gas dispersed in a liquid or a solid. portion. - Solution - Composed of a solute(Dissolved Different ways of Separating Mixtures substance), and a Solvent(Dissolving Filtration - Process of separating the components Medium)... Example : A sugar and a water of a suspension. solution = > Sugar == Solute , Water == - >The substance (remains in the strainer) is Solvent. called Residue, and the Liquid (that passes - >Dissolved solute particles is too small to through the strainer) is called Filtrate. be seen by the naked eye Decantation and Centrifugation - Process of - >Stable separating Heterogeneous mixtures. Heterogeneous - The composition is not uniform - >Decantation - The solid particles are throughout the sample” is considered as allowed to settle first at the bottom, the heterogeneous. A heterogeneous mixture can liquid is called Supernatant, is poured into either be a Suspension or a Colloid. another container (leaving behind the solid - >Suspension - Consist of coarse particles particles) and is visible to the naked eye. The - >Centrifugation - The mixture is poured particles are unstable since they settle into a special tube in the centrifuge down after a while.... Ex ; water with apparatus, and is spun using centrifugal particles such as sand, flour etc. force. The spinning motion forces the - >Colloid - Consist of a dispersed phase, or sediments to settle at the bottom. the substance that is dissolved/scattered, Sedimentation - Process of separating the solids and a dispersing medium, or the substance from the liquid. in which the dispersed phase is spread. - >Suspended particles settle down and the - >Tyndall Effect - Colloids exhibit this top later becomes clear. effect, which is the ability to scatter a Magnetic Separation -Using elemental metals from beam of light that passes through it. the other particles in a mixture. (Exclusive to only Colloids) - >Makes use of magnets to attract metallic particles and separates them from a Classification of colloids based on physical state certain mixture. of dispersed phase  General Chemistry... 3 Evaporation, Melting, and Sublimation - > Occurs when the substance’s composition - >Melting - Process of extricating mixtures is changed. When bonds are broken and (contain two substances) with different new ones formed ; a chemical change occur melting points. - >Evaporation - Process of converting liquid to gas. - >Sublimation - Process of changing solid to gas without passing through the liquid state. Distillation - Process of separating Homogeneous mixtures composed of two substances with different boiling points. - > This is a process that uses two phase changes: Evaporation and condensation. - > This method is used in extracting ethanol from a wine sample. Chromatography - Method of separating complex mixtures. - >Has multiple methods for separating complex mixtures such as paper chromatography. | Properties of Matter | Physical property Chemical Property Intensive Physical Property Extensive Physical Property Intrinsic Property Extrinsic Property Does not depend on the size Affected by the size and or amount of the sample amount by sample. Color, Melting point, Boiling Mass, Volume, Length, and point, Chemistry solubility, Shape. Conducting and etc Physical Change - A change in which no new substance is formed. - > Limited to changes that result in a difference in display without changing the composition Chemical Change - Occurs when it forms a new substance  General Chemistry... 4 Module 2 - >The International systems of units is a Measurements system of measurement based on 7 base Measurement - Art of comparing unknown values units.... Means that it uses 7 symbols or to an accepted set of values for a particular acronyms to define what it is. quantity. - >Came from the greek word “Metron” or Fundamental Quantities SI unit Symbol limited proportion, Length meter m - >Made up of a number and a unit. - >Unit = = The standard in which the Mass kilogram kg physical quantities are expressed. Time second s - >Estimation of the magnitude of some attribute of an object < such as its length Electric Current Ampere A or weight >, relative to a standard unit of Temperature Kelvin K measurement. Units of measurement Amount of substance mol mol Luminous Intensity candela cd