FINALSTUDYGUIDE23.pdf

I‭nformation Sheet on Pathogen‬ ‭1. What is its name?‬ ‭2. What is it? Bacteria? Gram+/- or other? Shape? Arrangement? Motile?‬ ‭Anaerobe/Aerobe? Endospores? Additional structures and characteristics?‬ ‭- Protozoan, sporozoan, fungus, helminth, virus, etc. would have similar quest...

I‭nformation Sheet on Pathogen‬ ‭1. What is its name?‬ ‭2. What is it? Bacteria? Gram+/- or other? Shape? Arrangement? Motile?‬ ‭Anaerobe/Aerobe? Endospores? Additional structures and characteristics?‬ ‭- Protozoan, sporozoan, fungus, helminth, virus, etc. would have similar questions‬ ‭3. Where normally found? Zoonosis? Vector? Humans? Transmission?‬ ‭4. Portal of Entry? Portal of Exit? Target infection sites and pattern of infection?‬ ‭5. Name of disease(s)? Signs and symptoms? What happens if untreated? How do you‬ ‭determine if you have a pathogen?‬ ‭6. How to prevent the spread of disease? In the hospital? How to treat infection/ target‬ ‭of treatment?‬ ‭Relevant terminology‬ ‭(not an all inclusive list of questions)‬ ‭ inal Exam is only on:‬ F ‭1. Staphylococcal aureus‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology-‬‭spherical bacteria in clusters, gram positive.‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission-‬‭direct contact with an infected person,‬‭by using a contaminated‬ ‭object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing.‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals-‬‭invade skin through wounds, follicles or‬‭glands‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease-‬ ‭MRSA‬ ‭Localized cutaneous infections-Folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncle, impetigo‬ ‭Systemic infections- bacteremia, osteomyelitis‬ ‭Toxigenic disease- food intoxication, enterotoxins( GI distress), staphylococcal‬ ‭scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome.‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬ ‭Skin infections- area of red, irritated or painful skin, pus-filled blisters, fever,‬ ‭Food poisoning- nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, low blood pressure‬ ‭Toxic shock syndrome- high fever, nausea and vomiting, rash on palms and‬ ‭soles, confusion, muscle aches, diarrhea, stomach pain‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭can cause serious infections such as‬‭bloodstream infections,‬ ‭pneumonia or bone and joint infections.‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭obtaining culture from the area of suspected‬‭infection. Tests for‬ ‭clumping factor, coagulase, hemolysins and thermostable deoxyribonuclease are‬ ‭used to identify S aureus.‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment-‬‭cefazolin, nafcillin, oxacillin, daptomycin,‬‭and linezolid. For staph‬ ‭resistant strains give vancomycin‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention-‬‭contact precaution (gloves, hand wash,‬‭proper sneezing and‬  c‭ oughing techniques)‬ ‭-keep wounds covered, reduce tampon risks, keep personal items personal,‬ ‭wash clothing and bedding, take food safety precautions.‬ ‭2. Streptococcus pyogenes‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology-‬‭spherical bacteria in chains, gram positive‬‭and facultative‬ ‭anaerobic.‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission-‬‭contact, droplets, food, fomites‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals-‬‭portal of entry generally skin or pharynx.‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease-‬‭strep throat, scarlet fever, impetigo‬‭(pyoderma), erysipelas,‬ ‭type 2 necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease), cellulitis, toxic shock syndrome,‬ ‭rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, sequelae, pneumonia, pancarditis‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭sore, red throat or tonsils. Pus on throat or‬‭tonsils, pain on swallowing.‬ ‭Fever and chills. Swollen and tender lymph nodes in the neck. Vomiting, nausea‬ ‭and abdominal pain. Headache and muscle aches. Malaise.‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭infections can result in postinfectious‬‭sequela, acute rheumatic fever‬ ‭and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Invasive infections cause necrotizing‬ ‭fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome.‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭Rapid antigen test on swab sample from‬‭your throat, throat culture or‬ ‭PCR test.‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment-‬‭penicillin or one its derivatives. Erythromycin‬‭or cephalosporin if‬ ‭allergic to penicillin.‬ ‭No specific treatments for rheumatic fever or acute glomerulonephritis‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention-‬‭Droplet precaution‬ ‭3. Streptococcus pneumonia‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology-‬‭Spherical bacteria in chains, alpha-hemolytic.‬‭Found in pairs and do not‬ ‭form spores and are non motile. Gram positive‬ ‭‬ T ‭ ransmission-‬‭direct contact with respiratory droplets‬‭(saliva or mucus). Inhaling‬ ‭or direct exposure to the bacteria droplet through coughing or sneezing from an‬ ‭infected person.‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals-‬‭upper respiratory tract.‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease-‬‭pneumococcal disease.‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭fever, chills, cough, rapid breathing or difficulty‬‭breathing and chest pain.‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated‬‭:‬‭it can cause empyema, lung abscess,‬‭necrotizing pneumonia,‬ ‭parapneumonic effusion, pericarditis, septic shock, endobronchial obstruction or‬ ‭atelectasis.‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭blood test (CBC), urine test (urinalysis),‬‭phlegm test, chest x-ray, spin‬ ‭tap.‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment-‬‭Penicillins , cephalosporins, and carbapenems‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention-‬‭droplet precaution. Vaccines help prevent‬‭pneumococcal disease.‬ ‭4. Neisseria meningitidis‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology-‬‭Kidney bean shape. Non spore forming,‬‭non-motile, encapsulated, and‬ ‭non acid-fast diplococci. Gram negative. Obligate parasites.‬ ‭‬ T ‭ ransmission-‬‭bacteria attach to mucosa and enter‬‭the bloodstream causing‬ ‭pharyngitis. Cross the blood-brain barrier, permeate the meninges. Grow in the‬ ‭cerebrospinal fluid.‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals-‬‭human reservoir- nasopharynx‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease-‬ ‭Meningitis-‬‭very rapid onset‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭fever, sore throat, headache, stiff neck, convulsions,‬‭vomiting. Potentially‬ ‭get brain infection, meningococcal infection. Endotoxin causes hemmorrhage‬ ‭and shock.‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:.‬‭Permanent effects are cognitive impairment,‬‭learning disabilities,‬ ‭deafness, amputations, death.‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭Gram stain, CSF, blood, or nasopharyngeal‬‭sample. Culture for‬ ‭differentiation. Rapid tests for capsular polysaccharide‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment-‬‭cephalosporin (3rd generation that crosses‬‭blood-brain barrier)‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention-‬‭vaccines‬ ‭5. Clostridium perfringens‬ ‭‬ M ‭ orphology- Pleomorphic with straight or curved rods. It is capsulated, non-motile, and‬ ‭non-flagellated. Gram positive. Strict anaerobic.‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission-‬‭spores found in soil, human skin, intestine‬‭and vagina‬ ‭‬ P ‭ ortals-‬‭involved in soft tissue and wound infections-‬‭Myonecrosis (gas gangrene).‬ ‭Surgical incisions, compound fractures, diabetic ulcers, septic abortions, puncture‬ ‭wounds, gunshot wounds (war injuries) -needs a way to get in. Can cause minor food‬ ‭poisoning.‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease-‬ ‭Myonecrosis(‬‭gas gangrene), tetanus,‬‭botulism,‬ ‭pseudomembranous colitis and food poisoning.‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭gas under the skin (subcutaneous emphysema),‬‭blisters filled with brown-red fluid,‬ ‭drainage from the tissues, foul smelling brown-red or bloody fluid, moderate to high‬ ‭fever, pain. Pale skin color, later becoming dusky and changing to dark red or purple.‬ ‭Swelling that worsens around a skin injury.‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated‬‭:‬‭bloodstream infection can result in‬‭toxin-mediated intravascular hemolysis‬ ‭and septic shock. Can lead to amputation; death if untreated‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭stool culture‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment-‬ ‭large doses of cephalosporin or penicillin.