From Public Health to Global Health.pdf

From public health to global health Alberto García-Basteiro, MD, PhD Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal School of Medicine 19 October, 2022 CONTENTS 1. Defining Public Health 2. From Public Health to Global Health...

From public health to global health Alberto García-Basteiro, MD, PhD Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal School of Medicine 19 October, 2022 CONTENTS 1. Defining Public Health 2. From Public Health to Global Health 3. Tuberculosis (TB) as an example of a global health problem Acheson, 1988 Public health is the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts of society Last, 2011 One of the efforts to protect, promote and restore the people’s health. It is the combination of sciences, skills and beliefs that is directed to the maintenance and improvement of the health of all the people through collective or social actions. https://www.nephtc.org/enrol/index.php?id=35 www.cancer.ie Surveillance Ongoing, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of outcome-specific data essential to the planning, implementation and evaluation of public health programmes, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those responsible for prevention and control Health promotion Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems Last, 2001 2. From Public Health to Global Health Global Health Global health is an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. Global health emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions; involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration; and is a synthesis of population based prevention with individual-level clinical care. • Global health deals with structural determinants of health. Those factors that make people are less priviledged, those factors that create terms such as “low income” and “middle income countries” • Global health deals with those diseases that disproportionally affect the poorest sectors of societies • Global health deals with strengthening fragile health systems so health provision is equitable. • Global health deals with universal health coverage • Global health does not necessarily deal with health problems that affect many people or many countries. WHO SHAPES GLOBAL HEALTH ? 3. Tuberculosis as a global health problem Paulson et al, Nature, 2013 IHME/Aeras; Financing Global Health 2012 Main causes of death, 2019 WHO Global TB report, 2021 Geographic distributionin of2020 TB, 2013 TB incidence rate (estimated) 10 millon cases in 2020 >40% not notified Global Tuberculosis Report, WHO, 2021 Estimated TB incidence rates (2000-2019) Globally Source: Global TB Report 2020 Socio-economic determinants of TB Janssens, Eur Resp J 2008, Carter, Lancet Global Health, 2018 TB is the archetypal disease of poverty Transmission (infection) is common due to: • Poor housing conditions (dark, little ventilation, pollution) • Crowding • Lack of infection control measures High disease incidences due to: • Malnourishment • Alcoholism • HIV High mortality in poor environments due to: • Limited access to good-quality care • Delayed care-seeking Mor 2013, Respirology Improve health system effectiveness research TB Tested for TB TB diagnosed TB treated High mortality Cured Thank you for your attention [email protected] @agbasteiro Kwete, 2022, Global Health Research and Policy