International Metric system English System System of units Derived Units - Combination of two or more base units The metric A of units Defined as the system that is based on measurement Quantity Definition Derived Unit universally used decimal system system used in as a standard for the unit length, many countries measurements the kilogram, as including the US Area Length x m^2 the send as a and seconds. time Volume Area x Length m^3 Metric system - constitutes units based on powers Speed Distance / m/s of ten, the preferred system to be used in science. - >Num to the Power Ex: Ten to the power of Density Mass / Unit kg/m^3 5 < 10^5 >... and so on. < Note that the Volume integral value can go from negative to positive depending on the case >. Acceleration Change in m/s^2 Metric system with the units involved Ex: speed / unit per second time squared> 1 km is = to 10^3m... 1 mg is = to 10^-3 g. - > 1960 - The units of the metric system Force Mass x Kg x m/s^2 Acceleration were streamlined by an international conference held in france. Energy Force x Kg x m^2/s^2 - > SI - < French term >Stands for systeme Distance international d'unites or The International Pressure Force / Unit kg/(m x s^2) Systems of Units >. area  General Chemistry... 5 Unit prefixes - letter or a group of letters added at - >Uncertain Digits - The ones that are the beginning of the base of word to change its estimated by you. meaning - >Meniscus - The bottom of the curved surface of the liquid. Ex:... < refer to the image below on identifying the Measurement> Dimensional analysis - process of converting between units. Unit Equivalent Unit 1 inch 2.54 centimeters 1 gallon 3.788 liters 1 calorie 4.186 joules 1 atmosphere 101 325 pascals 1 foot 12 inch 1 mile 5280 feet 1 slug 14.59 kilogram 1 newton O.2248 41.9, 42.0, and 42.1 Can be written as = =42.0 ± 1 electro current 1.602 x 10 ^-19 joules 0.1 mL Uncertainty in Measurement - >Errors that are present in measuring tools - >Depends on the capability of the person and the measuring instrument. - >Least count - Smallest marked division in the measuring instrument.  General Chemistry... 6 Precision - The consistency of a result - >x 10 = = The base Accuracy - To determine when a certain - > ^-8 = = the exponent quantitative value is relatively close to the “true - value”. Examples of a scientific notation 1.) 1,500,000 = 1.5x10^6 2.) 100 = 1x10^2 3.) 0.0004 = 4x10^-4 4.) 0.0000007 = 7x10^-7 5.) 8.72x10^-3 = 0.00872 Significant Figures - digits that carry meaningful contributions to its measurement resolution. Ex: What set is more precise? Set 1: 23.2, 24.5, 25.5 Set 2: 5.25, 5.23, 5.0 Set 3: 23.5, 20.5, 18.5 Scientific notation - Process of simplifying a very large number, or a very small number and is used to express multi-digit numbers < involving many zeros in a compact form>.... Rules of Significant Figures Expressed as = = M x 10^E - >>All non-zero numbers are significant... Ex: 568,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,00 kg = 5.68 Ex= 33.2 x 10^26 k - >>zeroes between two non-Zero digits are significant... Ex: = 2051 & 26095 0.0000000000000000000000000009109 kg = - >>Leading zeroes are not significant..... 9.109 x 10^-28 g Ex= 0.76 & 0.000473 - >When writing scientific notations, the - >>trailing zeroes to the right of the decimal is moved towards the right or left decimal are significant................ of the first non zero digits. Ex= 43.00 & 197.000 - >note that when the zeroes are going to - >>trailing zeros in a whole number with the right that means that the sign for the the decimal shown are significant...... integral value of the exponent is negative. Ex= 850. If the value is going to the left that means - >>trailing zeros in a whole number with no the integral value of the exponent is decimal shown are not significant...... positive. Ex= 178,000,000 & 102,010,100 - >>Zeroes used as place holders in a large Identifying the parts of a scientific notation number without a decimal point are not Ex: 620,000,000 significant. - > 6.2 x 10^8 - Nick - - >6.2 = = the coefficient Reasoning color was not used here is for the readers to understand the reviewer clearly and  General Chemistry... 7 thus highlighting their own keywords and making use of this reviewer more efficiently.