‬‭Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (strict‬ ‭anaerobe)‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention-‬‭Immediate cleansing of dirty wounds, deep‬‭wounds, compound fractures,‬ ‭and infections incisions. Debridement of disease tissue.‬ ‭6. Listeria monocytogenes‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology-‬‭gram positive rod, non spore forming,‬‭facultative anaerobic,‬ ‭catalase-positive, and oxidase-negative organisms.‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission-‬‭oral, through ingestion of‬‭contaminated‬‭food‬‭. Associated with‬ ‭consumptions of meats and cheeses. Infects cells from moving from one cell to‬ ‭another by burrowing.‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals-‬‭intestine tract is the portal of entry‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease-‬‭Listeriosis‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭fever, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.‬‭Severe symptoms‬ ‭include:‬ ‭gas gangrene, tetanus, botulism, pseudomembranous‬‭colitis and food‬ ‭poisoning.‬ ‭‬ I‭f untreated‬‭: life-threatening complications, including:‬‭Generalized blood infection.‬ ‭Inflammation of the membranes and fluid surrounding the brain (meningitis)‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭culture of the bacteria from the blood,‬‭cerebral spinal fluid or placental‬ f‭luid‬ ‭ ‬ ‭Treatment-‬‭treat with antibiotics such as sulfamethoxazole‬‭and ampicillin.‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention- cook thoroughly raw food, wash vegetables, avoid unpasteurized‬ ‭milk or foods, avoid cross contamination of uncooked meats from vegetables.‬ ‭7. Mycobacterium tuberculosis‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology-‬‭rod shaped, strictly aerobic, acid-fast.‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission-‬‭airborne respiratory droplets‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals-‬‭inhaled into lungs‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease-‬‭tuberculosis‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭cough, coughing up blood or mucus, chest pain,‬‭pain with breathing or‬ ‭coughing, fever, chills, night sweats and weight loss.‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭kidney failure, sterility, neurological‬‭damage, collapsing vertebrae,‬ ‭meningitis, death‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭In vivo or tuberculin test. Mantoux test.‬‭X-rays, direct identification of‬ ‭acid-fast bacilli in specimen‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment-‬‭6-24 months of at least 2 drugs from a‬‭list of 11. One pill called rifater‬ ‭(isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide)‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention-‬‭good ventilation, natural light, good‬‭hygiene. Airborne precaution‬ ‭8. Bortedella pertussis‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology-‬‭rod-shaped, coccoid gram negative bacteria‬‭that is encapsulated‬ ‭and does not produce spores.‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission-‬‭droplets produced during coughing or‬‭sneezing‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals-‬‭through your nose, mouth or eyes.‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease-‬‭whooping cough‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭r‭u ‬ nny or stuffed up nose. Low grade fever.‬  ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭complications include pneumonia, middle ear infection, loss of‬ ‭ ppetite, dehydration, seizures, brain disorders, hernia, rib fractures, rectal‬ a ‭prolapse, episodes of cessation breathing. Severe cases can lead to death.‬ ‭ ‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭nose and throat swab culture or PCR‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment-‬‭macrolides erythromycin, clarithromycin‬‭and azithromycin,‬ ‭trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention-‬‭droplet precaution‬ ‭9. Treponema pallidum‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology-‬ ‭helically coiled, corkscrew shaped (spirochete)‬‭gram negative‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission-‬‭sexually transmitted‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals-‬‭close skin to skin contact‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease-‬‭syphilis‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬ ‭skin rashes, usually on palms of hands and sole‬‭of feet. Sores are called‬ ‭mucous patches in or around the mouth, vagina or penis. Moist, warty patches‬ ‭(called condylomata lata) in the genitals or skin folds. fever, swollen lymph‬ ‭nodes, sore throat, hair loss, weight loss, muscle pain‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭It can damage your heart, brain, eyes,‬‭and other organs. It can lead‬ ‭to irreversible neurological and cardiovascular complications.‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭Serological testing for detection of antibodies,‬‭PCR. Cannot be grown‬ ‭in culture.‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment-‬‭a single injection of long acting benzathine‬‭penicillin G. If allergic to‬ ‭then doxycycline.‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention-‬‭get tested regularly and use condoms and/or‬‭dental dams during‬ ‭sex.‬ ‭10. Borrelia burgdorferi‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology-‬ ‭gram negative spirochetes (spiral or‬‭wave like) bacteria with‬ ‭flagella.‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission-‬‭transmission by ticks‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals-‬‭tick bites humans, creating an opening in‬‭the skin. Must gina access to‬ ‭the bloodstream‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease-‬ ‭lyme disease‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭50-70% get bulls eye rash. Initial fever, headache,‬‭stiff neck and dizziness.‬ ‭Mimics neuromuscular and rheumatoid conditions‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭can progress to serious cardiac and‬‭neurological symptoms, poly‬ ‭arthritis.‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭lyme antibody tests‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment- t‬‭reated with tetracycline or amoxicillin‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention-‬‭wear protective clothing, use insect repellent,‬‭remove ticks promptly,‬  ‭apply pesticides and reducing tick habitat.‬ ‭11. Vibrio cholera‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology-‬‭curved rod (comma-shaped) gram-negative‬‭aerobic.‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission-‬‭bacteria is ingested in food or water‬‭(needs high infectious dose)‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals-‬‭infects mucous barrier of small intestine,‬‭noninvasive‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease-‬‭Cholera‬‭is an acute‬‭diarrheal‬‭disease‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭releases enterotoxin cholera toxin that causes‬‭electrolyte and water loss‬ ‭through secretory diarrhea (RICE WATER STOOL)‬ ‭Muscle cramps, severe thirst, flaccid skin and sunken eyes, hypotension,‬ ‭cyanosis, shock‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭can lose 50% of body weight during course‬‭of disease‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭stool cultures on specific media or rapid‬‭tests such as stool dipsticks‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment-‬‭can be treated with tetracycline. Rehydrate‬‭with a simple sugar-salt‬ ‭solution.‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention-‬‭prevent with proper sewage disposal and‬‭water purification‬ ‭12. Helicobacter pylori‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology:‬‭Helical-shape with flagella, gram-negative,‬‭microaerophilic‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission:‬‭Person-to-person via saliva or fecal‬‭contamination‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals:‬‭direct contact with saliva, stool, or vomit‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease:‬‭peptic ulcers and gastritis‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭abdominal pain, blood in stool/black feces, bloody‬‭vomit/looks like coffee‬ ‭grounds‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭stomach cancer‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭PCR test from stool, stool antigen test,‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): omeprazole,‬‭esomeprazole,‬ ‭lanosoprazole, pantoprazole‬ ‭Bismuth subsalicylate (pepto bismol)‬ ‭Histamine (H-2) blockers: cimetidine‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention:‬‭Handwashing, eat food that is properly‬‭prepared, drinking safe/clean‬ ‭water‬ ‭13. Chlamydia trachomatis‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology:‬‭small, gram-negative, obligate