Chapter 3 Midterm Reviewer PDF

LESSON 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY COMP 20123 IBITS Year 18 | A.Y. 2024 - 2025 First Semester - Midterms...

LESSON 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY COMP 20123 IBITS Year 18 | A.Y. 2024 - 2025 First Semester - Midterms ○ Undertaken to explore an area where little is known or to RESEARCH CLASSIFICATIONS investigate the possibilities of undertaking a particular research study (feasibility study/ pilot study). Application of the Research Study Feasibility Study - An exercise to find out the extent to which a project can be implemented. Basic Research ○ Involves developing and testing theories and hypotheses Pilot Study - Asks the same question as the feasibility to expand knowledge, often driven by curiosity rather study but has a specific design feature; in a pilot study than immediate practical applications. a future study, or part of a future study, is conducted on a smaller scale. Applied Research ○ Focuses on solving specific, practical problems, aiding Inquiry Mode Employed policy formulation, administration, and understanding phenomena through scientific knowledge. Structured Approach/ Quantitative Approach Developmental Research ○ A type of research is appropriate to determine the extent ○ Involves systematically using existing knowledge from of a problem, issue, or phenomenon by quantifying the research and practice to create or improve materials, variation. products, processes, systems, and services. Unstructured Approach/ Qualitative Approach ○ Allows flexibility in all aspects of the research process and is appropriate in exploring the nature of a problem, issue, Application of the Research Study or phenomenon without quantifying it. Descriptive Research Mixed Approach ○ Systematically describes a situation, problem, ○ Employs two or multiple forms of data (quantitative and phenomenon, service, or program, or provides qualitative) and thus will require the use of multiple information about attitudes towards an issue through methods appropriate to the type of data being used. methods like case studies, surveys, and content analysis. Case Study - Intensive analysis of a single unit, Research Design whether a farmer, business, or village. It involves deep understanding though multiple data sources. The logical framework that outlines what data is needed, from whom, and how it will be used to answer the research question. Survey - A tool used to gather relevant data about the characteristics of a population and is one of the most Research Methods common data collection tools. Outline how data will be collected, specifying whether the data needed is qualitative, quantitative, or a mix of both. Content Analysis - A research tool used to determine the presence of certain words, themes, or concepts within some given qualitative data (i.e. text). Non-Causal (Correlational) Research Research Design Classifications ○ Attempts to discover or establish the existence of a Experimental Design relationship/ association/ interdependence between two ○ Involves randomly assigning individuals from a population or more aspects of a situation. into two groups: a treatment group that receives the intervention, and a control group that does not. This Causal (Explanatory) Research method helps to compare the effects of the intervention ○ Attempts to clarify why and how there is a relationship accurately. between two or more aspects of a situation or ○ Often called Randomized Control Trials or RCTs , which is phenomenon. the most common research design in the field of science (e.g. medical science, computer science, biology). Exploratory Research COMP 20123 LESSON 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1  LESSON 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY COMP 20123 IBITS Year 18 | A.Y. 2024 - 2025 First Semester - Midterms Level of Expertise - Make sure you have an adequate level of Quasi-Experimental Design expertise for the task you are proposing. ○ Similar to experimental design but without random assignment. Participants are pre-assigned to groups based Measurement of Concepts - If you are using a concept in your on certain characteristics. Group assignments happen study (in quantitative studies), make sure you are clear about before the experiment starts, and the researcher cannot its indicators and their measurement. control who is in which group. ○ Also known as post hoc or after the fact research, occurs Relevance - Select a topic that is of relevance to you as a when the actual research takes place after group professional. Ensure that your study adds to the existing body assignments have been made. It does not involve random of knowledge, bridges current gaps, or is useful in policy assignment; instead, participants are pre-assigned based formulation. on certain characteristics. Techniques used in this design include Difference in Difference (DID), Instrumental Availability of Data - If your topic entails collection of Variables (IV), Regression Discontinuity (RD), and information from secondary sources (office records, client Propensity Score Matching (PSM). records, census or other already-published reports, etc.) make Difference in Difference sure that this data is available and in the format you want - A popular quasi-experimental design used in applied before finalizing your topic. research. It compares changes in outcomes over time between a treatment group and a control group. The Ethical Issues - How ethical issues can affect the study focus is on observing the difference in the differences population and how ethical problems can be overcome should before and after the intervention. be thoroughly examined at