intracellular‬‭parasite‬ ‭○‬ ‭Elementary body: infectious form‬ ‭○‬ ‭Reticulate body: grows within host cell vacuoles‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission:‬‭sexual contact or mother to baby‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals:‬‭urethra, placenta, in to eye by contaminated‬‭fingers or fomites‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease:‬‭ocular trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis,‬‭STD‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭deforms eyelids and cornea, sores in mouth or‬‭gentialia‬  ‭ ‬ I‭f untreated:‬‭blindness, lymphogranuloma venereum‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATss),‬‭cell culture‬ ‭ ‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭doxycycline, azithromycin, or levofloxacin‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention:‬‭condoms, abstinence‬ ‭14. Coccidioides immitis‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology:‬‭diphasic/pleomorphic fungus with saprobic‬‭growth phase‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission:‬‭inhalation of airborne arthroconidia‬‭from contaminated soil‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals:‬‭nasal canals to lungs‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease:‬‭valley fever‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭fatigue, cough, fever, shortness of breath, headache,‬‭night sweats, muscle‬ ‭ache/joint pain, rash on upper body or legs‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭develops into meningitis‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭blood sample to look for coccidioides antibodies/antigens,‬‭chest‬ ‭x-rays or CT of lungs‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭3-6 months of fluconazole‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention:‬‭avoid outside if windy, air filtration,‬‭clean cuts/scrapes with soap and‬ ‭water, wear N95 mask if outdoors‬ ‭15. Entamoeba histolytica‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology:‬‭protozoan w/trophozoite and cyst forms‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission:‬‭ingestion of cyst form via fecal contaminated‬‭food/water‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals:‬‭entry-oral; exit-fecal‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease:‬‭Amebiasis‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭nausea, diarrhea, weight loss, stomach tenderness,‬‭occasional fever‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭toxic megacolon, amoebic liver abscess‬‭formation‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭stool examination, blood tests, pcr, imaging,‬‭colonoscopy/biopsy‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭metronidazole, tinidazole, ornidazole,‬‭nitazoxanide‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention:‬‭proper hygiene, proper sewage disposal‬ ‭16. Giardia intestinalis‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology:‬‭protozoan w/cysts and trophozoites‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission:‬‭through contaminated water, food, or‬‭objects or via person to‬ ‭person‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals:‬‭entry-oral, exit-fecal‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease:‬‭giardiasis/beaver fever‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭diarrhea, gas, foul-smelling/greasy poop, stomach‬‭cramps or pain, upset‬ ‭stomach or nausea, dehydration‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭IBS, malnutrition in children‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭microscopy of stool sample‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭Tinidazole‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention:‬‭hand hygiene, avoid drinking untreated‬‭water‬ ‭17. Necator americanus‬  ‭‬ M ‭ orphology:‬‭nematode, curved ends and hooked mouths‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission:‬‭burrow into bare feet and travel from‬‭blood into lungs, proceed up‬ ‭bronchi and throat then swallowed‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals:‬‭feet, blood, lungs, and feces‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease:‬‭hookworm disease‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭pneumonia, nausea, vomiting, cramps, bloody diarrhea‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭anemia‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭finding characteristic ova in feces‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭antihelminthic like albendazole or mebendazole‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention:‬‭wear shoes‬ ‭18. Trichinella spiralis‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology:‬‭smallest known nematode parasite of humans‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission:‬‭eating undercooked pork or bear meat‬‭(animal reservoir)‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals:‬‭entry-oral‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease:‬‭trichinellosis‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭first symptoms-flu-like, diarrhea; 2nd symptoms-muscle‬‭and joint pain, SOB,‬ ‭conjunctivitis, swelling of eyelids or face, rash‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭persistent/chronic muscle pain and impaired‬‭muscle strength‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭blood test or muscle biopsy‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭mebendazole thiabendazole in initial stage,‬‭no sure after larva have‬ ‭encysted‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention:‬‭thoroughly cooked meat‬ ‭19. herpes simplex virus 2‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology:‬‭dsDNA virus with envelope, capsid and‬‭glycoprotein spikes‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission:‬‭sexual/intimate contact‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals:‬‭oral, rectal‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease:‬‭genital herpes, herpetic whitlow‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭lesions on genitalia or oral/rectal, malaise,‬‭fever, bilateral swelling and‬ ‭tenderness in groin‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭urethritis, painful urination, cervicitis,‬‭itching; vesicles ulcerate‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭vesicles and exudate, scrapings from base‬‭of lesions showing giant‬ ‭cells, direct fluorescent antibody testes‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭acyclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir, topical‬‭medications‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention:‬‭condoms, abstinence‬ ‭20. Epstein-Barr virus‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology:‬‭dsDNA virus w/ envelope, capsid, and glycoprotein‬‭spikes‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission:‬‭bodily fluids, esp saliva‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals:‬‭saliva, blood, semen‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease:‬‭mononucleosis (mono)‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭fatigue, ffever, inflamed throat, swollen lymph‬‭nodes in neck, enlarged‬  s‭ pleen, swollen liver, rash‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭progressive immunodeficiency and can‬‭succumb to opportunistic‬ ‭infections‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭blood test that detects antibodies‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭no specific treatment except to relieve‬‭symptoms‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention:‬‭no kissing, sharing drinks or foods or‬‭personal items‬ ‭21. Hepatitis B virus‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology:‬‭contains both double-stranded and single-stranded‬‭DNA, enveloped‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission:‬‭blood products, sexually transmitted,‬‭birth, shared‬ ‭toothbrush/razor, mosquitoes‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals:‬‭entry-through break in skin or mucous membrane‬‭or by injection‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease:‬‭Hepatitis B‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭initially-malaise, fever, abdominal discomfort,‬‭rash, diarrhea‬ ‭Severe-jaundice, arthritis‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭increased risk of liver cancer, chronic‬‭liver disease- necrosis,‬ ‭cirrhosis, cancer‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭blood test, liver ultrasound‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭interferon treatments for chronic infections,‬‭passive immunization‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention:‬‭vaccination‬ ‭22. Morbillivirus‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology:‬‭enveloped, nonsegmented, ssRNA virus‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission:‬‭respiratory aerosols, humans only reservoir‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals:‬‭nasal, oral (sneezing, coughing)‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease:‬‭Measles‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭sore throat, dry cough, headache, conjunctivitis,‬‭lymphadenitis, fever, koplik‬ ‭spots (oral lesions), exanthem (skin rash)‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭pneumonia, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis‬ ‭(SSPE)-progressive neurological degeneration of cerebral cortex, white matter,‬ ‭and brain stem, frequent cause of death worldwide‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭lab blood and tissue tests, symptoms‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭no specific treatment, provide comfort‬‭measures to relieve symptoms‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention:‬‭attenuated viral vaccine MMR‬ ‭23. HIV‬ ‭‬ ‭Morphology:‬‭retrovirus, enveloped, ssRNA‬ ‭‬ ‭Transmission:‬‭blood exposure through needles or sexual‬‭contact, semen or‬ ‭vaginal fluid exposure during sexual intercourse‬ ‭‬ ‭Portals:‬‭blood, semen, vaginal fluids‬ ‭‬ ‭Name of disease:‬‭human immunodeficiency virus, leads‬‭to acquired‬ ‭immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)‬ ‭‬ ‭S/S:‬‭extreme leukopenia, formation of giant T cells‬‭allowing the virus to spread‬  ‭ irectly from cell to cell, infected macrophages release the virus which can target‬ d ‭helper t cells, cough, body aches, nasal congestion, and sore throat‬ ‭‬ ‭If untreated:‬‭turns into AIDS, opportunistic infections‬‭and cancers‬ ‭‬ ‭Diagnosis:‬‭ELISA, latex agglutination, and rapid antibody‬‭tests followed by‬ ‭western blot analysis‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭no cure but therapies available to slow‬‭down or diminish disease such‬ ‭as inhibit viral enzymes, inhibit fusion to cells, and inhibit viral integration to‬ ‭genome, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) most common‬ ‭‬ ‭Prevention:‬‭practice safe sex (condoms), never sharing‬‭needles, abstinence‬ ‭Name‬ ‭Bacteria‬ ‭Gram +‬ ‭Gram -‬ ‭other‬ ‭Additional structures?‬ ‭Staphylococcus aureus‬ ‭yes‬ ‭ ound bacteria in clusters.‬ R ‭Facultative Anaerobe‬ ‭Streptococcus pyogenes‬ ‭yes‬ ‭ ound bacteria in chains.‬ R ‭Beta-hemolytic‬ ‭Extracellular toxins:‬ ‭Streptolysins: hemolysins that also‬ ‭injure many cells/tissues‬ ‭Erythrogenic toxin- induces fever and‬ ‭typical red rash (not all strains)‬ ‭Superantigens- over stimulation of‬ ‭immune response; damages many‬ ‭body structures. Ex: toxic shock‬ ‭syndrome.‬ ‭Produces surface antigens‬ ‭Streptococcus pneumonia‬ ‭yes‬ ‭ pherical bacteria, alpha-hemolytic.‬ S ‭Found in pairs and do not form spores‬ ‭and are non motile.‬ ‭Neisseria meningitidis‬ ‭yes‬ ‭ idney bean shape. Non spore forming,‬ K ‭non-motile, encapsulated, and non‬ ‭acid-fast diplococci‬ ‭Clostridium perfringens‬ ‭yes‬ ‭ leomorphic with straight or curved‬ P ‭rods. It is capsulated, non-motile, and‬ ‭non-flagellated.‬ ‭Obligate parasites.‬ ‭Strict anaerobic‬ ‭Listeria monocytogenes‬ ‭yes‬ ‭ od shaped, non-spore-forming,‬ R ‭catalase-positive and oxidase-negative‬ ‭organisms.‬ ‭Facultative anaerobic‬ ‭Mycobacterium tuberculosis‬ ‭Acid-fast‬ ‭ od shaped, acid fast. Produces no‬ R ‭infection exotoxins or enzymes.‬ ‭Strictly aerobic‬ ‭Bortedella pertussis‬ ‭yes‬ r‭ ‬‭od-shaped, coccoid gram negative‬ ‭bacteria that is encapsulated and‬  ‭does not produce spores.‬ ‭Treponema pallidum‬ ‭yes‬ ‭ elically coiled, corkscrew-shaped‬ H ‭(spirochete)‬ ‭Borrelia burgdorferi‬ ‭yes‬ ‭ pirochetes (spiral or wave like) with‬ s ‭flagella‬ ‭Vibrio cholera‬ ‭yes‬ ‭ urved rod (comma-shaped) aerobic.‬ C ‭It’s antigenic structure consist of‬ ‭flagellar H antigen and a somatic O‬ ‭antigen.‬ ‭Heicobacter pylori‬ ‭yes‬ ‭Aerophilic‬ ‭Helical-shape with flagella‬ ‭Name‬ ‭Fungus‬ ‭Protozoan‬ ‭Helminth‬ ‭Virus‬ ‭DNA/RNA‬ ‭ ingle/double‬ s ‭naked/encapsulated?‬ ‭stranded?‬ ‭Coccidioides immitis‬ ‭yes‬ ‭Entamoeba histolytica‬ ‭yes‬ ‭Giardia intestinalis‬ ‭yes‬ ‭Necator americanus‬ ‭yes‬ ‭Trichinella spiralis‬ ‭yes‬ ‭Herpes simplex 2‬ ‭DNA‬ ‭ds‬ ‭Encapsulated‬ ‭Epstein-Barr‬ ‭DNA‬ ‭ds‬ ‭Encapsulated‬ ‭Hepatitis B‬ ‭DNA‬ ‭Ss and ds‬ ‭Encapsulated‬ ‭Morbillivirus‬ ‭RNA‬ ‭ss‬ ‭Encapsulated‬ ‭HIV‬ ‭RNA‬ ‭ss‬ ‭Encapsulated‬