the problem-formulation stage. Non-Experimental Design ○ Doesn't compare different groups. Instead, it describes Research Problem the relationship between an intervention (treatment) and An educational issue or concern that an investigator its effects on the population of interest. Examples include presents and justifies in a research study. case studies, longitudinal studies, and ethnographic studies. S.M.A.R.T. Case Study - Intensive analysis of a single unit, whether a farmer, business, or village. It involves deep understanding though multiple data sources. Specific - The question should specify what variables are to be determined. Longitudinal Studies - Individuals or groups of interest are monitored over a period of time and are Measurable - The variables involved can be subjected to interviewed at different stages. measurement, with any level of measurement and with the use of measuring instruments. Attainable PROBLEM CONCEPTUALIZATION Relevant - Results can be obtained because the data can be Considerations in Selecting a Research Problem obtained following scientific procedures and techniques. Interest - Should be the most important consideration in Time-bound - There is a time frame for every activity or step selecting a research problem. in the research work. Magnitude - You should have sufficient knowledge about the Research Problem vs Research Topic vs Research Questions research process to be able to visualize the work involved in completing the proposed study. Research Problem - An educational issue or problem in the study. Measurement of Concepts - If you are using a concept in your study (in quantitative studies), make sure you are clear Research Topic - The broad subject matter being addressed in about its indicators and their measurement. a study. COMP 20123 LESSON 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2  LESSON 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY COMP 20123 IBITS Year 18 | A.Y. 2024 - 2025 First Semester - Midterms Research Questions - Those that the researcher would like ○ Variables that can take only a finite number of possible answered or addressed in the study, which one answered will values within a limited range of values. provide a solution to the broader research problem. Continuous Variables Types of Quantitative Research Questions ○ Variables that can take an infinite number of possible values within a range. Descriptive Research Question - Describe results of your variables. Dependent Variables ○ Represent the measure that reflects the outcomes of a research study. It is sensitive to changes in the different Comparative Research Question - Compare two or more groups on the independent variable in terms of the levels of the independent variable. dependent variable. Independent Variables Relational Research Question - Relate two or more variables. ○ Represent the treatments or conditions that the researcher has either direct or indirect controls over the dependent variables to test their effects on a particular outcome. Types of Qualitative Research Questions Confounding Variables Central Question - The overarching question you explore in ○ An extra variable that is not accounted for which can ruin a the research study. research as it competes to explain the effects of the independent variable to the dependent variable. Sub Question - Divide the central question into smaller, specific questions. Control Variables Issue Sub Question - Narrow the focus of the central question ○ An variable in an experiment which is held constant in into specific issues. order to assess the relationship between multiple variables. It is related to the dependent variable, the Procedural Sub Question - Indicate the steps to be used in influence of which needs to be removed. analyzing the data in a qualitative study. Interview Question - Asked during your interview and are Extraneous Variables based on your sub questions and central questions. ○ A type of variable that is related to the dependent variable or independent variable that is not part of the CONCEPTS AND VARIABLES experiment but could affect the results of the experiment. Observed Value - The value of a variable that is observed and Moderator Variables recorded. ○ Types of variables that are related to the variables of interest (whether independent or dependent), masking Data - A set of observed values. the true relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Qualitative Data - A type of data where the variables are expressed in words and statements. This is sometimes called Null Hypothesis (𝐻0) categorical data as values of variables are more descriptive in Considered as a statement of equality. It acts as a nature. starting point and a benchmark against which the actual outcomes of a study will be measured. Quantitative Data - Values of variables expressed in numerical terms, either counter or measured. It is also often called numerical data. Research/ Alternative Hypothesis (𝐻1) Considered to be a statement of inequality. There Types of Variables can be more than one research hypothesis for any one null hypothesis. Discrete Variables COMP 20123 LESSON 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3  LESSON 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY COMP 20123 IBITS Year 18 | A.Y. 2024 - 2025 First Semester - Midterms Non-directional - Posits no direction to the inequality 2. Do not use 0 before the decimal point for the statistical (“different from”) values of P , alpha, and beta because they cannot equal 1. Directional - Posits a direction to the inequality (“more 3. The actual P value should be expressed (P =.04) rather than than”, “less than”) expressing a statement of inequality (P